Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Visual Fields Examination and Interpretation_Walsh_2011

306 Index

Macular edema, macular pathology causing visual field defect, 207

cystoid, associations with RP, 211 by diabetic retinopathy, 209

Macular fibers, 13, 14f, 15 Macular hole, 207 Macular scar, 207 Macular sparing

automated perimetry, limitation of, 263 congruous left inferior quadrantanopia

with, 274f

homonymous hemianopia with, 275 incomplete, binocular field defects, 64 in occipital lesions, 273–74

Macular splitting, complete, 61–62 calcarine cortex, 62

lateral geniculate body, 61 optic peduncle, 61

optic radiation, 61–62 optic tract, 61–62

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), occipital lobe field defects

paracentral hemianopic scotoma on, 276f striate cortex, studies on, 277f

superior and inferior mid-peripheral scotomas, 277f

vascular occlusions identification on, 272 Male population

color defect in, 285 LHON in, 183

Malingerers, 293

Maternal diabetes, an ONH, 178

Mean deviation (MD), single field printout, 105 glaucomatous field loss, 107f

Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), 228 in patients with melanoma, 232

Meningiomas, 248

optic tract lesions, 256 parasellar meningiomas, 249

suprachiasmatic meningiomas, 249 suprasellar meningiomas, 248–49

Metabolic optic neuropathies, 182, 193, 198 Meyer’s loop

temporal lobe field defects, 267 visual pathway, 13

Microaneurysm, 218t

and macular ischemia, HVF 24-2, 218f Microangiopathy, in LHON, 183 Miosis, 6, 129

in blind spot interpretation, 4 and mydriasis, 118–19

Mirror tests, 297 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

in optic neuropathies, 182 Mitochondrial function

and inherited optic neuropathies, 182 Monocular field defects

generalized defects, 59–60 generalized depression or peripheral

contraction, 59–60

localized defects in, 48–59 altitudinal hemianopia, 59

arcuate and paracentral field defects, 52–54 central scotoma or depression, 54–56 centrocecal scotoma or depression, 57–58 enlarged physiologic blind spot, 56–57 equatorial annular scotoma or

depression, 58–59

wedge-shaped temporal field defect, 48–52 Morning glory syndrome, 179–80, 180f Moth-eaten visual field, 133

MRI, understanding retinotopic projection, 46, 50f Multifocal visual evoked potentials, 240

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), 207, 217, 250

Multiple sclerosis, 250 Mydriasis

and miosis, 118–19

Nasal step defects, defects in fields, 16 Nausea

in dilatation of third ventricle, 250 ND1, role in LHON, 183

ND4, role in LHON, 183 ND6, role in LHON, 183

Nerve fiber layer swelling, in LHON, 183 Nerve fibers, visual pathway, 12–13, 14f, 15 Neurasthenic patients, 293

Neurologic deficits accompaniment, temporal lobe field defects, 268

Neuro-ophthalmic signs, 253 Neurosonography, 276

Newer techniques, patient’s reliability in, 3 No light perception (NLP), 189 Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy

(NAION), 193 signs of, 196

visual field effects of, 196

Nondominant parietal lobe dysfunction, 271 Normal chiasm, 235f

Normal pattern standard deviation (PSD), 129 Nuclear gene OPA1, cure for DOA, 187

No. 966 Eagle Prismacolor pencil, field testing, 29–31

Nystagmus, 178, 189 optokinetic (OKN), 66

Occipital lobe field defects, 272–89 color field defects in, 285–89 aphasia, color-naming, 287

cerebral dyschromatopsia, 288–89 color agnosia, 288

conjugate-gaze deviations, 285

occipital cortex, field defects unique to, 282–85 lesions, impacts of, 283–84

open-heart surgery, field defects by, 273 types of, 273–82

Anton syndrome, 281–82 congruous left inferior quadrantic

scotoma, 275f

congruous scotomas, 273 horseradish peroxidase, 276

linear magnification factor, 277–78 neurosonography, 276

occipital lobe injuries, 277f, 278f, 279f, 280f, 281f

paracentral hemianopic scotoma, 276f superior and inferior mid peripheral

scotomas, 277f

tentorial herniation, 283–84 Occipital lobe injuries, 277f, 278f, 279f,

280f, 281f

Occipital lobe lesions, 46–48 Occlusion, retinal arterioles, 50 Ocular histoplasmosis

