Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Tumors of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa_Char_2001

Head turning

in epilepsy, 331–332, 670

in infantile nystagmus syndrome, 516 paralysis of, 331

strabismus and, 411 Headache, migraine

hemiplegic, 567

oculomotor nerve regeneration and, 433 vestibular, 562t, 567

Head-brake experiment, 325–326, 325f Heading, direction of, 189, 208 Head-shaking nystagmus, 54, 68, 560 Head-shaking test, 478, 481, 719 Head-tilt test, 407–409, 408f, 719

Hearing loss, Ménière’s syndrome and, 566 Heart block, in Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 446t Heave, head rotations in, 22, 315 Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon, 503 Helmholtz, H., 410

Hematoma, intracranial, divergence insufficiency and, 370

Hemianopia

homonymous, 122, 223, 657–658 saccades in, 163

Hemidecortication, 80, 214, 223–224, 656–657 Hemi-seesaw nystagmus, 496–498, 497b, 497t, 504 Hemispatial neglect, 120, 140, 287, 648, 659–660 Hemorrhage

midbrain, 636–637, 637f thalamic, 370, 645–646 vestibular, 568

Hennebert’s sign, 563–564

Hepatic encephalopathy, 495t, 674t, 675 Hepatitis, 525t

Hereditary ataxia, 611–614, 612t–613t Hering, E., 387

Hering’s law, 153–154, 270, 350, 361, 402, 440 Herpes zoster, 425, 563

Hess screen test, 405–406 Heterophoria, 386t. See also at Phoria Heterotropia, 387t

cover test for, 406, 406f Hexosaminidase A deficiency, 680t Hick’s law, 114

Hindbrain, developmental anomalies of, 609–611. See also Arnold-Chiari malformation

Hippocampus, saccades and, 138, 286 Histiocytosis X, 417t

Hitzig, E., 145 HIV/AIDS, 435, 525t, 671 Holmes, G., 605

Homonymous hemianopia, 122, 223, 657–658 Horizontal gaze palsy

acquired, 417–418

case history of, 618–620 619f congenital, 417–419

progressive scoliosis with, 417, 449t in Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 682

Horizontal semicircular canals, 36 Horner’s syndrome, 422, 424, 602

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 435, 525t, 671

Humming bird sign in progressive supranuclear palsy, 642 Huntington’s disease, 145, 651–653, 666t, 670

antisaccade task in, 652b, 653f clinical features of, 651–652, 652f diagnosis of, 653

pathogenesis of, 652–653, 653f saccades in, 164, 332, 652–653, 652b

Hydrocephalus

dorsal midbrain syndrome and, 636 pretectal pseudobobbing and, 512 trochlear nerve palsy and, 425

5-Hydroxytryptamine, 294 Hypermetria. See Saccadic hypermetria Hyperosmolar coma, 525t Hypertelorism, 415

penlight corneal examination and, 404 Hypertension

abducens nerve palsy and, 422–423 oculomotor nerve palsy and, 432–433

Hypertropia, 387t

skew deviation and, 58, 582 in trochlear nerve palsy, 423

Hyperventilation, 560

nystagmus with, 481, 568–569, 608, 720 vertigo and, 568, 569f

in vestibular disorders, 70

Hypomagnesemia, downbeat nystagmus and, 495 Hypometric eye-head saccades, 324

Hypometric saccades. See Saccadic hypometria Hypotension

intracranial, 370, 418t, 421 orthostatic, 559

Hypothyroidism, 562t Hypoxic encephalopathy, 505t

IBN (inhibitory burst neurons), 125t, 126, 265, 632 Imipramine, 525t

Immunoadsorption therapy, in opsoclonus, 534 Immunoglobulin, intravenous

in brainstem encephalitis, 526, 534 in Miller Fisher syndrome, 437

INC. See Interstitial nucleus of Cajal Incycloduction, 386t

Infant(s). See also Children abducens nerve palsy in, 422 cervico-ocular reflex in, 53 downward deviation in, 635

eye movement disorders in, 680–681 opsoclonus in, 526, 680

optokinetic responses in, 214 premature, 680–681

shaking injury in, 424t skew deviation in, 680 smooth pursuit in, 198

transient tonic upgaze in, 680 vergence eye movements in, 349–350

Infantile nystagmus syndrome, 513, 514–516, 519f attempted smooth tracking and, 517

clinical features of, 513b, 514–515 convergence suppression in, 371–372 foveation periods in, 516–517

head oscillations in, 516 head turns in, 411, 516

increasing-velocity waveform in, 516 inheritance patterns in, 517 optokinetic response in, 517 oscillations in, 191, 193, 514–515 pathogenesis of, 516

proprioceptive pathways in, 517 quantitative features of, 515–516

740 Index

Infantile nystagmus syndrome (Continued) smooth pursuit in, 218, 225–226, 517 triangular waveform in, 517

visual pathways in, 517

visual system disorders with, 513t waveform of, 255, 516, 517

Infarction

bihemispheric, 663. See also Ocular motor apraxia, acquired

cerebellar, 562t, 614–615

lateral medullary. See Wallenberg’s syndrome (lateral medullary infarction)

oculomotor nerve, 432–433 Infection, vertigo and, 562–563, 562t Infectious mononucleosis, 563 Inferior colliculus, 398

Inferior oblique muscle, 387–389, 388f, 388t, 389f overaction of, 425–426

paralysis of, 429

Inferior oculomotor ramus, 401 Inferior olivary nucleus, 276

electrotonic coupling in, 509, 511, 533, 600 hypertrophy of, 600

lesions of, 509, 511, 600–601, 601f

Inferior parietal lobule, area 7a of, 140, 286–287 Inferior precentral sulcus, eyeblink and, 156 Inferior rectus muscle, 387–389, 388f, 388t, 389f

paralysis of, 429

Inferior vestibular nerve, 27, 77 Inflammation, vertigo and, 566–567 Infraduction, 386t

