Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Veterinary Ocular Pathology A Comparative Review_Dubielzig, Ketring, McLellan_2010

Canine conjunctival hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma (Fig. 7.55)

There are 230 canine conjunctival tumors of vascular endothelial origin in the COPLOW collection, representing 4% of canine tumor submissions.

•Of these, 65% are diagnosed as hemangioma and 35% are diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma

•The features that distinguish between hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma are:

■The degree of differentiation of blood-filled vascular spaces

■The presence of anaplastic features in the neoplastic cells

■The extent to which the tumor is infiltrative

•Tumors most commonly occur on the leading edge of the nictitans, or on the temporal bulbar conjunctiva

•The clinical presentation of bright red, exophytic, friable, bleeding mass lesions is similar for both hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma

•Previous authors have speculated that UV light exposure is a risk factor in the pathogenesis of conjunctival vascular endothelial tumors in dogs. The COPLOW collection supports this hypothesis for the following reasons:

■Almost all of the conjunctival tissue sampled away from the mass lesion is non-pigmented

■There is a trend for affected dogs to be from regions with a higher ambient UV light exposure

■The most frequent tumor locations are consistent with the conjunctival locations subject to the highest light exposure, i.e. the leading, exposed portion of the nictitans and the temporal bulbar conjunctiva

■Dogs from the hound and sporting breeds are overrepresented in the affected group. These dogs are more likely to be kept outdoors, with greater exposure to sunlight than typical domestic pet dogs.

Feline conjunctival hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma (Fig. 7.56)

There are a total of 16 vascular endothelial tumors of the conjunctiva in cats in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.5% of feline tumor submissions. There are 11 hemangiomas and five hemangiosarcomas.

•The numbers are too low to allow conclusions to be drawn regarding their biologic behavior

•Morphologically, the tumors have similar features to the canine vascular endothelial tumors described above.

Equine hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma, angiosarcoma

There are six cases in the COPLOW collection, representing 3.6% of equine tumor submissions.

•This tumor has also been reported as angiosarcoma in the veterinary literature, due to reluctance on the part of those authors to designate the origins of the neoplasm as vascular or lymphatic endothelial cells. However, all six cases in the COPLOW collection were designated as hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma

•There are reports of this tumor arising within the cornea and, consistent with this observation, one of the five COPLOW appeared to arise within the corneal stroma

188

•Widely disparate biological behaviors have been attributed to this tumor type. Limited follow-up information was available, but one of the COPLOW cases recurred after local excision.

Canine conjunctival mast cell tumor (Fig. 7.57)

There are 32 cases of canine conjunctival mast cell tumors in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.5% of canine tumor submissions.

•Although the same grading criteria might be used as for cutaneous mast cell tumors, there are no follow-up studies that establish the prognostic value of this grading scheme in conjunctival mast cell tumor

•In the collection there are tumors on the palpebral conjunctiva, the bulbar conjunctiva and the nictitans but most of the submissions do not specify mass location.

Feline conjunctival mast cell tumor

There are only four cases of feline conjunctival mast cell tumor in the COPLOW collection.

Canine conjunctival lymphoma (Fig. 7.58)

There are 19 cases of canine conjunctival lymphoma in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.3% of canine tumor submissions.

•Six are simply designated lymphoma and four are epitheliotropic lymphoma, mycosis fungoides.

Feline conjunctival lymphoma

There are 10 cases of feline conjunctival lymphoma in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.4% of feline tumor submissions.

•None of these are considered epitheliotropic.

Comparative Comments

As described in other species, tumors of lymphocytic or hemopoietic origin are seen in humans, as well as tumors of adnexal origin together with Kaposi’s sarcoma (described above).

Tumors of the canine third eyelid gland (nictitans gland) (Fig. 7.59)

•There are 109 cases of epithelial tumors of the nictitans gland in the COPLOW collections, representing 1.9% of canine tumor submissions. Within this series, there is a spectrum of different morphological types of tumors:

■Adenoma (13 cases)

■Complex and mixed tumors

■Adenocarcinoma (53 cases)

•Local invasion with recurrent growth is common but metastasis is rare.

Tumors of the feline third eyelid gland (nictitans gland) (Fig. 7.60)

There are 19 tumors of the third eyelid in cats in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.7% of feline neoplasms.

•All of these are recorded as adenocarcinoma.

Canine viral papilloma (Fig. 7.61)

In the COPLOW collection, there are 24 cases of canine viral papilloma occurring on the conjunctiva of dogs, representing 0.16% of canine submissions.

