Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Neurology of Eye Movements_Leigh, Zee_2006

640 Index

Velocity step rotations, vestibular-optokinetic response to, 37-39, 40f

Velocity step stimulus defined,20t

vestibular gain and, 37-39, 40f Velocity storage, 35-36, 201, 230

asymmetry of, 60-61 defined,20t

loss of, 68-69

optokinetic after-nystagmus and, 47 optokinetic testing and, 66

VOR time constant and, 45

Ventral intraparietal area, gaze control and, 236f, 239

Ventral uvula, 23Id

lesions of, 55, 230-231, 488, 488d, 489 velocity storage and, 230

Ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus, vestibular sensation and, 57

Verapamil, for saccadic oscillations, 459 Vergence

defined,323t tonic, 287 torsional, 290 vertical, 289-290

Vergence burst cells, 297, 297f, 301 Vergence burst-tonic cells, 297, 301 Vergence excess, 307

Vergence eye movements, 4t, 6, 12 abnormalities of, 307-310

in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 507 accommodation and, interactions between,

291-292, 302-303, 303f accommodative (blur), 12, 290, 291f, 306

adaptive mechanisms for, ocular alignment maintenance and, 302-306, 303f, 305f

age and,290

anatomic substrate for, 295—296 cerebellar control of, 298-299, 303 cerebral control of, 299 defined,288t

dorsal midbrain syndrome and, 517t, 518 dynamic properties of, 292-295

assessment of, 306-307 examination of, 306-307 fusional (disparity), 12

assessment of, 306 horizontal, 287-289 torsional, 290 vertical, 289-290

visual physiology of, 299-300 motor commands for, 296, 296f near triad and, 290-291 neural substrates of, 295-300

premotor commands for, 296-298, 297f pure, 292-293

pursuit, commands for, 301

saccades and, interactions between, 293-295, 294f saccadic, 301

stimuli to, 287

supranuclear control of, conceptual models of, 300-301

symmetric, 295 terms related to, 288t types of, 12

Vergence insufficiency, 307 Vergence integrator, 7, 300-301 Vergence oscillations, 308 Vergence tone, resting level of, 287 Vergence tonic cells, 297, 301 Vermis, 23Id

cerebellar, 299

dorsal. See Dorsal vermis oculomotor, 299 posterior, lesions of, 232

Version. See also Conjugate eye movements defined, 288t, 323t

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, recurrent vertigo and,

471-472 Vertical canals, 33-34

Vertical conjugate eye movements, brain stem connections for, 220f, 221-228, 224f-225f

Vertical fusional eye movements, 289-290 Vertical gaze

disorders of, etiology of, 512d, 519t interstitial nucleus of Cajal and, 223, 225-226,

516-517 paralysis of

convergent-divergent pendular oscillations and, 441

with midbrain hemorrhage, 518-519, 520f-521f modern concepts of, 511-512

rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus and, 512-516, 514f-515f

posterior commissure and, 223, 226, 517-519, 5l7t Vertical gaze holding, 204, 205-206, 223, 225-226 Vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus, 210, 227

Vertical myoclonus, 552t, 553-554

Vertical nystagmus. See also Downbeat nystagmus; Upbeat nystagmus; Pendularnystagmus

with convergent-divergent horizontal component, 441

internuclear ophthalmoplegia and, 508 Vertical ocular motor apraxia, 547

Vertical ocular motor deviation, diagnosis of, 342-344, 343f

Vertical phoria, 350 Vertical saccades

burst neurons for, 104-105

rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus and, 220f, 221-223, 224f-225f

slow

pathophysiology of, 131-132

progressive supranuclear palsy and, 512, 524f525f

Vertical saccadic palsy, 512d, 513d

rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus lesions and, 512-516, 513d, 514f-515f

Whipple's disease and, 526 Vertical smooth pursuit

brain stem connections for, 226-228 downbeat nystagmus and, 416, 424 impairment of, 184-185