Infrared differential limbus reflection method, 721 Inhibition of return, 120

Inhibitory burst neurons, 125t, 126, 265, 632 Inhibitory commissure, 252

Initial eye accelerations, 194

Insecticide poisoning, 438, 486t, 525t, 526 Intermittent gaze deviation, 673

Internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery, 27 Internal capsule, 294, 296–297

lesions of, 211

Internal medullary lamina of thalamus, saccade generation and, 142–143

Internal sagittal stratum, smooth pursuit and, 210, 211 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 7, 16, 267, 620–630

adduction in, 620–621, 623–624, 623f, 624f adduction/abduction ratios in, 624 bilateral, 80, 621, 626

wall-eyed, 625

clinical manifestations of, 620–621, 621b, 622f diplopia in, 627

disjunctive drifts in, 116 etiology of, 621–623, 622t experimental, 625

gaze holding in, 626

magnetic resonance imaging in, 622f in multiple sclerosis, 508, 678, 679 nystagmus in, 621, 625, 626 oscillopsia in, 580, 627

pathogenesis of, 623–628, 623f, 624f posterior, 627

pulse-step mismatch in, 623–624, 623f, 625 saccades in, 154, 158, 161f

skew deviation in, 582, 626 smooth pursuit in, 224, 273, 626

unilateral conjugate gaze palsy and, 627–628, 627b

variants of, 627–628, 627b vergence in, 357–358, 625–626 vertical nystagmus in, 255, 273, 626 vestibulo-ocular reflex in, 621, 626 visual symptoms in, 627

in Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 681

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal, 32, 33f, 35, 80, 599, 631 gaze holding and, 250, 271–272, 271b, 530 gigantocellular head-movement region input from, 323 lesions of, 633–634, 634b

hemi-seesaw nystagmus and, 496, 504 ocular tilt reaction and, 496

skew deviation and, 582–583 ocular tilt reaction and, 496

pharmacological inactivation of, 127, 272 vertical gaze holding and, 271–272, 271b

Interstitial terminal nucleus, 213 Intorsion, 388t

Intracranial pressure, increase in, 421, 581 Intralaminar thalamic nuclei, 295, 295b Intramedullary lamina of thalamus, saccade generation

and, 130f

Intraparietal sulcus, LIP area of, 140–141 Intravenous immunoglobulin

in brainstem encephalitis, 526, 534 in Miller Fisher syndrome, 437

Inverse bobbing, 674t, 675, 675f Ipsipulsion, 149, 149f, 163

Ipsiversive head turning, during seizures, 331–332 Iris, transillumination of, 477

Isoniazid, in nystagmus, 529t, 531

Javal, E., 108 Jerk, 31

Jerk nystagmus, 476, 511–512

Joubert’s syndrome, 513t, 611, 666t, 668, 680t

Kainate antagonists, NPH-MVN inactivation with, 530 Kayser-Fleischer rings, 683

Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 446–447, 446t Kernicterus, 636t, 680t

Ketamine, 672, 685 Kinocilium, 26

Koeber-Salus-Elschig syndrome, 634–637 Kommerell, G., 153–154

Korsakoff’s syndrome, 682 Krabbe’s leukodystrophy, 669

Labyrinth. See also at Vestibular; Vestibulobilateral lesions of. See also Vestibular nystagmus

cervico-ocular reflex and, 53 eye-head stability and, 329 idiopathic, 579–580 pathophysiology of, 76t, 78–79

blood supply to, 27 infection of, 562–563, 562t innervation of, 27 mammalian, 25–27, 26f structure of, 25–27, 26f

unilateral lesions of, 27, 31. See also Vestibular nystagmus

adaptive response to, 329–330, 330t dynamic otolith imbalance and, 78 dynamic vestibular imbalance in, 58, 77 experimental, 57–58

eye-head stability and, 329–330 otolith function imbalance in, 77–78 pathophysiology of, 76–78, 76t recovery from, 57–59

skew deviation in, 77–78

static vestibular imbalance in, 76–77 vestibular nucleus neurons and, 34

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 439 Laminins, 393

Lancaster red-green test, 405 Landolt, E., 108

Latch circuit, 629

Latch neurons, 125f, 125t, 129, 164, 211

Latent nystagmus, 517b, 517–519, 518f. See also Fusional maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome

dissociated vertical deviation and, 415 manifest, 517

nucleus of optic tract neurons and, 214 pathogenesis of, 225

smooth pursuit and, 221, 223, 224–225 strabismus and, 224–225

Lateral canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, 573, 578

Lateral geniculate nucleus magnocellular layers of, 204 microsaccades and, 190 parvocellular layers of, 204

Lateral intraparietal area, 140–141, 287–288 inactivation of, 141, 288

vergence eye movements and, 359

Lateral medullary infarction. See Wallenberg’s syndrome (lateral medullary infarction)

Lateral rectus muscle, 387–389, 388f, 388t, 389f Lateral terminal nucleus, 213

Lateral vestibular nucleus, 32–33, 32t Lateropulsion, 149, 149f, 163

in Wallenberg’s syndrome, 602–603 Law of motor correspondence, 402

Leber’s congenital amaurosis, 486t, 503, 504f, 513t, 533

Leigh’s syndrome, 682–683

Lentiform nucleus, lesions of, 651, 653–654 Lermoyez syndrome, 566

Lesch-Nyhan disease, 651, 654, 669 Levator palpebrae superioris, 156, 394 Levetiracetam, 529t

Levodopa, in Parkinson’s disease, 650 Lewy-body disease, 643, 651, 670 Lid lag, 640