•Viral papilloma is a wart-like, exophytic, cutaneous growth associated with a papilloma virus

190

•The classical location for canine disease is in the oral cavity, however mucous membranes anywhere are susceptible, as is haired skin

•This is characteristically a lesion seen in young dogs, immunesuppressed adult dogs, or at the site of trauma or surgery

•Viral papilloma is self-limiting, however, it may be irritating and disfiguring

•Characteristic morphologic features include:

■An exophytic, papillary mass made up almost entirely by hyperplastic epithelium and long, thin cores of vascular stroma

■Hyperkeratosis which might be parakeratotic or orthokeratotic

■Prominent widening of the stratum granulosum with large keratohyalin granules

■The presence of koilocytes within the stratum granulosum, which represent a hallmark feature

–Koilocytes are rounded cells in, or near, the stratum granulosum. They have clear amphophilic cytoplasm and may or may not contain keratohyalin granules

■Rare intranuclear basophilic viral inclusion bodies are seen.

Cysts of the conjunctiva

•Congenital cysts of the lacrimal canaliculi or other ectopic ductular structures

■These occur as watery-fluid filled cysts under the conjunctival or medial canthal epithelium in young animals

■Histologically, there is little or no inflammation and the cysts often have a distinctive double epithelium

•Acquired ductular cysts

■These are usually derived from lacrimal ducts and are secondary to obstruction and/or inflammation

•Inclusion cysts (Fig. 7.62)

■These are usually secondary to trauma and entrapment of conjunctival surface epithelium

192

■They appear as opaque, white, round sub-epithelial nodules

■They can occur anywhere and often contain keratin

•Proliferative inflammatory lesions can often masquerade as neoplasia.

Conjunctival squamous papilloma and reactive papilloma (Fig. 7.63)

•There are 81 squamous papillomas of the conjunctiva in the COPLOW collection, representing 0.54% of all canine submissions.

■Squamous papilloma is a discrete arborizing papillary lesion usually on the conjunctival surface. There is no underlying tumor or inflammation and the arborizing units end with a sharp angle.

•There are 167 reactive papillomas in the COPLOW collection representing 1.1% of canine submissions.

■Reactive papillomas are very localized, exophytic, arborizing, papillary growths characterized by a basal stalk and rounded, blunt papillary ‘arms’

■They usually occur at the lid margin and are often seen superficial to inflammation or a meibomian gland tumor

•There are no dysplastic or anaplastic epithelial features

•The cause is unknown

•The prognosis is excellent.

General

Plummer, C.E., 2005. Equine eyelid disease. Clin. Techn. Equine Pract. 4, 95–105.

Congenital abnormalities and early life diseases

Bellhorn, R.W., Barnett, K.C., Henkind, P., 1971. Ocular colobomas in domestic cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 159, 1015–1021.

Koch, S.A., 1979. Congenital ophthalmic abnormalities in the Burmese cat. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 174, 90–91.

Dziezyc, J., Millichamp, N.J., 1989. Surgical correction of eyelid agenesis in a cat. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 25, 513–516.

Martin, C.L., Stiles, J., Willis, M., 1997. Feline colobomatous syndrome. Vet. Compar. Ophthalmol. 7, 39–43.

Wolfer, J.C., 2002. Correction of eyelid coloboma in four cats using subdermal collagen and a modified Stades technique. Vet. Ophthalmol. 5, 269–272.

Munger, R.J., Gourley, I.M., 1981. Cross lid flap for repair of large upper eyelid defects. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178, 45–48.

Esson, D., 2001. A modification of the Mustardé technique for the surgical repair of a large feline eyelid coloboma. Vet. Ophthalmol. 4, 159–160.

Gripenberg, U., Blomqvist, L., Pamilo, P., et al., 1985. Multiple ocular coloboma (MOC) in snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Clinical report, pedigree analysis, chromosome investigations and serum protein studies. Hereditas 103, 221–229.

Cutler, T.J., 2002. Bilateral eyelid agenesis repair in a captive Texas cougar. Vet. Ophthalmol. 5, 143–148.

Barnett, K.C., Lewis, J.C., 2002. Multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Vet. Ophthalmol. 5, 197–199.

Distichiasis, ectopic cilia and trichiasis

Helper, L.C., Magrane, W.G., 1970. Ectopic cilia of the canine eyelid. J. Small Anim. Pract. 11, 185–189.

Bedford, P.G., 1971. Eyelashes and adventitious cilia as causes of corneal irritation. J. Small Anim. Pract. 12, 11–17.

