Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Tumors of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa_Char_2001

disparity-accommodation stimuli for, 366 disparity-induced (fusional), 12, 344, 346

examination of, 366 double-step stimuli for, 362 drug effects on, 368

dynamic properties of, 348–355, 348f, 350f in elderly, 350

examination of, 365–367, 720 express, 349

first-order stimuli for, 351 fixation disparity of, 349 frontal eye field and, 291

gaze-shifting movements and, 352–355, 353f, 354f

gaze-stabilizing movements and, 352 horizontal, 348–351, 348f, 350f

dynamic properties of, 349 latency of, 348–349, 438f precision of, 349

vertical saccades and, 354–355 increased responses in, 370–371 in infant, 349–350

in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 625–626 laboratory testing of, 367

Listing’s plane and, 351 looming stimulus for, 347, 359

Müller’s experiment for, 346, 347f, 366 natural stimuli for, 351–352

near triad and, 348 neural integrator in, 8

neural substrate for, 355–360 cerebellum in, 358–359 cerebral cortex in, 359–360 conceptual models of, 360–361 midbrain in, 356–357, 357f

ocular motoneurons in, 355–356, 356f pons in, 357–358

premotor commands in, 356–358, 357f vergence integrator and, 360–361, 363

open-loop, 346 oscillation in, 371 peak velocity of, 349

phoria adaptation of, 362–364, 363f predictable, 348–349, 438f purpose of, 343–344

pursuit, 361, 367 ramp stimuli for, 349 reduction in, 368, 370

relative disparity and, 352

saccade interactions with, 13, 352–355, 353f, 354f saccadic, 360–361, 367

second-order stimuli for, 351 slant of object and, 351 smooth, 346

in split-brain patient, 355 step stimuli for, 349 stimuli for, 344–348 terminology for, 345t tonic, 344

vertical, 351

visual processing and, 355 Vergence insufficiency, 368 Vergence integrator, 360–361

leaky, 363

Vergence motor error, 352, 354f, 361

Index 759

Vergence oscillations, 371 Vergence tone, resting, 344

Vergence tonic neurons, 356–357, 360 Vermis. See Dorsal vermis

Version movements, 387t. See also Conjugate eye movements

Vertebral artery compression of, 562t dolichoectasia of, 579 kinking of, 575

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, 567–568 Vertebrobasilar ischemia, 370

Vertical deviation, dissociated, 355, 415, 498, 518 Vertical gaze holding, 271b, 272

in bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 626 Vertical gaze palsy, 630–637

case history of, 636–637, 637f etiology of, 636t

interstitial nucleus of Cajal lesions and, 633–634, 634b modern concepts of, 630

posterior commissure lesions and, 634–637, 635b rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasci-

culus lesions and, 630–633, 631b, 632b, 633f Vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus, 255, 273 Vertical myoclonus, in unconscious patient, 674t

Vertical nystagmus. See Downbeat nystagmus; Pendular nystagmus; Upbeat nystagmus

Vertical ocular motor deviation, 407–409, 408f Vertical optokinetic responses, 51

Vertical saccades

M-group neurons and, 156, 274

in progressive suspranuclear palsy, 639–640, 640f rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasci-

culus and, 268–271, 268b, 269f, 270f Vertical saccadic palsy, 630–633, 631b, 632b, 633f Vertical semicircular canals, 35–36

Vertical smooth pursuit

in bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 224, 626 downbeat nystagmus and, 485, 492

impairment of, 224

neural substrate for, 272–273 Vertical vergence, 351

Vertical vestibular responses, 50

Vertigo, 22t, 65, 559–578. See also Vestibular disorders, evaluation of

acute, 562–565, 562t alcohol and, 565 aminoglycosides and, 565 etiology of, 562t

infection and, 562–563, 562t trauma and, 563–564 treatment of, 576, 577t

brainstem encephalitis and, 525 cervical, 563

definition of, 560 epilepsy and, 568

episodic, familial, ataxia and, 500, 533, 562t, 576 hyperventilation-induced, 568, 569f

linear, 560 physiologic, 562t

posturally induced, 562t, 570–576. See also Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

