Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Eye Care Sourcebook_Lavine_2001

Page references in italic refer to illustrative material

Abrasions, corneal, 11, 83–85, 91 Accommodation, 14, 27, 110, 122 Accommodative esotropia, 110–11 Acne rosacea, 61

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See AIDS

Aging, and presbyopia, 14, 15, 27–28, 40

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in cytomegalovirus retinitis, 263–66

in eyelid problems, 268–69

in human immunodeficiency virus, 263 in other forms of retinitis, 266–68 recommendations for, 269

retinal problems in, 268 Alcohol

cataracts and, 135 glaucoma and, 159

macular degeneration and, 207 optic nerve damage and, 233

Allergies

acute reactions, 100–101 to contact lens solutions, 50 hay fever, 98–100

to medications, 23 vernal, 101

Alzheimer’s disease, 196 Amblyopia (lazy eye), 109, 111–12

ptosis and, 80 tobacco alcohol, 233

Amino acids, 280–82 Amsler grid, 29, 208, 223–24

Aneurysms, 119, 227, 233, 250 microaneurysms, 177–78, 179

Angiography, fluorescein, 178, 208, 223

Angle-closure glaucoma, 14 surgery for, 167–68

tranquilizers/antidepressants and, 274 types of, 149–50

Angle recession, 35 Ankylosing spondylitis, 242 Anterior chamber, 10, 13, 33

Antibiotics, 23. See also Medications; specific diseases

Anticancer drugs, 274–75 Antidepressants, 273–74 Antihistamines, 99–100

Anti-inflammatory drugs, 271–73. See also Corticosteroids

Antioxidants

carotenoids, 128, 131, 199–200, 201–3, 287 in cataract prevention, 128–33, 143 defined, 125, 198

in gingko biloba, 166 lutein, 131–32, 142, 201–3

macular degeneration and, 197–203, 205 niacin (vitamin B3), 132, 288

in protection of the retina, 198–200 riboflavin (vitamin B2), 132, 287–88 in tea, 133

vitamin C, 125, 129–30, 143, 292 vitamin E, 125, 130–31, 143, 293

Apraclonidine, 153 Aqueous humor, 9, 13, 14

Argon laser trabeculoplasty, 168–69 Arteritis, temporal/giant cell, 218, 230–31 Artery, central retinal

anatomy of, 10, 17–18 occlusions of, 217–20

Arthritis

juvenile rheumatoid, 243

in spine (ankylosing spondylitis), 238, 242

incision size in, 140–41 indications for, 137–38 procedure for, 139–40

types of

cortical, 16, 123, 124

nuclear sclerotic, 16, 123, 124, 135 posterior subcapsular, 123, 134, 135,

138, 271 secondary, 142, 211

in uveitis, 238 Cellophane maculopathy, 215 Chalazia

defined, 64

and oil gland tumors, 74–75 susceptibility to, 64–65 treatment of, 65–66

Chemicals in eyes, 5 Children

amblyopia in, 111–12 esotropia in, 2, 108–11 exotropia in, 113–14

getting eyedrops into eyes, 98 glaucoma in, 150

hyperopia in, 109, 110, 111 nutrition in eye health, 268–71 ptosis in, 79–80

tear duct problems in, 70–71 Chlamydial conjunctivitis, 96–97 Cholesterol

drugs to lower, 182, 275

and macular degeneration, 203–5 and retinopathy, 180–82

and zinc, 194–95 Choroid, 9, 10, 16–17, 188, 235 Choroiditis, 17

Chronic angle-closure glaucoma, 149, 274 Chronic open angle glaucoma

blood circulation in, 151 defined, 14, 149, 150

effect of medications on, 273–74 and omega-3 fatty acids in, 165 surgery for, 168–70

Ciliary body

description of, 9, 10, 14, 235 partial destruction of, 170

Clindamycin, 225, 226 CMV. See Cytomegalovirus

Cobalamin (vitamin B12), 233, 289–90 Colitis

pseudomembranous, 226 ulcerative, 242

Color vision, 36 Cones, 17, 188, 269 Congenital disorders

dacryostenosis, 70–71

esotropia, 108, 109–11 glaucoma, 150

Conjunctiva. See also Conjunctivitis anatomy of, 10, 12–13 disorders of

allergies, 98–101 episcleritis, 101–3 pinguecula, 105 pterygium, 103–4

subconjunctival hemorrhage, 105–6

examination of, 33 foreign bodies in, 6, 85–86

Conjunctivitis bacterial, 94, 97–98

caused by herpes simplex, 96, 257 causes of, 93

in children, 98 chlamydial, 96–97 defined, 13

giant papillary, 50–51 phlyctenular, 61–62 viral, 93–96

Contact lenses, 45–51 advantages/disadvantages of, 45–46 after cataract surgery, 140

bandage lens, 85, 88–89 choosing, 48–49

costs of, 49 examination for, 49 and eyes changing, 2 fittings, 49–50 follow-up care, 50 in presbyopia, 47–48

problems with, 7, 11, 50–51, 91 types of, 46–47

Convergence amplitudes, 36–37, 115 Convergence insufficiency, 113–15, 244 Copper, 191–93, 300–301