Lawson, D.D., 1973. Canine distichiasis. J. Small Anim. Pract. 14, 469–478.

Bedford, P.G., 1979. The treatment of canine distichiasis by the method of partial tarsal plate excision. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 15, 59–60.

Wheeler, C.A., Severin, G.A., 1984. Cryosurgical epilation for the treatment of distichiasis in the dog and cat. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 20, 877–884.

Long, R.D., 1991. Treatment of distichiasis by conjunctival resection. J. Small Anim. Pract. 32, 146–148.

Hurn, S., Turner, A., Mc Cowan, C., 2005. Ectopic cilium in seven horses. Vet. Ophthalmol. 8, 199–202.

Entropion, Ectropion

Stades, F.C., Gelatt, K.N., 2007. Diseases and surgery of the canine eyelid. In: Gelatt, K.N. (Ed.), Veterinary ophthalmology, 4th edn. Blackwell, Ames, pp. 563–617.

Corneal/conjunctival dermoid

Gelatt, K.N., 1971. Bilateral corneal dermoids and distichiasis in a dog. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 66, 658–659.

Lawson, D.D., 1975. Corneal dermoids in animals. Vet. Rec. 97, 449–450.

Periocular inflammation/blepharitis

Gross, T.L., Ihrke, P.J., Walder, E.J., et al., 2005. Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford.

Raphel, C.F., 1982. Diseases of the equine eyelid. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 4.

Johnson, B.W., Campbell, K.L., 1989. Dermatoses of the canine eyelid. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 11, 385–394.

Pena, M.A., Leiva, M., 2008. Canine conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 38, 233– 249.

Rebhun, W.C., Mirro, E.J., Georgi, M.E., et al., 1981. Habronemic blepharoconjunctivitis in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 179, 469–472.

Glaze, M.B., 1983. Equine adnexal habronemiasis. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 2, 71–73.

Moore, C.P., Sarazan, R.D., Whitley, R.D., et al., 1983. Equine ocular parasites: A review. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 2, 76–85.

Pusterla, N., Watson, J.L., Wilson, W.D., et al., 2003. Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases (1988–2002). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 222, 978–982.

Gortel, K., 2006. Update on canine demodicosis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 36, 229–241.

Collins, B.K., MacEwen, E.G., Dubielzig, R.R., et al., 1992. Idiopathic granulomatous disease with ocular adnexal and cutaneous involvement in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201, 313–316.

Chambers, E.D., Severin, G.A., 1984. Staphylococcal bacterin for treatment of chronic staphylococcal blepharitis in the dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 185, 422–425.

Pena, M.T., Roura, X., Davidson, M.G., 2000. Ocular and periocular manifestations of leishmaniasis in dogs: 105 cases (1993– 1998). Vet. Ophthalmol. 3, 35–41.

Neoplastic/proliferative conditions

Gross, T.L., Ihrke, P.J., Walder, E.J., et al., 2005. Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and

histopathologic diagnosis, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 559–893.

Krehbiel, J.D., Langham, R.F., 1975. Eyelid neoplasms of dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 36, 115–119.

Roberts, S.M., Severin, G.A., Lavach, J.D., 1986. Prevalence and treatment of palpebral neoplasms in the dog: 200 cases (1975– 1983). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 189, 1355–1359.

McLaughlin, S.A., Whitley, R.D., Gilger, B.C., et al., 1993. Eyelid neoplasms in cats: a

review of demographic data (1979–1989). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 29, 63–67.

Riis, R.C., Vitali, C.M., Simons, K.B., 2002. Eyelid tumors. In: Peiffer Jr., R.L., Simons, K.B. (Eds.), Ocular tumors in animals and humans, 1st edn. Iowa State Press, pp. 25–86.

Lewin, G., 2003. Eyelid reconstruction in seven dogs using a split eyelid flap. J. Small Anim. Pract. 44, 346–351.

Aquino, S.M., 2007. Management of eyelid neoplasms in the dog and cat. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 22, 46–54.

Canine juvenile cutaneous histiocytoma and cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis

Gelatt, K.N., 1975. Histiocytoma of the eyelid of a dog. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 70, 305.

Yang, T.J., 1987. Spontaneously regressive canine cutaneous histiocytoma: a counterpart of human regressing atypical histiocytosis? Anticancer Res. 7, 811–812.

Fulmer, A.K., Mauldin, G.E., 2007. Canine histiocytic neoplasia: an overview. Can. Vet. J. 48, 1041–1043, 1046–1050.

Coomer, A.R., Liptak, J.M., 2008. Canine histiocytic diseases. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet. 30, 202–204, 208–216; quiz 216–217.