central, 575–576 recurrent, 562t, 565–570

endolymphatic hydrops and, 565–566

760 Index

Vertigo (Continued) etiology of, 562t

inflammation and, 566–567 migraine and, 567 otosclerosis and, 566 syphilis and, 566–567 treatment of, 576 undiagnosed, 569–570

vascular disorders and, 567–568 rotational, 64, 65, 560

strabismus and, 403, 414 trauma and, 562t treatment of, 576–578, 577t

vergence movements and, 368 Wallenberg’s syndrome and, 562t

Vestibular aqueduct, enlargement of, 562t, 566 Vestibular artery, 27

Vestibular atelectasis, 562t Vestibular commissure, 36, 38

peripheral vestibular lesions and, 59 Vestibular cortex, 63

area 3av of, 63 area 2v of, 63

eye movement control and, 285–286, 285b eye-head saccades and, 324

lesions of, 658b, 659 Vestibular disorders, 559–583

evaluation of, 64–76

caloric testing in, 66t, 71, 72–73 clinical examination in, 66–71, 66t dynamic imbalance tests in, 66t, 67–69 general principles of, 64–65 history-taking in, 65–66 hyperventilation in, 70

laboratory tests in, 71–76, 72t optokinetic testing in, 74–75 otolith-ocular response testing in, 75–76 pneumatic otoscopy in, 70

positional tests in, 66t, 69–70 rotational testing in, 73–74

static imbalance tests in, 66–67, 66t tragal compression in, 70

Valsalva maneuver in, 70 vestibular gain tests in, 70–71

vestibulo-ocular reflex tests in, 72t, 73–74 labyrinthine lesions and. See at Labyrinth oscillopsia, 578–581. See also Oscillopsia pathophysiology of, 76–81, 76t

peripheral, acute, 560–562, 561b. See also Vertigo Vestibular (tornado) epilepsy, 63, 568, 659

Vestibular gain. See Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain Vestibular hyper-responsiveness, 80

Vestibular imbalance. See also Vestibular nystagmus dynamic, 58, 66t, 67–69

gaze-evoked nystagmus and, 254–255 static, 58, 66–67, 66t

Vestibular movements, 5t Vestibular nerve(s)

acceleration sensitivity of, 31 afferents of, 29–31

irregular, 30–31 regular, 30–31

discharge properties of, 29–30 efferents of, 31

inferior division of, 27, 77

lesions of, 39, 76–78, 76t section of, 39, 570 superior division of, 27, 77 testing of, 75

vascular compression of, 570

Vestibular neurectomy, gaze-evoked nystagmus and, 255 Vestibular neuritis, 64, 562–563

Vestibular neuronitis, 562–563 Vestibular nuclei, 10, 31–37, 32t, 33f

eye-head saccades and, 323 eye-head tracking and, 326

lesions of, 267–268, 601–605. See also Wallenberg’s syndrome (dorsolateral medullary infarction)

unilateral, 79–80

medial. See Medial vestibular nucleus neural network approach to, 38

Type A neurons of, 34 Type B neurons of, 34

Type I neurons of, 38, 40, 40f Type II neurons of, 38

zone 1 of, 33, 34–35 Vestibular nystagmus

central, 482–493. See also Downbeat nystagmus; Torsional nystagmus; Upbeat nystagmus

peripheral, 480–482, 480b perverted, 488

reversal phases of, 54 testing for, 66t

Vestibular sensation, 62–64 Vestibular testing, 719–720 Vestibular tone, 29–30

imbalance of, 79 Vestibular-evoked potentials, 74 Vestibular-masseter syndrome, 562t

Vestibular-only neurons, eye-head tracking and, 326 Vestibular-optokinetic system, 20–82. See also specific

components function of, 22–25

historical research on, 21 neural substrate for, 40, 40f quantitative aspects of, 40–53 terminology for, 21t–22t