Cornea

abrasions of, 11, 83–85, 91 anatomy of, 9, 10–12, 10 clouding of, 87–90, 141 edema of, 11–12, 46, 51, 87–89 effect of diabetes on, 176 endothelial cell loss in, 87–88 examination of, 32–33 foreign bodies in, 6, 85–87 infections of, 90–93, 257–59 lacerations to, 11, 85

scarring of, 11 transplantation of, 89 ulcers of, 11, 50, 90–93

Cortex of lens, 15–16, 123 Cortical cataracts, 16, 123, 124

Corticosteroids

and cataracts, 135, 271–72 in conjunctivitis, 96

in herpes infections, 258, 259, 262 in optic neuritis, 229

side effects of, 100, 271–72 in temporal arteritis, 231 in toxoplasmosis, 225–26 in uveitis, 240–41

Cotton wool spots, 216 Crohn’s disease, 242 Crossed eyes. See Esotropia Cryotherapy, 170, 212, 213 Crystalline lens. See Lens Crystallins, 123

Cup/disk ratio, 146 Cup of optic disk, 146 Cyclitis, 235 Cyclocryotherapy, 170

Cyst, epithelial inclusion, 74 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 263–66

Dacryoadenitis, 74 Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 72–73 Dacryostenosis, congenital, 70–71 Dairy foods, 133–35

Dandruff, 62 Dazzle test, 36 Dendrites, 257, 261

Depth perception, 31, 107 Descemet’s membrane, 12

DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), 270–71 Diabetes mellitus

cataracts in, 124, 135, 176 complications of, 174–77 diet in, 3, 174–76

nerve palsies in, 118 recommendations for, 186 retinopathy in, 177–86

and aspirin, 184

background retinopathy, 177, 179 and cholesterol, 180–82 controlling naturally, 180–83 and diet, 180–82

and gingko biloba, 185–86 hard exudates in, 178, 179–82 laser treatments in, 178–80 and magnesium, 183–84, 299 and omega-3 fatty acids, 185 proliferative, 178

and vitamin E, 184–85 types of, 173–74

Diabetic maculopathy, 179 Diet. See Nutrition Disciform keratitis, 259

Divergence amplitudes, 36–37, 115 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 270–71 Double vision

determining cause of, 116–17 in diabetes, 176

and muscle problems, 117 and nerve palsies, 117–19

and transient ischemic attacks, 120 Drugs. See Medications

Drusen, 188

Dry eye syndrome

with contact lenses, 47 in dystrophies, 90

and laser surgery, 54–55

and reading problems, 121–22 risk factors for, 67

and risk of infection, 91 treatment of, 68–69 types of, 67–68

Duke-Elder, Stewart, 162 Dye disappearance test, 72 Dystrophies

Fuch’s, 87–88 granular, 90 lattice, 90 macular, 90

map-dot fingerprint, 89–90

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 179

Ectropion, 73, 77–78, 78 Eczematoid blepharitis, 61 Edema

corneal

causes of, 87

and contact lenses, 46, 51 defined, 11–12 diagnosing, 87–88 treating, 88–89

macular, 275 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 270 Elderly, cholesterol and zinc in, 195 Endothelial cells, 12, 87–89 Entropion, 73, 77–79

EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid), 270 Epinephrine eyedrops, 152–53 Epiphora, 30, 71

Epiretinal membrane, 214 Episcleritis, 101–3, 106

and blepharitis, 61

in contact lens wearers, 51 Epithelial cells of lens, 123 Epithelial inclusion cyst, 74 Epithelium of cornea, 10–11 Esophoria, 36–37, 115

Esotropia, 2 accommodative, 110–11 infantile, 108, 109–11 pseudoesotropia, 108 treating, 109–11

Exercise, aerobic, 156–57, 166 Exercises, eye, 2, 113, 114–15 Exophoria, 36–37, 114, 115 Exophthalmos, 252, 253 Exotropia, 113–15