HVF 24-2 showing, 230–31f visual field defect, 217

Ocular melanoma, peripheral visual field changes by, 228

Oculocutaneous albinism, visual field defects by, 215

Older techniques, importance of, 3 Olfactory groove meningiomas. See

Suprachiasmatic meningiomas 11778 mtDNA mutation, 183 14484 mtDNA mutation, 183, 184 Ophthalmoscopy, band atrophy, 256 Optic chiasm, 44f, 45

visual pathway, 12–13, 14f Optic disc drusen, 181, 182f

blind spot enlargement in, 182f Optic disc pit, 180f, 180–81

arcuate bundle scotoma, 181 Fuchs colobomata, 181

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), 178 field defects of, 178

altitudinal defects, 179 central depression, 179 generalized constriction, 179 hemianopias, 179

nasal wedges, 178 temporal wedges, 179

Optic nerve, defects affecting, 20–21 Optic neuritis, 194–95

visual field findings, 194 Optic radiation, 273

and calcarine cortex visual field defects, 264–67 homonymous hemianopia, 265f

incongruous superior quadrantanopia, 266f visual pathway, 13, 14f

Optic tract field defects, 253–58 Optical chiasm, 233–34

anatomy of, 234

gross anatomy, 234–36 nerve fiber anatomy, 236–40

bitemporal hemianopia, 250 chiasmal region lesions

aneurysms, 249 craniopharyngiomas, 249 dilatation of third ventricle, 250

meningiomas, 248 pituitary tumors, 247–48

chiasmal visual field defects, 241–46 field effects, tests for, 240–41 pseudo temporal hemianopia, 250

Optochiasmic arachnoiditis, 71 Optociliary shunt vessels

in compressive optic neuropathy, 199 Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 66, 268, 297

in cerebral hemisphere disease, 272 in occipital lobe lesions, 285

Oxidative phosphorylation, 182, 183

Pantograph, 9

Papilledema, 56–57, 200–201, 234, 250 optic nerve and retina, 20

signs of, 200

Paracentral defect, 26f, 209 Paracentral field defects, 52–54

optic nerve head, 53–54 retina, 53

retrobulbar optic nerve, 54 Paracentral field loss, 171f Paracentral hemianopic scotoma, 276f

Paracentral scotoma, 16, 54, 85, 108, 128, 129, 226, 284f

in DOA, 186

in optic neuritis, 194

Paramidline-sparing vertical hemianopia, 63 Parasellar meningiomas, 249

Parietal lobe field defects, 269–72 Gerstmann syndrome, 270–71

nondominant parietal lobe dysfunction, 271 pie on-the-floor defect, 270

Parvocellular (P) cells, 56, 117, 161, 167 Pathologic myopia, 207–9

macular pathology causes, 207

Pattern standard deviation (PSD), single field printout, 103f, 105, 129, 144t

glaucomatous field loss, 107f

localized scotoma, representation of, 106f Percipient elements, edematous elevations of, 7 Pericecal field defect. See Physiologic blind spot Perichiasmal lesions, retrochiasmal lesions, 46 Perimetry, overview of

central fields, exploration of, 6–7 in glaucoma patients, 6–7 quantitative perimetry, 7

vascular lesions, identification of, 6 experience, learning from, 3

function of perimetry, 4

peripheral fields, exploration of, 5–6 tangent screen test in, 6

physiologic blind spot, 7 recording fields, 7–12

artificial illumination, use of, 7–8 coding device, colors, 9

visual fields, examination and interpretation of, 10–12f

visual fields charts, 8f

308 Index

Peripheral defects, Chamlin step technique, 31

Peripheral fields exploration, perimetry, 5–6 tangent screen test in, 6

Peripheral retina abnormalities, 226–32 Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 226–32 Phenytoin, teratogenic agent, for ONH, 178 Phoropter, 296