Lid nystagmus, 372, 521

Lid-crutches, in myasthenia gravis, 444

Lidocaine, paramedian pontine reticular formation inactivation with, 620

Lid-opening apraxia, 640 examination of, 718

in Wilson’s disease, 683 Ligament of Lockwood, 447

Lightheadedness, 559. See also Vertigo

Linear acceleration, otolith organs response to, 22, 23–24. See also Ocular counterrolling; Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), translational (t-VOR)

“Linear Control Systems in the Oculomotor System,” 15

Index 741

Linear magnification, 364

Lipid storage diseases, 680t, 681 Listing’s law, 13, 391

axis shift and, 49

eye-head saccades and, 318 ocular following response and, 193 saccades and, 133, 145, 153, 250 smooth pursuit and, 326 strabismus and, 412

Listing’s plane

eye rotation and, 390, 390f saccades and, 153

shift of, 250

vergence eye movements and, 351 vestibulo-ocular reflex and, 50

Lithium, 254, 482t, 492, 500, 525t, 600, 622t, 684t, 685–686

Locked-in state, 331, 676 Lockwood, ligament of, 447 Locomotion

head rotation frequency during, 44 head stabilization during, 315–317, 316f motion detection during, 62

oscillopsia and, 79, 579

Long-lead burst neurons, 125t, 129–130

Long-term depression, in vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, 60, 62

Long-term potentiation, in vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, 62

Look nystagmus, 118 Looming stimulus, 347, 359 Lorazepam, 577t

Lorente de Nó, F., 251

Louis-Bar syndrome, 613t, 666t, 668, 680t Low-pressure syndrome, divergence insufficiency and,

370

Lumbar puncture, diplopia after, 421 Lupus erythematosus, 436

Lutz, posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia of, 627 Lyme disease, 417t

Lytico-Bodig syndrome, 643, 651

Machado-Joseph disease, 611, 612t MacKay, D.M., 123

Macrosaccadic oscillations, 148, 163, 165, 522b, 523–524, 523f, 524f

in myasthenia gravis, 440 treatment of, 533–534

Macrosquare-wave jerks, 522b, 523, 523f Macula

hair cells of, 26f, 27

of saccule, 26, 26f, 27, 28–29 of utricle, 26, 26f, 27, 28–29

Maddox, E.E., 344

Maddox rod test, 405, 405f, 718

Magnesium deficiency, nystagmus and, 482t, 495 Magnetic resonance imaging

in Arnold-Chiari malformation, 610f functional, 280

in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 622f during saccades, 146f

in upbeat nystagmus, 485f

in Wallenberg’s syndrome, 602f, 603f in Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 682

742 Index

Magnetic search coil technique, 4f, 328, 367, 479, 721, 722 Main sequence relationships, in saccades, 111, 111f, 370 Mal de debarquement, 569–570

Malleolus sign, 564

Maple syrup urine disease, 636t, 680t Mastoid tip vibration test, 69, 560 Mathematical integration, 244

Matrix analysis, of cross-axis adaptation, 56 Measles, 563

Meclizine, 577t

Medial dorsal thalamus, saccadic adaptation and, 156 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 34, 398

horizontal conjugate movements and, 262, 263f, 264b infarction of, 622f

lesions of, 80, 267, 273, 620–630. See also Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

oscillopsia and, 580

rostral interstitial nucleus of. See Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus

vergence eye movements and, 357–358 Medial rectus motoneurons, 400–401

vergence eye movements and, 356, 356f Medial rectus muscle, 387–389, 388f, 388t, 389f

oculomotor nucleus neuron supply to, 356, 356f, 400–401

Medial superior temporal visual area, 63 anatomy of, 205

dorsal region of, 205–207, 359 human homologue of, 207, 284–285 lesions of, 208, 221, 285, 658b, 659 neurons of, 205–207

smooth pursuit and, 191, 205–208, 215f smooth tracking and, 672

ventrolateral portion of, 205 vergence eye movements and, 359

voluntary eye movement control and, 283f, 284–285 world-centered coordinates and, 207

Medial terminal nucleus, 213

Medial vestibular nucleus, 32, 32t, 33–35, 265 gaze holding and, 247–250, 248f, 249f, 499 inactivation of, 149f, 248–250, 248f

lesions of, 268, 530, 599–600, 682 Medical fourth, 425

Medical sixth, 422–423 Medical third, 432–433 Medications. See Drugs Mediodorsal thalamus

pharmacologic inactivation of, 137 saccade generation and, 142

Medulla, lesions of, 490, 599–605, 601f. See also Wallenberg’s syndrome (dorsolateral medullary

infarction)

gaze holding and, 599–600

Medullary infarction, lateral. See Wallenberg’s syndrome (lateral medullary infarction)

Medulloblastoma, 615

MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke), 447

Melvill Jones, G., 21 Memantine

in nystagmus, 529t, 532

in oculopalatal tremor, 600–601 Memory

intermediate-term, 294 long-term, 294 short-term, 294

spatial, 294

for stimulus motion, 196–197 working, 120, 140, 294

Memory-guided saccades, 109t, 110f, 293–294, 607 accuracy of, 117–118

adaptation of, 154, 155

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, 644

central thalamic nuclei lesions and, 646–648, 647f cingulate cortex lesions and, 663

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions and, 662 frontal eye field and, 137, 138, 290

frontal eye field lesions and, 662 posterior parietal area and, 140 putamen and, 144 supplementary eye field and, 292 temporal lobe lesions and, 286

Ménière’s syndrome, 562t, 563, 565–566, 576 Meningioma, 421, 435

Mental set, rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and, 44 MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers), 447 Mesencephalic reticular formation. See also Central

mesencephalic reticular formation eye-head saccades and, 323 saccadic intrusions and, 527

vergence movements and, 356–357, 357f Mesencephalon. See Midbrain

Metabolic disorders, 680–683, 680t Methadone, 685t N-Methyl-D-aspartate, 685

in nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, 248 N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, 31, 526

glycine effect on, 129

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, in nystagmus, 532

Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity, 650–651

M-group neurons, 401

eyelid retraction and, 429, 635 lesions of, 274

vertical saccades and, 156, 274, 521 Microflutter, 524f, 525 Microsaccades, 189–190