External hordeolum. See Styes Exudates, hard, 178, 179–82 Eye charts, 24–26

Eye Disease Case-Control Study, 199, 202, 204 Eye diseases. See also specific diseases

prevention with nutrition, 3, 277–79 Eyedrops. See also specific disorders

anesthetic (numbing), 84, 86 artificial tears, 63–64, 68 cycloplegic, 239

in diagnosing disorders, 37 dilating, 84, 138–39 getting into child’s eyes, 98

Eye examinations

for color vision, 36 for contact lenses, 49

convergence and divergence amplitudes, 36–37, 115

of external structures, 29–30 eye movement (motility), 30–31 of fundus, 34–35

gonioscopy, 35, 149 ophthalmodynamometry, 35–36 photo-stress test, 36

pressure check (tonometry), 34, 145–46, 148–49

of pupils, 31, 227 refraction, 26–28

slit lamp exam, 32–33, 87 special eyedrops, 37 visual acuity, 24–26

visual fields, 29, 147–48, 227 Eyeglasses, 39–45

bifocals, 40–41, 44 and eye weakness, 2 frame selection, 42 lenses, 42–45 prescriptions of, 40–41 prisms for, 115 reading glasses, 43, 115

to treat accommodative esotropia, 111 trifocals, 44

wearing too much, 2 Eye history, 21–23 Eyelashes, 30

Eyelids disorders of

chalazia, 64–66, 74–75 ectropion, 73, 77–78 entropion, 73, 77–79 herpes infections, 267

inflammation (blepharitis), 59–64 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 268

molluscum contagiosum, 75, 267–68 ptosis, 79–81

S-shaped deformity, 30, 74 styes, 64–66

tumors, 74–77 twitching, 7–8 examination of, 29–30 lid hygiene/scrubs, 62

Eye movement (motility), 30–31 Eye muscles. See Muscles, eye

Eye ointments. See Ointments, eye Eye pressure. See Intraocular pressure Eyes. See also other Eye entries; specific

disorders anatomy of, 9–10, 10

anterior chamber, 13 choroid, 9, 16–17, 188, 235 ciliary body, 9, 14, 170, 235 conjunctiva, 12–13 cornea, 9, 10–12

external eye muscles, 18–19 iris, 9, 14–15, 235

lens, 15–16 optic nerve, 9, 18 pupil, 15

retina, 9, 17–18, 188 sclera, 9, 12–13

trabecular meshwork, 13–14 vitreous humor, 9, 16

angle of, 149

foreign bodies in, 6, 85–87 motility of, 30–31

weak, 2

Eye socket (orbit), 9

Eye straightness. See Muscles, eye

Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test, 36 Farsightedness. See Hyperopia Fasanella-Servat procedure, 81

Fats, animal cholesterol, 180–82 in diet, 278, 283–85

and macular degeneration, 203–6 types of, 283–84

Fatty acids

effect on retinopathy, 185 in infant eye health, 269–71

omega-3, 165–66, 284 omega-6, 269, 284

polyunsaturated, 269–71, 283–84 types of, 283–84

Feverfew, 249

Fiber, 285–86

Filtering procedure, 169–70 Flap microstriae, 53

Flare, 33, 237

Flashing lights, 7, 211–12 Flavonoids, 161, 303 Floaters, 7, 211–12

Folic acid (folate), 291 Follicles, 94

Foods. See Nutrition Foreign bodies, 6, 85–87 Fractures, blowout, 117 Free radicals, 125, 198 Fuch’s dystrophy, 87–88 Fundus, 34–35

Fungal infections, 90 Fusion, 31, 113

Galactosemia, 133–34 Genetics, 136, 189

Giant cell arteritis, 218, 230–31

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), 50–51 Ginkgo biloba

antioxidants in, 166

effect on retinopathy, 185–86 in treatment of uveitis, 241–42

Glasses. See Eyeglasses Glaucoma

and alcohol, 159

angle-closure, 14, 149–50, 167–68, 274 and blood flow, 151, 164–65

and caffeine, 157–58

chronic open angle, 14, 149, 150, 168–70, 273–74

congenital/infantile, 150 described, 145–46

diagnosis of, 1–2, 18, 34, 146–50 and exercise, 156–57

eye pressure checks for, 1–2, 34, 145–46, 148–49

and ginkgo biloba, 166 low-tension, 145–46 medications for, 150–56, 168 neovascular, 221

and omega-3 fatty acids, 165–66 phacolytic, 122

pigmentary, 15, 157 and pilocarpine, 160–61

recommendations for, 170–72 and rice diet, 162–64

and rutin, 160–61 secondary, 150, 272 and smoking, 157 surgery for, 167–70

and timing of meals, 161–62 and vitamin B1, 160

and vitamin C, 159–60 and water intake, 158–59

Glutathione, 125–26 Goldmann perimeter, 147 Goldmann tonometry, 34, 148 Gonioscopy, 35, 149