Physiologic blind spot, 7, 42t, 47f, 48, 49, 56, 143t, 200

bilateral cecocentral, 198 enlarged, 56–57

nasal wedge, 178 optic nerve, 57

peripapillary retina, 56–57 temporal wedge, 179

Pie on-the-floor defect, 270 Pie-in-the-sky defect, 267

Pituitary adenoma, 69, 70, 199, 200,

in anatomy of chiasm, 234, 236, 242f chiasmal region lesion, 247–48

in optic tract field defect, 255f Pituitary apoplexy, 248 Pituitary tumors, 233, 247–48

optic tract lesions, 256 pituitary adenomas, 247–48 pituitary apoplexy, 248 pituitary carcinoma, 247 secreting tumors, 247 thyrotroph adenomas, 247

Posterior cerebral artery occlusion, 272–73 Posterior optic neuritis. See Retrobulbar optic

neuritis

Posterior visual pathway, 45 Posteromedial occipital lobe, schematic

representation showing, 51f Postfixed position, of chiasm, 234, 237f Postictal hemianopia, 283

Prednisone

in arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), 197

in optic neuritis, 194

Prefixed position, of chiasm, 234, 236f Primary open-angle glaucoma defects

versus normal-tension glaucoma defects, 129

Primary visual field, representation of, 47 Primary visual sensory pathway, 45 Prism tests, for functional loss, 296 Programs 30-1 and 24-1, 109 Progressive retinal dysfunction, 217 Projection perimeter machines, 27 Pseudo temporal hemianopia, 250 Pseudopapilledema, 181

visual field defects of, 181

Pseudotumor cerebri. See Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)

Pyramidal tract signs, 256

Quadrantanopias, binocular field defects, 16, 42t, 44f, 68, 81, 260, 267, 268,

269, 274, 280

inferior homonymous, complete, 76–77 superior homonymous, incomplete, 75–76

Quadrantic defects, retina, 20–21, 278f Qualitative perimetry, central field

exploration, 7

Quantitative perimetry, central field exploration, 7

Quinine, teratogenic agent, for ONH, 178

Radiation necrosis, 250

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 183 Recessive optic atrophy (ROA), 189

Red color test object, for central scotoma, 33 Relative afferent pupilary defect (RAPD)

in optic neuritis, 194

in compressive optic neuropathy, 199 Relative defect, defects in fields, 19 Respiratory chain dysfunction, in LHON, 183 Retina, functional microanatomy of, 45 Retinal artery occlusions, 295

Retinal displacement, blind spot enlargement, 7 Retinal elevation of percipient elements, blind

spot enlargement, 7

Retinal emboli, visual field defects by, 209 Retinal hemorrhage, macular pathology

causes, 207

Retinal nerve fiber layer, lesions of, 46 Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), macular

diseases, 207, 214f, 224f

Retinal problems, in temporal defects, 250 Retinal sensitivity, central field exploration, 6 Retrobulbar optic neuritis, 194 Retrochiasmal lesions, neural territory, 46 Retrochiasmal visual field defects, 267 Retrogeniculate visual field defects, 263–89

occipital lobe field defects, 272–89 color field defects in, 285–89 occipital cortex, field defects

unique to, 282–85

open-heart surgery, field defects by, 273 types of, 273–82

optic radiation and calcarine cortex visual field defects, 264–67

homonymous hemianopia, tangent screen representation of, 265f

incongruous superior quadrantanopia, 266f parietal lobe field defects, 269–72

Gerstmann syndrome, 270–71 pie on-the-floor defect, 270

temporal lobe field defects, 267–69 neurologic deficits accompanying, 268 pie-in-the-sky defect, 267