Midbrain. See also specific structures

lesions of, 630–645, 635t, 636b, 636t, 637f, 638b convergence spasm and, 370

divergence insufficiency and, 370 double elevator palsy and, 637

selective cell vulnerability and, 638–645. See also Progressive supranuclear palsy

vertical gaze palsy and, 630–637. See also Vertical gaze palsy

vergence eye movements and, 356–357, 357f Midbrain ptosis, 521

Middle cerebellar peduncle, angioma of, 224 Middle temporal visual area

anatomy of, 204

human homologue of, 205, 284

lesions of, 205, 206f–207f, 221, 283–284, 658, 658b neurons of, 204

smooth pursuit and, 202, 204–205, 206f–207f, 221 speed perception and, 204

two-dimensional plaid stimuli and, 204 vergence eye movements and, 359

voluntary eye movement control and, 281, 283f, 284, 285

winner-take-all property and, 204

Migraine hemiplegic, 567

oculomotor nerve regeneration and, 433 vestibular, 562t, 567

Miles, F.A., 189 Millard-Gubler syndrome, 421 Miller Fisher, C., 437, 628

Miller Fisher syndrome, 370, 434t, 436–437 Mitochondrial DNA disorders, 446–447, 446t MLF. See Medial longitudinal fasciculus Möbius syndrome, 417, 418t

Molar tooth sign, 668 Mollaret, P., 509, 600 Monoclonal antibodies

in brainstem encephalitis, 526 in opsoclonus, 534

Monocular cues, 344 Monocular diplopia, 403

Monocular eye movements, in unconscious patient, 674t, 676

Monocular nystagmus, 503 Motion

detection of, 62 endolymph, 28

image (retinal), 5, 189, 528 scotoma for, 205

self-, 10

target, 196–197, 199–201, 200f, 219, 223–224 three-dimensional, 210

Motion parallax, 344 Motion stimuli

first-order, 193, 204, 221 second-order, 193, 204, 221, 519

Motion-processing disorders, in dyslexia, 120–122 Motion-vision cortical evoked potentials, 519 Motor correspondence, law of, 402

Motor error signal, 134

Motor learning, consolidation of, 154 Movement of redress, 406

MPTP (methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) toxicity, 650–651

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

MST. See Medial superior temporal visual area MT. See Middle temporal visual area Mucormycosis, 628

Müller, J., 346, 366

Müller’s smooth muscle, 156 Multicore disease, 446

Multiple sclerosis, 678–679, 678b abducting/adducting ratio in, 679 clinical evaluation of, 678–679 convergence spasm and, 370 diagnosis of, 679

eye movement measurement in, 679 internuclear ophthalmoplegia in, 678, 679 management of, 679

nystagmus in, 679 ocular flutter in, 630

ocular motor apraxia in, 664, 665f

pendular nystagmus in, 6f, 220, 507f, 508–509, 531–532, 678

periodic alternating nystagmus in, 494 saccades in, 678

upbeat nystagmus in, 485f, 511–512 vergence oscillations in, 371 vertigo in, 562t, 678

Index 743

Multiple system atrophy, 643, 651 Mumps, 563

Muscimol

dorsolateral pontine nuclei inactivation with, 211 fastigial nucleus inactivation with, 148, 213, 279–280,

533

flocculus inactivation with, 607

frontal eye field inactivation with, 137–138, 290, 662 interstitial nucleus of Cajal inactivation with, 250 medial vestibular nucleus inactivation with, 530 neural integrator inactivation with, 249, 249f nucleus of optic tract inactivation with, 225, 519 nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis inactivation with,

145

omnipause neuron inactivation with, 129

substantia nigra pars reticulata inactivation with, 144 superior colliculus inactivation with, 134–135, 533

Muscles. See Extraocular muscle(s); Neck muscle(s) Muscular dystrophy, 445–446

Myasthenia gravis, 393, 417, 439–444 adaptation in, 443

clinical features of, 439–440, 440t, 441f congenital, 439–440

diagnosis of, 443–444 edrophonium effects in, 443 juvenile, 440

muscle fatigue in, 440 neonatal, 439 oscillopsia and, 580

pathophysiology of, 441–443 penicillamine-induced, 440 pseudo-internuclear ophthalmoplegia of, 622t saccades in, 442–443

treatment of, 444

Myasthenic (Lambert-Eaton) syndrome, 439 Myelin, disorders of, 683

Myerson’s sign, 640

Myoclonus. See Oculopalatal tremor (myoclonus) Myokymia, superior oblique, 426–427, 427f Myopathy

autosomal recessive, 445–446 congenital, 446

Myopia, high, 503–504 Myorhythmia, 644 Myosin, 392–393

Myosin heavy chain disorders, 446 Myositis, orbital, 449 Myotendinous junctions, 396 Myotonic dystrophy, 445 Myotubular myopathy, 446

Narcotics, 622t

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 422, 435

Nausea, torsional-horizontal-vertical nystagmus with, 495–496

Near triad, 345t, 348 Neck muscle(s)

in bobble-head doll syndrome, 331 eye-head saccades and, 324 eye-head tracking and, 327 vibration of, nystagmus and, 482