Vertical strabismus, 350 Vertical vergence, 289-290

Vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex, 227, 416 Vertigo

acute, 466

etiology of, 467-470, 468t treatment of, 478t, 479

bacterial infections, 468 cervical, 469

in childhood, 471 defined, 20t, 466 diagnosis of, 466 disabling, 472 etiology of, 468t

familial episodic. See Familial episodic vertigo and ataxia type 2

history taking in, 58 positional

etiology of, 468t, 473-477, 479 nystagmus and, 68, 412, 473-474, 475f

paroxysmal, benign. See Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

positional testing, 61-62 recurrent

etiology of, 468t, 470-473 treatment of, 479

rotational, 58

treatment of, 475f, 478t, 479 Wallenberg's syndrome and, 484

Vestibular artery, 25 Vestibular commissure, 35

velocity storage and, 35-36

vestibular lesions and, recovery from, 53 Vestibular cortex, 57, 238d

gaze control and, 236f, 237-238 lesions of, 538, 539

Vestibular eye movements, vertical, brain stem connections for, 3It, 32f, 226-228

Vestibular function

clinical examination of, 57-63, 59t, 612 laboratory evaluation of, 63-66, 64t loss of

acute, 466-467 bilateral, 70,480-481

head and gaze stabilization and, 275-276, 275t

unilateral, 67-70 Vestibular gain

abnormalities of

central lesions and, 71 detection of, 62-63 oscillopsia and, 481

determinants of, 40-45, 4If, 43f general characteristics of, 37-39

for impulsive stimuli (velocity steps), 39-40, 40f for sine-wave stimuli, 38f-39f, 39

Vestibular hair cells, 24, 26f

Vestibular imbalance, 467d. Seealso Vestibular nystagmus

acute, 466-467 dynamic, 60-61,68-69

gaze-evoked nystagmus and, 209-210 static, 59-60, 64, 67-68

Vestibular lesions, central, 70-72

Vestibular loss. See Vestibular function, loss of Vestibular nerve(s), 25

afferent

anatomy of, 31-33 irregular, 29

neural activity in, 28-29 regular, 28-29

efferent, 28

Index 641

lesions of nystagmus and, 71 unilateral, 67-70

Vestibular (neuronitis, neurolabyrinthitis) acute vertigo and, 467, 468t hyperventilation-induced nystagmus and, 414

Vestibular nucleus(i) anatomy of, 29-30, 30t, 32f descending, 30-31 disorders of, 464, 483 lesions of, 221,483

nystagmus and, 70-71, 415 medial. See Medial vestibular nucleus optokinetic stimulation of, 37, 37f

Vestibular nystagmus

central. See Central vestibular nystagmus gaze position and, 64

peripheral, 41 Id, 411-415, 413f, 414f, 466 perverted, 421

test for, 62

treatment of, 457-458 Vestibular sensation, 56-57

Vestibular system, peripheral. See Peripheral vestibular system

Vestibular tone, imbalance of. See Vestibular imbalance

Vestibular-optokinetic system, 19-73 disorders of, 67-72, 68t

bilateral loss of vestibular function, 70 central vestibular lesions, 70-72 optokinetic disorders, 72

unilateral disease of labyrinth or vestibular nerve, 67-70

function of, 21-24

clinical examination of, 57-63, 59t, 612-613 laboratory evaluation of, 63-67, 64t

historical study of, 20-21

quantitative aspects of, 37-48, 38f-41f, 43f terms and abbreviations relating to, 20t vestibular sensation and, 56-57 vestibulocerebellar influences on, 53-56, 55f

Vestibular-visual interactions, 23-24. See also Vestibulo-ocular reflex, cancellation of

in Parkinson's disease, 530 Vestibulocerebellum, 230d, 23Id

in adaptive control of eye movements, 13 anatomic connections of, 53-54 downbeat nystagmus and, 424 electrophysiologic properties of, 54

gaze control and, 228-231 gaze-evoked nystagmus and, 430 infarction in, 496

lesions of, 54 oscillopsia and, 481

smooth pursuit and, 171

VOR adaptation and, 53-56, 55f, 230 Vestibulo-cochlear artery, 25 Vestibulocollic reflex

examination of, 273

head stability and, 265, 276

in Wallenberg's syndrome, 487 Vestibulocortical projections, 56-57 Vestibulo-ocular projections, direct, 30t Vestibulo-ocular reflex

abnormal, oscillopsia and, 480-481

642 Index

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (continued). adaptation of, 48-53