testing for, 263–64 Riddoch phenomenon, 35

and occipital visual field defects, 282, 283

Sarcoidosis, 250

Scotoma, blind spot interpretation, 4, 17, 16 and central field exploration, 6 computerized representation of, 12f identification of, 6

and physiologic blind spot, 7 Scotoma, macular diseases, 209

central

Goldmann visual field showing, 216–17f HVF 10-2 demonstration, 212–13f

paracentral, 207 Sectoranopia, 42t, 62, 260 Seidel scotomas, glaucoma, 128

Sensorineural hearing loss, in DOA, 187 Septo-optic dysplasia, 178

Short-term fluctuation (STF)

full threshold testing strategy, 129 visual field thresholds, 93

and seed-point locations, 96f Short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP)

altered stimuli, automated perimetry future of, 161–65

visual function specific perimetric technologies, 117

Single test printout, automated perimetry, 99–105 Glaucoma Hemifield test, 102–5

global indices, 105

numeric results and grayscale results, 101 pattern deviation, 101

reliability indices, 99–101 test selection, 99

total deviation, 101 SITA Fast claim, 136

SITA Standard 24-2, for glaucoma patients, 144 Sloping, field defects, 19

Snellen acuity, visual field interpretation, 4–5, 99, 111, 119

Sphenoid wing meningiomas. See Parasellar meningiomas

Spherical test object, advantage of, 25 Standard automated perimetry, 85

custom tests, 105–11

FASTPAC algorithm, 95, 108–9 grid size, 108

Nasal Step program, 110

Peripheral 60 and 60-4 program, 110 Programs 30-1 and 24-1, 109 stimulus size option, 111

field testing, principles of, 86–94 frequency-of-seeing curves and fluctuations,

92–94

kinetic perimetry, 88–90 static perimetry, 90

follow-up printout, 111–14

change analysis printout, 111–14

glaucoma progression analysis printout, 114 guided progression analysis, 114

overview printout, 111

historical overview of, 85–86 learning effect and artifacts, 118–20

corrective lens/frame artifacts, 120 eyelid and nose effects, 119

media opacities, 119

miosis and mydriasis, 118–19 refractive errors, 119–20

single test printout in, 99–105 Glaucoma Hemifield test, 102–5 global indices, 105

numeric results and grayscale results (raw data), 101

pattern deviation, 101 reliability indices, 99–101 test selection, 99

total deviation, 101

test selection and algorithms, 94–99 fixation monitoring, 96–99 foveal threshold, 95

initial values, 95–96

Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA), 94–95

threshold testing, 99

visual field technician, role of, 121 visual function specific perimetric

technologies, 114–18

frequency doubling perimetry, 117 high-pass resolution perimetry (HPRP), 117 short-wavelength automated perimetry

(SWAP), 117 tendency-oriented perimetry, 118

Stargardt disease, 213

Static automated threshold perimetry for glaucoma patients, 86

Static perimetry, 5, 10f, 85,

in differential light sensitivity, 86–87 suprathreshold techniques, 90

visual threshold, measurement of, 90f Static stimuli, measurement of light, 87 STATPAC, Humphrey perimeter, 101, 141f

in glaucoma progression analysis, 114 and global indices, 105

in stimulus size option, 111 Stiles-Crawford effect, blind spot

enlargement, 7 Succinate, mitochondrial energy

production, 184

Superior nasal paracentral loss, 284f Suprachiasmatic meningiomas, 249 Suprasellar meningiomas, 248–49 Suprathreshold techniques, in static perimetry,