Neck muscle vibration test, 69

Negative feedback control, in smooth pursuit, 201–202, 207f, 215–216

744 Index

Nemaline myopathy, 446

Neostigmine test, in myasthenia gravis, 443

Neural integrator, 7–8, 8, 242–245, 243f, 244f, 479, 530. See also Gaze holding

abnormalities of, 254–256. See also Gaze-evoked nystagmus

pathogenesis of, 254–255 vestibular disorders and, 254–255

in darkness, 246

in downbeat nystagmus, 492 gaze-holding and, 249f, 251–253, 252f of goldfish, 252

leaky, 245, 246f, 253, 254 network model of, 251–253, 252f

quantitative aspects of, 245–246, 246f resettable, 248

in saccade generation, 243–245, 244f, 246f in strabismus, 414

three-dimensional eye rotations and, 252–253 time constant of, 245, 246f, 251, 256 unstable, 255

in vergence, 360–361, 363

Neural network, 15–16, 38, 249f, 251–253, 252f Neural symbiosis, 10

Neurectomy, vestibular, 560 Neuroacanthocytosis, 653 Neuroblastoma, 526

Neurofibrillary tangles, in progressive supranuclear palsy, 642

Neurolabyrinthitis, vestibular, 562–563 Neuroleptic agents, 636t, 651 Neuroma, acoustic, 501, 615

Neuromuscular junction disorders, 438–444, 439f. See also Myasthenia gravis

Neuromyotonia, ocular, 437–438 Neurotransmitters. See specific neurotransmitters

Newborn. See Infant Nicotine, 530, 672, 685t, 686

Niemann-Pick disease type C, 114f, 152–153, 666t, 680t, 681

Night-blindness, congenital, 513t Nitric oxide, 62

in nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, 247 Nitric oxide synthetase, 31, 37

Nitrous oxide, 685t NMDA receptors, 62 Nociceptin, 37

Nodulus, 36, 59, 275f, 277, 277b experimental ablation of, 79

lesions of, 39, 60, 278, 495, 606b, 607 velocity-storage mechanism and, 39, 277

Nonconcomitant strabismus, 386t, 410, 411–414, 412f–413f

Nothnagel’s syndrome, 430

NPH. See Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi

Nuclear inclusions, in oculopharyngeal dystrophy, 445 Nucleus. See specific nuclei

Nucleus incertus, 276

Nucleus intercalatus, 247, 490, 599 lesions of, 250, 255

Nucleus of fields of Forel. See Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus

Nucleus of optic tract

binocular eyelid suture effect on, 225 latent nystagmus and, 518

lesions of, 58

smooth pursuit and, 212–213, 285 vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, 58

Nucleus of Roller, 34, 490, 599 Nucleus pararaphales, 276, 490, 599 Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, 34

eye-head tracking and, 326

gaze holding and, 247–250, 247t, 499 inactivation of, 149f, 248–250, 248f lesions of, 265, 268, 599

Nucleus raphe interpositus lesions of, 267

saccade generation and, 127–129, 128f

Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, eye-head saccades and, 322–323

Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, 35, 609 eye movement control and, 278, 297, 298 lesions of, 368, 620

Listing’s law deviations and, 392

saccade generation and, 129, 130f, 145–146 saccadic adaptation and, 155

smooth pursuit and, 211

vergence eye movements and, 358, 360 Null (neutral) point (zone)

nystagmus and, 516 shift of, 248, 256

Nystagmus, 5 abduction, 154 apogeotropic, 70, 573 axis of rotation of, 478

in benign positional vertigo, 9 in blindness, 220

bow-tie, 486f, 487 Bruns’, 501, 615 caloric, 655

fixation suppression of, 328

central vestibular imbalance and, 488, 489f centripetal, 255, 256, 498b, 501, 608 cervical, 482

chin-beating, 51, 484

clinical evaluation of, 476–479, 481

congenital. See Congenital nystagmus; Fusional maldevelopment nystagmus; Infantile nystagmus syndrome; Spasmus nutans syndrome

constant-velocity rotation and, 277 convergence, in epilepsy, 669 convergence-retraction, 371, 512, 636 convergent-divergent, 511–512 cross-coupling of, 68–69 cyclovergence, 511

definition of, 476 diagnosis of, 479–493 direction-changing, 69–70 disconjugate, 477 disjunctive, 477 dissociated, 477, 621, 625

divergent, 371, 511–512, 608 downbeat. See Downbeat nystagmus end-point, 254, 500–501, 500b

in epilepsy, 63, 505, 669

in eye-fixed coordinate system, 478 fatigue, 254, 440, 441f, 501 first-degree, 481

during fixation, 220 flash-induced, 519

gaze-evoked. See Gaze-evoked nystagmus gaze-instability, 500

gaze-paretic, 498 geotropic, 70, 573

head, 327. See also Vestibulo-collic reflex (VCR) in head-fixed coordinate system, 478

head-shaking, 54, 68, 560 hemi-seesaw, 496–498, 497b, 497t, 504

hyperventilation-induced, 481, 568–569, 608, 720 increasing-velocity slow-phase waveform of, 253 in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 621, 625

jerk, 476, 511–512

latent. See Latent nystagmus lid, 372, 521

look, 118 monocular, 503

in myasthenia gravis, 440, 440t, 441f, 442–443 null point of, 225

occlusion. See Latent nystagmus

optic chiasm lesions and, 502b, 504–505 optic nerve lesions and, 502b, 503–504 optokinetic. See Optokinetic nystagmus oscillopsia and, 578t, 580–581 pendular. See Pendular nystagmus

periodic alternating. See Periodic alternating nystagmus

per-rotational, 28, 70 perverted, 49, 488 physiological, 254 positional, 572, 575