Paterson, S., Boydell, P., Pike, R., 1995. Systemic histiocytosis in the Bernese mountain dog. J. Small Anim. Pract. 36, 233–236.

Scherlie Jr., P.H., Smedes, S.L., Feltz, T., et al., 1992. Ocular manifestation of systemic histiocytosis in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201, 1229–1232.

Cutaneous melanocytic tumors

Roels, S., Tilmant, K., Ducatelle, R., 1999. PCNA and Ki67 Proliferation markers as criteria for prediction of clinical behaviour of melanocytic tumours in cats and dogs. J. Compar. Pathol. 121, 13–24.

Smith, S.H., Goldschmidt, M.H., McManus, P.M., 2002. A comparative review of melanocytic neoplasms. Vet. Pathol. 39, 651–678.

Millanta, F., Fratini, F., Corazza, M., et al., 2002. Proliferation activity in oral and cutaneous canine melanocytic tumours: correlation

with histological parameters, location, and clinical behaviour. Res. Vet. Sci. 73, 45–51.

Allgoewer, I., Schaffer, E.H., Stockhaus, C., et al., 2001. Feline eosinophilic

conjunctivitis. Vet. Ophthalmol. 4, 69–74.

Day, M.J., Lucke, V.M., 1995. Melanocytic neoplasia in the cat. J. Small Anim. Pract. 36, 207–213.

van der Linde-Sipman J S, de Wit M M, van Garderen, E., et al., 1997. Cutaneous malignant melanomas in 57 cats: identification of (amelanotic) signet-ring and balloon cell types and verification of their origin by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Vet. Pathol. 34, 31–38.

Epithelial neoplasms arising in the eyelid

Abramo, F., Pratesi, F., Cantile, C., et al., 1999. Survey of canine and feline follicular tumours and tumourlike lesions in central Italy. J. Small Anim. Pract. 40, 479–481.

Hagard, G.M., 2005. Eyelid reconstruction using a split eyelid flap after excision of a palpebral tumour in a Persian cat. J. Small Anim. Pract. 46, 389–392.

Chaitman, J., van der Woerdt, A., Bartick, T.E., 1999. Multiple eyelid cysts resembling apocrine hidrocystomas in three Persian cats and one Himalayan cat. Vet. Pathol. 36, 474–476.

Cantaloube, B., Raymond-Letron, I., Regnier, A., 2004. Multiple eyelid apocrine hidrocystomas in two Persian cats. Vet. Ophthalmol. 7, 121–125.

Canine and feline mast tell tumors

Patnaik, A.K., Ehler, W.J., MacEwen, E.G., 1984. Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor: morphologic grading and survival time in 83 dogs. Vet. Pathol. 21, 469–474.

Simoes, J.P., Schoning, P., Butine, M., 1994. Prognosis of canine mast cell tumors: a comparison of three methods. Vet. Pathol. 31, 637–647.

Murphy, S., Sparkes, A.H., Smith, K.C., et al., 2004. Relationships between the histological grade of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs, their survival and the efficacy of surgical resection. Vet. Rec. 154, 743–746.

Simpson, A.M., Ludwig, L.L., Newman, S.J., et al., 2004. Evaluation of surgical margins

required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 224, 236–240.

Fulcher, R.P., Ludwig, L.L., Bergman, P.J., et al., 2006. Evaluation of a two-centimeter lateral surgical margin for excision of grade I and grade II cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 228, 210–215.

Jacobi, S., Stanley, B.J., Petersen-Jones, S., et al., 2008. Use of an axial pattern flap and nictitans to reconstruct medial eyelids and canthus in a dog. Vet. Ophthalmol. 11, 395–400.

Welle, M.M., Bley, C.R., Howard, J., et al., 2008. Canine mast cell tumours: a review of the

pathogenesis, clinical features, pathology and treatment. Vet. Dermatol. 19, 321–339.

Molander-McCrary, H., Henry, C., Potter, K., et al., 1998. Cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 32 cases (1991–1994). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 34, 281–284.

Buerger, R.G., Scott, D.W., 1987. Cutaneous mast cell neoplasia in cats: 14 cases (1975–1985). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 190, 1440–1444.

Miller, M.A., Nelson, S.L., Turk, J.R., et al., 1991. Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats. Vet. Pathol. 28, 389–395.

Turrel, J.M., Farrelly, J., Page, R.L., et al., 2006. Evaluation of strontium 90 irradiation in treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 35 cases (1992–2002). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 228, 898–901.