GPC (Giant papillary conjunctivitis), 50–51 Granular dystrophy, 90

Grave’s disease, 251

Greater occipital neuralgia, 244, 245 Gunn pupil, 227

Guttata, 33, 88

Hay fever, 98–100 Headaches

ice-cream, 246 migraine, 6, 246–50 muscle tension, 244–46 related eye problems, 250

Heart block, 152 Hemoglobin A1c, 174 Hemorrhage. See Bleeding Herpes viruses

and eyelid problems, 267 herpes simplex, 256–60

in conjunctivitis, 96, 257

in corneal infections, 90, 257–59 in eye complications, 259–60 recurrence of, 258–59 treatment of, 257–58

herpes zoster, 119, 260–63 and retinitis, 266

Hirschberg test, 108–9 Histoplasmosis, 222 Histo spots, 222

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus). See AIDS

Hordeolum. See Chalazia; Styes Horner’s syndrome, 80, 247

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See AIDS

Hydroxychloroquine, 272–73

Hyperopia (farsightedness) in children, 109, 110, 111 defined, 26–27, 39 versus presbyopia, 28

Hypertension

benign intracranial, 233 effect on eye, 215–16

and macular degeneration, 207 ophthalmologist in diagnosing, 216–17 retinopathy in, 216, 217

and vein occlusions, 216, 220 Hyperthyroidism, 250, 251–52 Hypothyroidism, 250, 251

IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), 173, 177

Idoxuridine, 258 Immune system, 195–96 Infants

DHA level in, 270–71 esotropia in, 108, 109–11 glaucoma in, 150

nutrition in eye health, 268–71 ptosis in, 79–80

tear duct problems in, 70–71 Infections

after cataract surgery, 141 conjunctivitis, 6, 13, 93–98 corneal, 90–93, 257–59 corneal ulcers, 11, 50, 90–93 determining cause of, 92 herpes, 90, 96, 256–63, 267

human immunodeficiency virus, 263–68 lymph nodes in, 30

molluscum contagiosum, 75, 267–68 periorbital cellulitis, 66 staphylococcal blepharitis, 61–62, 63 in tear sac, 70

toxoplasmosis, 224–26, 243 Inflammation

of choroid (choroiditis), 17 episcleritis, 101–3, 106

of eyelids (blepharitis), 59–64 of iris (iritis), 13, 31, 235

of tear gland (dacryoadenitis), 74 temporal arteritis, 218, 230–31 of uvea (uveitis), 14, 16, 235–43

of vitreous humor (vitritis), 235, 238, 240 Inflammatory bowel disease, 242

Injections, subconjunctival, 240 Injuries

blowout fractures, 117 and cataracts, 136 chemicals in eyes, 5

corneal abrasions, 11, 83–85, 91 corneal lacerations, 11, 85 foreign bodies in eye, 6, 85–87 and optic nerve damage, 232

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 173, 177

Internal hordeolum. See Chalazia Intraocular lens implants, 140

Intraocular pressure (IOP) and alcohol, 159

and caffeine, 157–58 defined, 34

in diagnosing glaucoma, 34, 145–46, 148–49

and diet, 162–63 effect of LASIK on, 55 and exercise, 156–57

lowering with medication, 150–56 and prostaglandins, 163–64

and timing of meals, 161–62 in uveitis, 238

and vein occlusions, 220 and vitamin C, 159–60 and water intake, 158–59

Intrastromal corneal ring segments, 56 Iodine, 302

IOP. See Intraocular pressure Iopidine (apraclonidine), 153 Iridocyclitis, 235, 242 Iridotomy, 167, 274

Iris

anatomy of, 9, 10, 14–15, 235 examination of, 33 inflammation of, 13, 31, 235 rubeosis iridis, 15, 33

Iritis, 13, 31, 235

Iron, 193, 295–97

Ischemic optic neuropathy, 229–32 Isoflavones, 303

Itching, eye. See Allergies

Jones test, 72

Jones tube, 73

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 268

Kempner, Walter, 163, 181

Keratic precipitates, 237

Keratitis, 257, 259

Keratoconus, 90

Keratometer, 49

Lacerations, corneal, 11, 85

Lacrimal system. See Tears; Tear system Lacrisert, 69

Lasers

in cataract surgery, 1, 142

in glaucoma surgery, 167–69 in LASIK surgery, 53–56

neodymium: YAG laser, 142, 167 in PRK surgery, 54, 55, 56

in treating diabetic retinopathy, 178–80 in treating macular degeneration, 209–10 in treating retinal tears, 212