post-chiasmal lesions and, 505 post-rotational, 70, 720

tilt-suppression of, 75 pursuit tone imbalance and, 224

quick phases of. See Quick phases

rebound, 255–256, 498b, 499f, 501, 607, 719 recovery, 77, 566, 568, 576

retinal disorders and, 503, 504f second-degree, 481

seesaw. See Seesaw nystagmus sound-induced, 70, 481–482 spontaneous, 218, 604

stare, 118 third-degree, 481

torsional. See Torsional nystagmus trajectory of, 480–481

treatment of, 528–539, 529t acupuncture in, 539 biofeedback in, 539

botulinum toxin in, 536–538, 536f–537f electrical stimulation in, 538–539 optical, 534–536, 535f pharmacological, 529–531, 529t rational basis for, 528–529

surgical, 538

in unconscious patient, 677–678 unilateral cerebral disease and, 505 unilateral cerebral lesions and, 505 upbeat. See Upbeat nystagmus vertical, 574, 626

vestibular. See Vestibular nystagmus vibration-induced, 481

visual system disorders and, 502–511, 502b, 504f voluntary, 522b, 526–527

in Wallenberg’s syndrome, 604 waveforms of, 476f

windmill, 495

Nystagmus blockage syndrome, 516, 519

Oblique muscles, 387–389, 388f, 388t, 389f, 391f. See also Extraocular muscle(s)

paralysis of, 408–409, 408f

Index 745

Oblique myokymia, superior, 426–427, 427f Oblique saccades, 113, 114f

Obliquus capitis, innervation of, 323 Occipital lobe, lesions of, 221, 657–659, 658f

Occipital lobotomy, optokinetic responses and, 214 Occlusion nystagmus. See Latent nystagmus Occlusion test, 409

Ocular bobbing, 674–675, 674t, 675f Ocular counterrolling, 21t, 22, 409

evaluation of, 75 head tilt and, 24

Ocular dipping, 674t, 675, 675f Ocular flutter, 165, 522b

blinks and, 158

brainstem encephalitis and, 525–526 cancer and, 526

etiology of, 525t

metabolic-toxic processes and, 526 in normal infant, 680

omnipause neurons and, 630 pathogenesis of, 126, 152, 527–528 treatment of, 534

voluntary, 372 Ocular motoneurons, 14

discharge properties of, 243, 243f

saccade generation and, 7, 7f, 124, 243–245, 244f vergence eye movements and, 355–356, 356f

Ocular motor, oculomotor vs., 7fn. Ocular motor apraxia, 299

acquired, 122, 158, 159, 164, 332, 663–666, 665f cardiac surgery and, 664

case study of, 664, 665f saccades and, 664, 666 ataxia with, 613t, 666t, 668

congenital, 332, 666–669, 666t, 667f in ataxia telangiectasia, 668 ataxia with, 668

Cogan’s, 666–668, 667f head thrusts in, 667, 667f in Joubert’s syndrome, 668 pathogenesis of, 667–668 quick phases in, 118 saccades in, 666–667

eye-head saccades in, 328 head movements in, 332 Ocular motor decussation, 297

Ocular motor examination. See Clinical examination Ocular motor nerve palsies, 320, 333, 416–438. See also

specific nerve palsies differential diagnosis of, 416t laboratory evaluation of, 416, 416t multiple, 434–438, 434t

brainstem lesions and, 435 cavernous sinus lesions and, 435 etiology of, 434t

neuropathy and, 436–437

superior orbital fissure syndrome and, 435 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and, 435–436 trauma and, 436

saccadic adaptation after, 153–154 Ocular motor range, 320, 333 Ocular motor scotoma, 662

frontal eye field lesions and, 290 muscimol-induced, 137

Ocular motor signal, neural coding of, 242–245, 243f, 244f

Ocular motor system, 315 Ocular neuromyotonia, 437–438

746 Index

Ocular tilt reaction, 60, 415, 581–583. See also Skew deviation

clinical features of, 581–582, 581f interstitial nucleus of Cajal and, 272, 330 paroxysmal, 496–497

topologic diagnosis of, 582–583 in Wallenberg’s syndrome, 604

Ocular tremor, 189

Ocular-following response, 25, 190–191, 193 Oculocephalic maneuver, 676 Oculofacioskeletal myorhythmia, 644 Oculogravic illusion, 75

Oculogyric crisis, 651

Oculomasticatory myorhythmia (Whipple’s disease), 371, 506b, 643, 644, 670

Oculomotor, ocular motor vs., 7fn. Oculomotor fascicles, 401

disorders of, 428t, 430

Oculomotor internuclear neurons, 429 lesions of, 627

vergence eye movements and, 357

Oculomotor nerve. See also Oculomotor nerve palsy aberrant regeneration of, 433

anatomy of, 396–400, 397f, 400f–401f compression of, 430–431, 434 infarction of, 432–433

intracranial course of, 397f, 399 parasympathetic pupillary fibers of, 399

Oculomotor nerve palsy, 427–434 aneurysm and, 430–431, 434

cavernous portion disorders and, 428t, 431–432, 432f clinical features of, 427

congenital, 429–430 with cyclic spasms, 430

diabetes mellitus and, 432–433 diagnosis of, 429t

etiology of, 428t

eye-head movements in, 333 fascicular, 428t, 430

head movement and, 320 hypertension and, 432–433 infarction and, 432–433 management of, 434 orbital disorders and, 428t oscillopsia and, 580 partial, 433–434 pupil-sparing, 431

subarachnoid portion disorders and, 428t, 430–431 tentorial portion disorders and, 428t, 431 transtentorial herniation and, 431

trauma and, 433

uncal herniation and, 431

Oculomotor nuclear complex, central caudal nucleus of, 156

Oculomotor nucleus

anatomy of, 398–401, 399f–400f areas A, B and C of, 400–401 lesions of, 427–429, 428t, 429t

vergence eye movements and, 355–356, 356f Oculomotor rami, 401

Oculopalatal tremor (myoclonus), 497, 506b, 509–511, 510f

inferior olivary nucleus lesions and, 509, 511, 600–601, 601f

treatment of, 532–533 vergence oscillations in, 371

Oculopharyngeal dystrophy, 445

Off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR), 22t bias component of, 39

cerebellar disease and, 609 dynamic otolith imbalance and, 78 irregular otolith efferents and, 31 modulation component of, 39 otolith stimulation effects and, 75