Vestibular-visual interactions, 24–25 in Parkinson’s disease, 650

Vestibulocerebellum, 13–14, 274, 276–278, 276b, 277b. See also Flocculus; Nodulus; Paraflocculus; Ventral uvula

anatomic connections of, 59 electrophysiologic properties of, 59–60 eye movement control and, 13–14 eye-head tracking and, 327

lesions of, 60, 580 nystagmus and, 490, 501 smooth pursuit and, 211

in vestibulo-ocular reflex, 59–62, 61f Vestibulocochlear artery, 27

Vestibulocochlear nerve, tumors of, 501, 562t, 615 Vestibulo-collic reflex (VCR), 326

central nervous system disease and, 330 head stabilization and, 317

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 639b Vestibulo-ocular projections, 31–37, 32t, 33f Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), 6, 8–9, 8f, 9f, 12, 479

abnormalities of, oscillopsia and, 578–580, 578t adaptation of, 31, 34, 53–59

after unilateral labyrinthine lesions, 57–59 cerebellum in, 60–62, 61f, 609

cerebral cortex in, 62–64 cognitive control of, 57 context-specific, 57 cross-axis, 56 disconjugate, 56–57 habituation and, 53–54 hypothesis for, 60–61, 61f long-term, 55–56

nucleus of the optic tract in, 58 prolonged rotation and, 55 psychological factors in, 57 reversing prisms and, 54–56 short-term, 54

spectacle lenses and, 54–56 telescope lenses and, 55 vergence angle and, 362 visually induced, 54–57 matrix analysis of, 56

angular. See Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), rotational (r-VOR)

barbiturate effects on, 326

in bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 626 brain stem elaboration of, 29–31, 31t, 33f canal-otolith interactions and, 49 cancellation of, 25, 273

in eye-head movement evaluation, 328 smooth pursuit evaluation and, 218 test of, 720

cerebral hemispheres in, 62–64 connections of, 33f

direction of, 40 elementary, 23 evaluation of, 41f

in eye-head movement evaluation, 328 in smooth pursuit evaluation, 218

in vestibular disorders, 73–74 eye-head saccades and, 321–322 eye-head tracking and, 325–326, 325f failure of, 23

habituation of, 50, 53–54 in ice skaters, 54

in hemidecorticate patient, 657

in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 621 linear (L-VOR), cerebellar disease and, 609 neurophysiology of, 37–38

in newborns, 50 nonlinearities in, 40–41 open-loop properties of, 54 in Parkinson’s disease, 650 perception of distance and, 44 phase of, 50–51, 64

rotational (r-VOR), 9, 22t cancellation of, 34, 326

gain of, 30, 44–45. See also Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain

habituation of, 50

horizontal (yaw) movements and, 22, 23 intersubject variations in, 50

latency of, 23, 44

optokinetic system complementation of, 24–25 quarter-angle rule and, 391

static head tilt and, 50

time constant of, 44, 50–51, 64, 73

torsional (roll) movements and, 22, 23 vertical (pitch) movements and, 22, 23 vestibular afferents in, 31

vestibular nuclei neurons in, 34 suppression of, 25

in eye-head movement evaluation, 328 smooth pursuit evaluation and, 218

time constant of, 38–39, 40, 44, 50–51 translational (t-VOR), 9, 9f, 22t

active generation of, 45

direction of gaze and, 45–48, 46f, 47f disconjugate eye movements and, 46 evaluation of, 75–76

gain of, 45–48, 46f, 47f. See also Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain

horizontal (heave) movements and, 22 latency of, 46

Listing’s law and, 391 models of, 46–47, 46f, 47f otolith pathways for, 37, 37f smooth pursuit system in, 48 surge, 45

vergence cues and, 45

vergence (surge) movements and, 22 vertical (bob) movements and, 22 vestibular afferents in, 31

in unconscious patient, 676, 677f vestibular nystagmus and, 491

vestibulocerebellar influences on, 59–62, 61f Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain, 21t, 40, 41–50

active vs. passive head rotation and, 44–45 age and, 45

axis of eye rotation and, 49–50 in cerebellar disease, 80

in children, 45

constant velocity rotation and, 43, 43f direction of eye rotation and, 49–50 direction of gaze and, 45–46, 46f, 47f eccentric rotation and, 48–49

in elderly, 45

eye closure and, 44

impulsive stimuli and, 43–44, 43f light and, 45

mental set and, 44 near viewing and, 352 phase of, 41, 43

predictive mechanisms and, 45 sinusoidal rotation and, 41, 41f–42f target proximity and, 44

velocity steps and, 43–44, 43f vergence angle and, 352

in vestibular disorders, 70–71, 73–74 viewing distance and, 48–49

Vestibulo-optokinetic system, 20–82 disorders of, 76–82, 76t

bilateral vestibular function loss in, 78–79 central vestibular lesions in, 79–80 clinical examination for, 64–71, 66t laboratory evaluation for, 71–76, 72t

unilateral labyrinth or vestibular nerve disease in, 76–78

vestibular sensation and, 62–64 vestibulocerebellar influences on, 59–62, 61f

Vestibulopathy, 582. See also Vestibular disorders acute, 560–562, 561b. See also Vertigo

