Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Retinal Muller Cell Structure and Function_Sarthy, Ripps_2001

276 INDEX

Laminin, 24, 56

Light-evoked changes, extracellular potassium, 162–165, 173

Lineage relationships

astrocytes and microglia, 38–39 cellular schemes for, 36

glial cells and neurons, 36–38 lineage analysis methods, 36–38

Müller cells and retinal neurons, 36–38

Macular edema, cystoid macular edema, 193–195

Macular pucker, 203

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 185–189

Membrane transport, 102–119 GABA transport, 116–119 GABA transporters, 106–109 glutamate transport, 111-116

glutamate transporters, 106–107, 109–110 radioactive tracer uptake, 103–106

Metabolic interactions. See Retinal metabolism

Methionine sulfoximine (MSO), toxicity of, 86

Microglia, 1, 2, 33–34 distribution of, 33–34 lineage and astrocytes, 38–39 phagocytic properties, 34 and retinal vasculature, 34 structure of, 33

Mitochondria, density in Müller cells, 3, 5 Mitogenic agents

blocking agents, 206

in reactive gliosis, 203-207 Mizuo phenomenon, 192-193 Müller cell development

birth of Müller cells, 39–42 cell determination, 43–47 as default event, 47

3H-thymidine labeling studies, 39–42 immunocytochemical studies, 40–42 lineage to astrocytes, 37–38

lineage to microglia, 38

lineage to retinal neurons, 36–-38 and retinal neurons, 62–66

Müller cell hypothesis, electroretinogram, 172-177

Müller cells

and blood-retina barrier, 18-22 cell coupling, 10-13

Müller cells (cont.)

cross-species information, 3, 6–7 cytoskeleton, 24-26

and immune response, 185–190 as insulators, 13–14, 15 intercellular junctions, 9–13

internal limiting membrane, 22–24 mitochondrial density, 3, 5 orthogonal arrays, 26–28

and outer limiting membrane, 14–17 phagocytosis, 190–192

and reactive gliosis, 198–216 relationship to neurons, 5, 9 and retinal damage, 181

and retinal detachment, 197, 203 and retinal development, 47–61 and retinal disease, 192–198

and retinal ischemia, 183–184 and retinal metabolism, 67–100 and subretinal space, 17 ultrastructure image of, 8

Müller cell sheen dystrophy, 195, 197 features of, 195

histology of, 195-197 Myosin, 15

Nervous system, potassium regulation, 135– 136

Neuron-glia cell interaction

calcium and intercellular signals, 124–127 electroretinogram, cellular origins of

changes, 166–180

ion channels, voltage-activation, 143–155, 157–162

lightevoked changes, 162–165 membrane transport, 102–119

neurotransmitters and ion channels, 119– 124

and nitric oxide, 127–133 production in retina, 132–133 sodium-potassium pump, 155–157

Neurons, relationship to Müller cells, 5, 9. See also Retinal neurons

Neurothelin, 56

Neurotransmitters

GABA, 86-89

GABA receptors, 120–122 glutamate, 78, 83

glutamate receptors, 122–124 and ion channels, 119–124 as neuron-glial cell link, 101

Neurotrophic factors, and retinal development, 57–60

Nitric oxide, 127–133 features of, 128–129 glial cells as source, 129

as neuronal messenger, 127 NO synthase, forms of, 129 in retina, 129–133

role in visual system, 131

Nitrogen homeostasis, and glutamine synthetase, 79

Oligodendrocyte, 1, 2

Orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPS), 26– 28

and metabolic exchange, 26–28 and Müller cells, 26–28

Outer limiting membrane (OLM), 14–17 formation and structure of, 14–16 pore size, 17

and reactive gliosis, 200

subretinal space as confine of molecules, 17

zonula adherens of, 14–15

pH. See Acid-base regulation Phagocytosis, 190–192

and Müller cells, 190–192 Potassium channels, 146–151 A-type channel, 150–151

delayed rectifier channel, 149–150 inward-rectifying channels, 146–148

and ion channel voltageactivation, 146–151 and Müller cells, 146–148

potassium buffering, 141–143, 146 and reactive gliosis, 207

and spreading depression, 159–162 Potassium regulation, 137–143

and chloride channels, 155 and glial cells, 135, 137

light-evoked changes, 162–165, 173 and Müller cells, 135–136, 138–141 nervous system, 135–136 potassium siphoning, 138–139, 141 in retina, 138, 141

spatial buffering, 137–138

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 197–198 and glial cells, 203

and Müller cells, 198 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 203 Proteoglycans, 56