OKAN. See Optokinetic after-nystagmus OKN. See Optokinetic nystagmus

Olivary nucleus, inferior. See Inferior olivary nucleus Olivopontocerebellar degeneration of Wadia and Swami,

611, 612t, 628

Omnipause neurons, 125f, 125t, 527 blinks and, 158, 629

eye-head saccades and, 324 lesions of, 129, 160t, 267

saccadic oscillations and, 630 slow saccades and, 162

neurotransmitters of, 533 pontine lesions and, 620

saccade generation and, 125t, 127–129, 128f saccade-interrupting stimulation of, 128–129, 128f, 164 saccade-vergence interaction and, 354

slow saccades and, 629–630 smooth pursuit and, 129, 211–212 vergence eye movements and, 358

Ondansetron, 577t

One-and-a-half syndrome, 267, 627–628, 627b, 633 Ophthalmopathy

restrictive, 411, 448–449 thyroid, 447–448, 448f

Ophthalmoplegia, 434–438, 676–677. See also Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia; and specific nerve palsies

brainstem lesions and, 434t, 435 carotid-cavernous fistula and, 435 cavernous sinus syndromes and, 435 congenital, head movements in, 333 etiology of, 434t

in Fisher syndrome, 436–437

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 436–437 head trauma and, 436

neuropathic, 436–437 painful, 435–436

superior orbital fissure syndromes and, 435 in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 435–436 trauma and, 436

Ophthalmoplegia plus, 445 Ophthalmoscopy, 719, 721 in fixation evaluation, 71

in gaze-holding evaluation, 253

in nystagmus examination, 477, 478 in oscillopsia examination, 579

in rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex gain evaluation, 71 in saccade evaluation, 159

in unconscious patient, 676 Opioid-related receptors, 37 Opioids, 31, 482t

Opsoclonus, 12, 165, 524–526, 525t blinks and, 158

brainstem encephalitis and, 525–526 cancer and, 526

cocaine-related, 686 metabolic-toxic processes and, 526 in normal infant, 526, 680 omnipause neurons and, 129, 630 pathogenesis of, 527–528

pontine lesions and, 630 treatment of, 534

Opsoclonus-myoclonus, 525

Optic chiasm, lesions of, nystagmus and, 502b, 504–505, 517

Optic disc atrophy, 513t Optic flow, 189

analysis of, 208 Optic nerve

hypoplasia of, 513t

lesions of, nystagmus and, 502b, 503–504 tumor of, 504, 521

Optic tract, nucleus of

binocular eyelid suture effect on, 225 latent nystagmus and, 519

lesions of, 58

smooth pursuit and, 213–214, 285 vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, 58

Optical devices, in nystagmus, 534–536, 535f Optical infinity, 344

Optokinetic after-nystagmus, 21t, 25, 40 age and, 52

in darkness, 65 head tilting and, 52 reversal phase of, 54 testing for, 74–75 time constant of, 52

velocity-storage mechanism and, 39, 52, 225 Optokinetic drum, 657, 720

for saccade examination, 158

for smooth pursuit testing, 218, 223 Optokinetic nystagmus, 21t, 51–52, 214

age and, 51

direct (early, rapid, immediate) component of, 25 medial superior temporal visual area in, 285 middle temporal visual area in, 285

nucleus of the optic tract and, 214 plane of regard and, 51

torsional, 51, 81 vestibular disease and, 81

Optokinetic response, inversion of, 225–226 Optokinetic system, 5t, 6, 9–10, 10f, 12, 24–25

in amblyopia, 214

clinical examination of, 64–71, 66t in cortical blindness, 214

in infant, 214

laboratory examination of, 71–76, 72t lesions of, 76t, 80–81, 214

neural substrate for, 40, 40f in strabismus, 214

temporal-nasal asymmetry in, 214 Optokinetic tape, 657, 720 Orbicularis oculi muscle, 156

Orbit

blow-out fracture of, 436 elastic forces of, 7, 243, 499 fascia of, 387–389, 388f radiotherapy to, 448 translation of, 23

viscous drag of, 7, 243

Orbital fissure, superior, disorders of, 434t, 435 Orbital mechanics, 6–8, 7f

Orbital myositis, 449

Orbital pseudotumor, 370, 436, 449 Orbitofrontal lobe, inhibition of return and, 120 Organophosphate poisoning, 438, 486t, 525t, 526 Orthophoria, 386t

Index 747

Orthoptic exercises, 368 Orthostatic hypotension, 559 Orthotropia, 386t Oscillations

head, in infantile nystagmus syndrome, 516 macrosaccadic. See Macrosaccadic oscillations saccadic. See Saccadic oscillations square-wave, 441f. See also Square-wave jerks vergence, 371

Oscillopsia, 5, 22t, 475, 578–581

in Arnold-Chiari malformation, 580, 609 central, 330, 578t, 581

definition of, 65–66, 560 etiology of, 578–581, 578t

extraocular muscle paresis and, 580 infantile nystagmus syndrome and, 516 internuclear ophthalmoplegia and, 627 labyrinthine lesions and, 79, 329

in multiple sclerosis, 6f nystagmus and, 578t, 580–581 strabismus and, 403, 414

vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormalities and, 578–580, 578t

voluntary saccadic oscillations and, 527 walking and, 79, 579

Osteogenesis imperfecta, 566 Otoconia, 26f, 27

Otolith imbalance, 77–78

Otolith organs. See also Saccule; Utricle downbeat nystagmus and, 491 gravity response of, 22, 23–24

linear acceleration response of, 22, 23–24. See also Ocular counterrolling; Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), translational (t-VOR)

mechanical properties of, 28–29 Otolith projections, 36–37, 37f Otolith-collic reflex, 581 Otolith-ocular reflexes, 9, 23–24, 581

adaptation of, 57 testing of, 75–76 Otosclerosis, 562t, 566

Otoscopy, 70

OTR. See Ocular tilt reaction

OVAR. See Off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) Overlap stimuli, for saccade, 114–115 Overlay of contours, 344