after labyrinthine lesion, 51-53 context-driven, 51, 52f cross-axis, 50-51

habituation as, 48-49 short-term, 49

vestibulocerebellar influences on, 53-56, 55f, 230

visually induced, 49-51 age and, 42

anatomic organization of, 29-34, 30t,32f angular. See rotational

brain stem elaboration of, 29-35, 30t,32f cancellation of, 24, 271-272, 27If, 416

downbeat nystagmus and, 416

during eye-head tracking, 227, 271-272, 27If, 273-274, 279f

measurement of, 273-274, 279f smooth pursuit and, 271-272, 27lf

in coma, 554-555, 555f defined, 20t elementary, 22

gain. See Vestibular gain

head rotations and translations and, 21-22 hemidecortication and,537

laboratory evaluation of, 63-66, 64t measurement of, 67 neurophysiology of, 35

in newborns, 559

in paralytic strabismus, 347-348, 348f-349f in Parkinson's disease, 530

phase

abnormalities of, 71, 481 changes in, 51 determinants of, 45 general characteristics, 39

rotational, 8-9, 8f, 20t,21, 22, 28, 40-42, 41f saccadic command and,interaction between,

267-269, 268f time constant, 39-40, 40f

abnormalities of, central lesions and, 71 determinants of, 45

reduced, 68-69

in rotational testing, 65 translational, 9, 9f, 21, 42-43, 43f velocity-storage mechanism and, 35-36 vertical, downbeat nystagmus and,416 vestibular afferents and, 29

Vestibulopathy, acute, peripheral, 466-467 Vestibulosaccadic reflex, 268

Video-based oculography systems, 614, 616 Viral infections, acute vertigo caused by, 467-468 Vision

binocular, latent nystagmus and, 446-447 double. See Diplopia

loss of

internuclear ophthalmoplegia and,508 labyrinthine function and, 70 nystagmus and, 433, 434f-435f occipital lobe lesions and, 538

pendular seesaw nystagmus and, 427-428 strabismus and,350

Vision-mediated eye movements, latency to action of, 22

Visual acuity

distance from fovea and, 5 head movement and, 480-481 retinal image motion and,5

Visual axis(es) concomitant, 336 defined, 323t, 325f deviations of, 336-337

in unconscious patients, 551-552 misalignment of. See Strabismus; specific type, e.g.,

Skew deviation nonconcomitant, 336-337

Visual confusion, 287,337 Visual cortex, 237d

primary

gaze control and, 234,235f, 236f lesions of, 537-539

smooth pursuit and, 164 vergence eye movements and, 299

Visual fixation. See Fixation

Visual grasp reflex, Alzheimer's disease and, 549 Visual inputs

disturbance of

vestibulo-ocular reflex and, 72 in Wallenberg's syndrome, 484

saccadic suppression of, 101

Visual physiology, of fusional eye movements, 299-300

Visual search, saccades during, 100-101

Visual system disorders, nystagmus and, 432-439, 432d, 434f-435f

Visuovestibular interactions, 23-24 in Parkinson's disease, 530

Vitamin E deficiency, 558t, 560-561 Voluntary nystagmus, 450d, 455 Voluntary saccades, 10, 90-91, 911, 110 Voluntary saccadic oscillations, 455 VOR. See Vestibulo-ocular reflex Vulpian's sign, 534

Wada test, 535-536

Wallenberg's syndrome, 221, 483-487, 484f, 485d

complaints of tilts in, 58-59 eye-hand coordination in, 276 lateropulsion in, 124, 484-485, 536 nystagmus and, 71, 420

saccadic abnormalities in, 132,485-486 skew deviation and, 71, 486

Waveforms

increasing velocity, 41Of, 416,4l7f of saccades, 92-94, 93f

Weber's syndrome, 364

Wernicke's encephalopathy, ocular motor manifestations of, 558t, 559, 560f

Wegener's granulomatusis, 383 Whiplash injuries, vertigo and,468 Whipple's disease, 525-526

acquired pendular nystagmus and,438 oculomasticatory myorhythmia and, 308,

526

Wilson's disease, 558t, 561 Windmill nystagmus, 426