762 Index

Video-based oculography, 721, 722

Viewing distance, vestibulo-ocular reflex and, 48–49 Vigabitrin, in nystagmus, 532

Viral hepatitis, 525t

Viral infection, vertigo and, 562–563, 562t

Virtual reality technology, in vestibular disorders, 74 Vision

blurred, strabismus and, 403 double. See Diplopia examination of, 718

loss of

efference and, 196 monocular, 220, 519–520 nystagmus and, 220, 503, 504f occipital lobe lesions and, 658

saccadic suppression of, 122 Visual acuity

distance from fovea and, 5, 189 image motion and, 5, 189

in vestibular disorders, 70–71 Visual attention

latent nystagmus and, 225 pulvinar and, 143, 289 shift of, 289

Visual axis (axes) definition of, 387t, 391f

deviations of, 402. See also Deviation unconsciousness and, 673–674

misalignment of. See Strabismus Visual confusion, 344

Visual cortex. See Primary visual cortex Visual direction, 344

Visual fatigue, 366

Visual fixation. See Fixation Visual glabellar sign, 640 Visual grasp reflex, 671 Visual search

frontal eye field and, 137, 291 saccades during, 120–122, 121f superior colliculus in, 135

Visual system disorders, nystagmus and, 502–511, 502b, 504f

Visual-following reflexes. See Optokinetic system Visually mediated eye movements, 9–10 Visuovestibular interactions, 24–25

in Parkinson’s disease, 650

Vitamin E deficiency, 612t, 666t, 680t, 683 Voit’s anastomosis, 27

Volition, 14, 15f

Voluntary eye movements, 14. See also Cerebral hemispheres, voluntary eye movement control and

Voluntary eye-head movements, 317–327. See also Eyehead movements, voluntary control of

Voluntary nystagmus, 522b, 526–527 Voluntary ocular flutter, 372

Voluntary saccades, 10–11, 109t, 115–116, 526–527, 607 VOR. See Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

V-pattern esotropia, 415

V-pattern exotropia, 415, 635t

Vulpian’s sign, 654

Wada test, 656

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 434t Walking

head movements during, 316–317, 316f oscillopsia and, 79, 579

Wallenberg’s syndrome (dorsolateral medullary infarction), 64, 65, 79–80, 267–268, 487, 487t, 601–605, 603b

eye-head coordination in, 331 head tilt in, 80, 604 lateropulsion in, 280, 602–603 lid nystagmus in, 372, 521

magnetic resonance imaging in, 602f, 603f nystagmus in, 604

ocular tilt reaction in, 604 quick phases in, 118

saccades in, 149, 163, 603, 604 skew deviation in, 582

smooth pursuit in, 213, 604 vertigo in, 562t

Warm-up effect, saccadic, 445 Weber’s syndrome, 430

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 417t, 436 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 370, 417t

Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 599–600, 680t, 681–682, 682f magnetic resonance imaging of, 682

saccades in, 163–164 upbeat nystagmus in, 485

Westheimer, G., 119 Whiplash injury, 563

Whipple’s disease, 506b, 643, 644, 670 polymerase chain reaction in, 644 vergence oscillations in, 371

Wilson, V., 21

Wilson’s disease, 680t, 683 Windmill nystagmus, 495 Wrong-way deviation, 645, 654, 673

Yarbus, A.L., 108

Yaw, head rotations in, 22, 23, 315

Y-group neurons, 32, 32t, 273, 273b, 327

Yoke muscle pairs, 270–271, 402

Young, L.R., 119, 216

Zinn, annulus of, 387, 389f

Zona incerta, 274

Zoster, 425