Litster, A.L., Sorenmo, K.U., 2006. Characterisation of the signalment, clinical and survival characteristics of 41 cats with mast cell neoplasia. J. Feline Med. Surg. 8, 177–183.

Wilcock, B.P., Yager, J.A., Zink, M.C., 1986. The morphology and behavior of feline cutaneous mastocytomas. Vet. Pathol. 23, 320–324.

Epitheliotropic lymphoma

McKeever, P.J., Grindem, C.B., Stevens, J.B.,

et al., 1982. Canine cutaneous lymphoma. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 180, 531–536.

Wilcock, B.P., Yager, J.A., 1989. The behavior of epidermotropic lymphoma in twenty-five dogs. Can. Vet. J. 30, 754–756.

Donaldson, D., Day, M.J., 2000. Epitheliotropic lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) presenting as blepharoconjunctivitis in an Irish setter. J. Small Anim. Pract. 41, 317–320.

Feline peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Hoffman, A., Blocker, T., Dubielzig, R., et al., 2005. Feline periocular peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a case series. Vet. Ophthalmol. 8, 153–158.

Sundberg, J.P., Todd Jr., K.S., DiPietro, J.A., 1985. Equine papillomatosis: is partial resection of lesions an effective treatment? Vet. Med. 80, 71–74.

Equine periocular sarcoid

Webster, C.J., Webster, J.M., 1985. Treatment of equine sarcoids with BCG. Vet. Rec. 116, 131–132.

Reid, S.W., Smith, K.T., Jarrett, W.F., 1994. Detection, cloning and characterisation of papillomaviral DNA present in sarcoid tumours of Equus asinus. Vet. Rec. 135, 430–432.

Nasir, L., Reid, S.W., 1999. Bovine papillomaviral gene expression in equine sarcoid tumours. Virus Res. 61, 171–175.

Theon, A.P., Pascoe, J.R., 1995. Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy for equine periocular tumours; treatment results and prognostic factors in 115 horses. Equine Vet. J. 27, 117–121.

Theon, A.P., Pascoe, J.R., Galuppo, L.D., et al., 1999. Comparison of perioperative versus postoperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215, 1655–1660.

Martens, A., De Moor, A., Demeulemeester, J., et al., 2000. Histopathological characteristics of five clinical types of equine sarcoid. Res. Vet. Sci. 69, 295–300.

Martens, A., De Moor, A., Vlaminck, L., et al., 2001. Evaluation of excision, cryosurgery and local BCG vaccination for the treatment of equine sarcoids. Vet. Rec. 149, 665–

669.

Knottenbelt, D.C., Kelly, D.F., 2000. The diagnosis and treatment of periorbital sarcoid in the horse: 445 cases from 1974 to 1999. Vet Ophthal 3, 169–191.

Carr, E.A., Theon, A.P., Madewell, B.R., et al., 2001. Expression of a transforming gene (E5) of bovine papillomavirus in sarcoids obtained from horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62, 1212–1217.

Chambers, G., Ellsmore, V.A., O’Brien, P.M., et al., 2003. Association of bovine papillomavirus with the equine sarcoid. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 1055–1062.

Munday, J.S., Kiupel, M., French, A.F., et al., 2008. Amplification of papillomaviral DNA sequences from a high proportion of feline cutaneous in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas using a nested polymerase chain reaction. Vet. Dermatol. 19, 259–263.

Photodynamic therapy

Stell, A.J., Dobson, J.M., Langmack, K., 2001. Photodynamic therapy of feline superficial squamous cell carcinoma using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid. J. Small Anim. Pract. 42, 164–169.

Spugnini, E.P., Vincenzi, B., Citro, G., et al., 2009. Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in cats: A preliminary report. Vet. J. 179, 117–120.

Conjunctival stricture, pseudopterygium in rabbits

Roze, M., Ridings, B., Lagadic, M., 2001. Comparative morphology of epicorneal conjunctival membranes in rabbits and human pterygium. Vet. Ophthalmol. 4, 171–174.

Allgoewer, I., Malho, P., Schulze, H., et al., 2008. Aberrant conjunctival stricture and overgrowth in the rabbit. Vet. Ophthalmol. 11, 18–22.

Ligneous conjunctivitis

Ramsey, D.T., Ketring, K.L., Glaze, M.B., et al., 1996. Ligneous conjunctivitis in four Doberman pinschers. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 32, 439–447.

McLean, N.S., Ward, D.A., Hendrix, D.V., et al., 2008. Ligneous conjunctivitis secondary to a congenital plasminogen deficiency in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 232, 715–721.

197