INDEX 277

Radioactive tracers, membrane transport study, 103–106

R-cognin, 55–56 Reactive gliosis, 198–215

features of, 198, 200 GFAP-inductive signal, 211–214 GFAP function, 214–215

and glutamate, 206 growth factors, 204–206 mitogenic agents, 203–207

morphological changes in, 200–201 and Müller cell mitosis, 207–209

and Müller cell molecular changes, 209– 211

and Müller cell proliferation, 201–204 and outer limiting membrane (OLM),

200

and potassium channel activity, 207 Retina, histology of, 217–221

Retinal damage, 181–185 Müller cell protection, 181 reactive gliosis, 198–215

Retinal detachment, 197 and Müller cells, 197, 203

Retinal development and Müller cells, 47– 61

cell adhesion receptors, 52–56 columnar organization of retina, 50 extracellular matrix molecules (ECM),

56-57 integrins, 57

macromolecule influence, 51–52 and neuronal migration, 48–51 neurotrophic factors, 57–60 retinoic acid, 60–61

Retinal disease, 192–198

cystoid macular edema, 193–195 diabetic retinopathy, 197–198 Müller cell sheen dystrophy, 195, 197

Müller cells in retinal membranes, 197– 198

retinal detachment, 197

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, 192–193 Retinal ischemia

effects of, 181

glutamate toxicity hypothesis, 181–185 and Müller cells, 183–184

Retinal metabolism, 67–100 acid-base regulation, 89–95 GABA metabolism, 86–89 glucose uptake, 69–71

278 INDEX

Retinal metabolism (cont.) glutamate metabolism, 78–83 glycogen mobilization, 75–78 glycogen storage, 74–75 lactate in, 72–74

potassium regulation, 135–143 retinoid metabolism, 95–100

Retinal neurons

and gene expression of Müller cells, 65 glucose release, 68–69

and glucose uptake, 69–72

and glutamine synthetase, 62–65 lineage and Müller cells, 36–38 migration and Müller cells, 48–51 and Müller cell development, 62–66

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and electroretinogram, 167–169 junctions of, 18

and retinal detachment, 197 Retinoic acid

and retinal development, 60–61 source of, 60–61

Retinoid-binding proteins, 96–99 Retinoid metabolism, 95–100

and cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), 96–99

and Müller cells, 98–100 retinoid-binding proteins, 96–99

Retinoids toxicity of, 96

and Vitamin A, 96–97 Rhodopsin, and Vitamin A, 95

Selectins, cell adhesion receptor, 53 Slow PIII component, electroretinogram,

169,171 Sodium channels

ion voltage-activation, 153–154 and Müller cells, 153

Sodium-potassium pump, 155–157

Sodium-potassium pump (cont.) distribution of pump sites, 155 and glial cells, 155–157

and Müller cells, 157

Spatial buffering, potassium regulation, 137–143

Spreading depression, 159–161 and glial cells, 160

and Müller cells, 160–161 and ocular conditions, 160

propagation in retina, 160–161 Subretinal space, as confine of molecules,

17

Succinate, and GABA metabolism, 88

Thrombin, and mitogenic activity, 206 Thrombospondin, 24

Type IV collagen, 24

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), astrocyte production, 31

Vimetin, in Müller cells, 24 Vinculin, 15

Visual cycle meaning of, 96

and Müller cells, 99–100 Vitamin A, role in vision, 95–96 Vitronectin, 24

Voltage activation. See Ion channel voltageactivation

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, 192–193 features of, 192

gene of, 193

Mizuo phenomenon, 192–193

Zonal occludens, 18 Zonula adherens

outer limiting membrane, 14–15 pore size, 17