90–92

Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) automated perimetry options, 130–32

confluent central and paracentral field loss, follow-up testing, 171–72f

for glaucoma patients, 144 standard, versions of, 94, 95

310 Index

Tangent screen representation of arcuate defect, 27f

of bitemporal hemianopia, 20f of cecocentral defect, 26f

for chiasmal lesion, 240 of chiasmal tumor, 21f

and computerized perimetry and static perimetry, comparison of, 10–11f

evaluating visual system by, 5 and Goldmann perimeter, 3

of homonymous hemianopia, 265f

of incongruous field defect, 17–19f, 22f of paracentral defects, 26f

Temporal lobe field defects, 267–69 hallucinations, 268–69

neurologic deficits accompaniment, 268 optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 268 pie-in-the-sky defect, 267

temporal lobe tumor, 269

progression of visual field defects, 266f, 268, 269f

Temporal retinal fibers, 127–28 Temporal wedge defect

in glaucoma, 129 in ONH, 179

Tentorial herniation, 283–84

Test selection and algorithms, automated perimetry

fixation monitoring, 96–99 foveal threshold, 95

initial values, 95–96

Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA), 94–95

threshold testing, 99

Testing algorithms, evolutions in, 130–32 Thiamine, mitochondrial energy production, 184 3460 mtDNA mutation, 183

Threshold-related test, suprathreshold techniques, 91f

Thyrotroph adenoma, 247 Tilted discs, 7

with crescent, 181

optic nerve disorder, 250, Toxicity, 211, 226

Transient cerebral blindness, 283 Traumatic lesions, 247t

Tributary retinal veins, thrombosis, 50 Tuberculum sella meningiomas. See Suprasellar

meningiomas Tübingen perimeter, 86

Tumors, central field exploration, 6 Two scotomas

postchiasmal visual pathway, 64

Uhtoff’s phenomena, 194

Unilateral occipital lesions, 273, 275

Vascular diseases, visual field defects by, 20–21, 209–11

Vein occlusions, 209

Ventricular decompression, cortical blindness with, 283

Ventriculography, cortical blindness with, 283

Viral infection

inflammatory diseases, 217 in optic neuritis, 194

Visual agnosia, color testing, 37 Visual evoked response, 297 Visual field defects

in chorioretinal disorders, 207–32 congenital and genetic diseases, 211–17 macular diseases, 207–9

peripheral retina abnormalities, 226–32 toxicity, 226

vascular diseases, 209–11

Visual field defects, anatomic basis and differential diagnosis, 42t

binocular field defects, 60–80 altitudinal field defects, 72–75 bilateral central field defects, 77–78

bilateral checkerboard scotomas, 79–80 bilateral homonymous hemianopias, 80 binasal field defects, 70–72

bitemporal hemianopias, 67–70 homonymous hemianopias, 60–67 quadrantanopias, 75–77

categories of, 41–43 junctional field defects, 80–83

bitemporal hemianopia plus, 83 complete monocular plus incomplete

contralateral ocular, 80–81 homonymous hemianopia plus, 81–83

monocular field defects, 48–60 generalized defects, 59–60 localized defects, 48–52

related to anatomy of visual pathway, 44f Visual field technician, role of, 121

Visual field testing

and automated perimetry, 263 nondominant parietal lobe dysfunction,

complications by, 271–72 Visual function specific perimetric

technologies, 114–18 frequency doubling perimetry, 117 high-pass resolution perimetry, 117

short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), 117

tendency-oriented perimetry, 118 Visual pathway

anterior visual pathway, 45 arterial supply of, 45f location of, 13

overview of, 43–48 occipital lobe, 46–48

related disease, computer-assisted perimetry, 10–11f

structure of, 12–15 macular fibers in, 13, 14f nerve fibers in, 12–13 optic radiation, 13

territories of, 43–46, 46t neural territory, 46 preretinal territory, 43–46

Visual system, evaluation of, 5, 86–87, 98–99, 285, 293, 297

Vitamins

deficiency of, 198

in mitochondrial energy production, 184 Vitelliform dystrophy, 213–15

Wedge-shaped temporal field defect, 42t, 48

optic nerve head, 52 retina, 49–52

retrobulbar optic nerve, 52

White dot syndromes, 207, 217, 250 White scotomas, 133, 134f Wilbrand’s knee, 81, 239, 240, 242