Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Ophthalmic Study Guide for Nurses and Health Professionals_Field_2009

The ophthalmic study guide

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Useful web resources

Colorblind http://colorvisiontesting.com/

T. Waggoner’s site about colour blindness.

Handbook of Ocular Disease Management http://www.revoptom.com/HANDBOOK/hbhome.htm

For information on conjunctival concretions.

Health Professions Council Standards of Proficiency http://www.hpc-uk.org/

Look Up http://www.lookupinfo.org/

Information on eye care and vision for people with learning disabilities. Check the ‘eye care’ section for excellent information on helping people with learning difficulties deal with eye-drops.

National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/

Look for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDS).

National Glaucoma Society (USA) http://www.nationalglaucomasociety.org/

Nursing and Midwifery Council http://www.nmc-uk.org/

This includes the Code of Professional Conduct 2008.

Opticare (eye-drop devices) http://www.opticare.org.uk/

The Eye Digest http://www.ageingeye.net/dryeyes/dryeeyeseyeexam.php

The dry eye examination.

Thomson Software Solutions http://www.thomson-software-solutions.com/

Software for eye care.

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Appendix 1:

Record of ophthalmic knowledge and skills development

This section is to give you, as an ophthalmic professional, some personal evidence of your developing proficiency and to help you identify any gaps in your personal experience. The document is arranged in five key areas:

1.Ophthalmic tests and investigations.

2.Eye care.

3.Minor interventions.

4.Equipment use.

5.Ophthalmic theatres.

An additional continuation sheet is also provided and there is space within each section for you to add extra information. Remember that equipment, responsibilities and practices will keep changing. You can use the blank spaces and the continuation sheet to record them. The ophthalmic theatre record has been left blank so that you can enter information that specifically reflects your personal professional responsibilities. It is expected that there will be some ‘cross over’ of certain responsibilities into other areas, and activities in some areas may ‘cross over’ into theatre experiences.

Do not be frightened at the number of areas listed here. It is unlikely that you will be able to cover all of them as the complexity of modern ophthalmology often results in people specialising in specific areas.

All practice should be carried out in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s Code of Conduct 2008 or the Health Professions Council Standards of Proficiency. Proficiency in practice (Benner, 1984) denotes more than mere task completion, as the proficient person will perceive and understand situations as wholes rather than as isolated incidents or encounters. The patient is seen in terms of their past, present and future. Any skilled intervention is guided by professional standards, experience and research or academic knowledge as well as psychomotor skill performance. The proficient professional is beginning to sense nuances within the practice situation, acting in anticipation of potential needs or changes of circumstance.

How to record the information

To fill in the records – which must avoid the old ‘see one, do one, kill one’ approach – you must first obtain instruction in the procedure, via practical demonstration (either in a classroom as part of an eye course or in clinical practice) and this should be dated and signed by the instructor, who might be your mentor or another senior ophthalmic professional.

At a later date, you will be observed performing the procedure under supervision in clinical practice and again this must be signed and dated.

Finally, at a later date, when consistent, fully competent practice and problem solving has been observed and assessed by interview, you will be signed off as proficient.

Remember, this documentation is yours – make it work to assist your development. It can also be used as evidence at your annual appraisal or to provide underpinning credibility of your experience at a job interview.

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The ophthalmic study guide

1. Ophthalmic tests and investigations

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Record of ophthalmic knowledge and skills development

2. Eye care

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The ophthalmic study guide

3. Minor interventions

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Recordof ophthalmic knowledge and skills development

4. Equipment use

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5. Ophthalmic theatres

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Recordof ophthalmic knowledge and skills development

6. Continuation sheet

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Appendix 2

Glossary of common ophthalmic abbreviations, acronyms and terms

a/c see Anterior chamber

Acanthamoeba keratitis An infection of the cornea by a tiny amoeba organism, often caused by washing contact lenses in infected water, followed by poor contact lens hygiene. Accommodation The ability of the lens to alter its thickness and allow objects to be focused on the retina.

Afferent pupillary defect A nerve pathway from one of the eyes fails to transmit a message to the brain.

Akinesia A general term which, within ophthalmology, relates to an inability to move the eye or squeeze the eyelids shut.

Amaurosis fugax A sudden, transient loss of vision affecting only one eye.

Amblyopic eye A normal eye that does not see clearly even with spectacles (often caused by an inadequately treated squint in childhood).

AMD Age-related macular degeneration. Sometimes known as ARMD.

Anaesthetic cornea Loss of sensation in the cornea, often as a result of viral keratitis. The condition is said to be potentially blinding as it can mean that major infection and trauma to the cornea are not detected.

Aniridia A congenitally incomplete iris. Anisocoria Unequal pupil size.

Anophthalmos Failure of the eye to develop during early pregnancy. The child may be born with no eyes at all, or with vestigial eyes.

Anterior chamber The space between the anterior surface of the iris and the posterior (endothelial) surface of the cornea.

Anterior segment of the eye This comprises the anterior and posterior chambers. Aphakia An eye from which the lens has been removed.

Aqueous humour The transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye.

Astigmatism An irregular shape to the front of the cornea. Without spectacle correction, this may cause a varying degree of visual distortion.

BDR Background diabetic retinopathy. BE Both eyes.

Bifocal spectacles Spectacles with clearly defined areas for distant and near vision.

Binocular vision The ability of both eyes to focus on an object and to fuse the two images into a single image.

Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelid margins.

Blepharospasm A sustained involuntary spasm of the muscles controlling the eyelids, causing them to be squeezed shut.

Blind spot A blind area in the visual field that corresponds to the position of the head of the optic nerve.

Blow-out fracture A fracture of the orbital floor in which some of the orbital contents prolapse into the maxillary sinus.

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