Oxycarbazepine, in recurrent vertigo, 570

Paget’s disease, 482t

Palatal tremor, essential, 600

Palisade tendon organs, 392, 400f–401f, 410, 538 Pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration, 643 Pallidotomy, 145, 165, 527, 650

Palpebral fissure, adduction-related narrowing of, 419 Panic attacks, 560

Panum’s area, 344, 349 Paracentral sulcus, 291 Paraflocculus, 275f, 276–277, 276b

lesions of, 60, 212, 277, 530, 605b, 607 smooth pursuit and, 212

ventral, 36, 59

eye-head tracking and, 327 smooth pursuit and, 61, 212, 277

Parafoveal tracking, 194 Parahippocampal cortex, 138, 293

748 Index

Paralytic pontine exotropia, 628

Paralytic (nonconcomitant) strabismus, 386t, 410, 411–414, 412f–413f

Paramedian pontine reticular formation, 278 eye-head saccades and, 322, 323 glutamatergic projections from, 250

horizontal conjugate movements and, 262, 265, 265b lesions of, 267, 617–620, 617b, 619f

abducens nucleus lesions with, 627–628, 627b bilateral, 620

case history of, 618–620, 619f contralateral gaze deviation and, 618 metastatic, 618–620, 619f

saccade generation and, 126 unilateral, 617–618

lidocaine inactivation of, 620 saccade generation and, 125 smooth pursuit and, 211

Paramedian tracts

cell groups of, 34, 265, 266b, 266f, 276, 492, 499, 503, 617

corollary discharge and, 148 flocculus inputs from, 251

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, 614 Parasellar mass, 497t

Parasite infection, 449

Parasympathetic pupillary fibers, of oculomotor nerve, 401

Parietal eye field

descending pathways from, 298 eyeblink and, 156

lesions of, 141–142, 160t

saccade generation and, 140–141, 286 saccadic adaptation and, 155

voluntary eye movement control and, 287–288, 287b, 297

Parietal lobe, 15 fixation and, 191

lesions of, 140, 287, 299, 368, 659–660, 660b, 663, 671 saccade generation and, 130f, 140–142

vergence eye movements and, 359

voluntary eye movement control and, 286–288, 286b, 287b

Parietal-superior colliculus pathway, 141 Parieto-insular-vestibular cortex, 63

eye-head saccades and, 324 spatial-related projections to, 63

voluntary eye movement control and, 285–286, 285b Parinaud’s syndrome, 634–637

Parkinsonism, 651 autosomal dominant, 643 MPTP-induced, 650–651

Parkinson’s disease, 648–651, 670 clinical features of, 648, 649b eye-head movements in, 650 eye-head tracking in, 334, 650 head movements in, 332–333 head tremors in, 330

memory-guided saccades in, 648–649 neck rigidity in, 330

pallidotomy in, 145, 165, 527

saccades in, 156, 159, 163, 164, 648–650 saccadic hypometria in, 649

saccadic reaction time in, 649 self-paced saccades in, 648 smooth pursuit in, 223, 650 square-wave jerks in, 648

subthalamic nucleus in, 144

subthalamic nucleus stimulation in, 297–298 treatment of, 650–651

vergence eye movements in, 368 visuo-vestibular interactions in, 650

Paroxysmal tonic upgaze, 651 Paroxysmal vertigo, benign

of childhood, 562t, 567

positional. See Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Past-pointing, 410–411 PCP (phencyclidine), 685t

Pediatric patients. See Children; Infant(s) Pedunculopontine pathway, 297 Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, 131 Peek-a-boo sign, 440t

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 508, 666t, 680t, 683 Pendular nystagmus

acquired, 217, 220, 252, 505–511

clinical characteristics of, 505–508, 506b, 507f convergent-divergent, 371, 506b, 509, 511 demyelinating disease and, 6f, 220, 506b, 507f,

508–509, 531–532 etiology of, 505, 505t neural integrator in, 251

oculopalatal tremor and, 506b, 509–511, 510f oscillopsia and, 580

treatment of, 531–533 vergence component of, 511 waveforms of, 476f

congenital, 216

horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis and, 419

in Joubert’s syndrome, 668 waveforms of, 476f

experimental, 225 Pendulum

torsion, overdamping of, 28 Penicillamine, myasthenia gravis with, 440 Penlight examination, 404

Periaqueductal grey matter, 274, 398, 400, 631 Perilymph, 25, 26f

Perilymph fistula, 562t, 563

Periodic alternating gaze deviation, 674t

Periodic alternating nystagmus, 278, 493–528, 494f acquired, 493, 493b, 495, 495t

in ataxia telangiectasia, 668 cerebellar disease and, 607 congenital, 494

etiology of, 495, 495t head turns in, 411 pathogenesis of, 495

ping-pong gaze vs., 494–495 treatment of, 529, 531

Peripheral vestibular system, 25–31. See also Labyrinth; Semicircular canals

disorders of. See Vertigo; Vestibular disorders Periphypoglossal nuclei, 599

Periscopic spectacles, 363

Peroxisomal assembly disorders, 508, 513t, 669, 683 Per-rotational nystagmus, 28, 70

Perverted nystagmus, 49, 488–489 Petroclinoid ligament, 398, 401 Petroleum sniffing, 686

Petrosal sinus, thrombosis of, 421 Petrositis, 421

Phase, 22t