Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Eye Care Sourcebook_Lavine_2001

N O T E S

Peptide as a Possible Trigger of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.”

The New England Journal of Medicine 327 (1992): 302–7.

2.M. G. Cavallo, D. Fava, L. Monetini, F. Barone, and P. Pozzilli. “CellMediated Immune Response to Beta-Casein in Recent-Onset InsulinDependent Diabetes: Implications for Disease Pathogenesis.” The Lancet 348 (1996): 926–28.

3.J. W. Anderson, J. A. Zeigler, D. A. Deakins, T. L. Floore, D. W. Dillon, C. L. Wood, P. R. Oeltgen, and R. J. Whitley. “Metabolic Effects of High- Carbohydrate,High-Fiber Diets for Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Individuals.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54 (1991): 936–43.

4.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. “Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema.” Archives of Ophthalmology 103 (1985): 1796–1806.

5.M. S. Roy, G. Stables, B. Collier, A. Roy, and E. Bou. “Nutritional Factors in Diabetics with and Without Retinopathy.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 (1989): 728–30.

6.American Diabetes Association. “Nutritional Recommendations and Principles for Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus: 1986.” Diabetes Care 10 (1987): 126–32.

7.E. Y. Chew, M. L. Klein, F. L. Ferris III, N. A. Remaley, R. P. Murphy, K. Chantry, B. J. Hoogwerf, and D. Miller; for the ETDRS Research Group. “Association of Elevated Serum Lipid Levels with Retinal Hard Exudate in Diabetic Retinopathy.” Archives of Ophthalmology 114 (1996): 1079–84.

8.W. F. Van Eck. “The Effect of a Low Fat Diet on the Serum Lipids in Diabetes and Its Significance in Diabetic Retinopathy.” American Journal of Medicine 27 (1959): 196–211.

9.I. Ernest, E. Linner, and A. Svanborg. “Carbohydrate-Rich, Fat-Poor Diet in Diabetes.” American Journal of Medicine 39 (1965): 594–600.

10.B. Gordon, S. Chang, M. Kavanagh, M. Berrocal, L.Yannuzzi, C. Robertson, and A. Drexler.“The Effects of Lipid Lowering on Diabetic Retinopathy.”

American Journal of Ophthalmology 112 (1991): 385–91.

11.P. McNair, C. Christiansen, S. Madsbad, E. Lauritzen, O. Faber, C. Binder, and I. Transbøl.“Hypomagnesemia, a Risk Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy.” Diabetes 27 (1978): 1075–77.

12.A. Ceriello, D. Giugliano, P. Dello Russo, and N. Passariello. “Hypomagnesemia in Relation to Diabetic Retinopathy.”Diabetes Care 5 (1982): 558–59.

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13.American Diabetes Association. “Magnesium Supplementation in the Treatment of Diabetes.” Diabetes Care 15 (1992): 1065–67.

14.J. Kleijnen and P. Knipschild. “Ginkgo Biloba.” The Lancet 340 (1992): 1136–39.

15.F. V. DeFeudis. Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Applications. Paris: Elsevier, 1991.

Chapter Twelve

1.D. A. Newsome, M. Swartz, N. C. Leone, R. C. Elston, and E. Miller.“Oral Zinc in Macular Degeneration.” Archives of Ophthalmology 106 (1988): 192–98.

2.M. Stur, M. Tittl, A. Reitner, and V. Meisinger. “Oral Zinc and the Second Eye in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 37 (1996): 1225–35.

3.C. Kies. “Bioavailability of Manganese.” In D. J. Klimis-Tavantzis, ed., Manganese in Health and Disease. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994, 45–47.

4.Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group.“Antioxidant Status and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Archives of Ophthalmology 111 (1993): 104–9.

5.J. M. Seddon, U. A. Ajani, R. D. Sperduto, R. Hiller, N. Blair, T. C. Burton,

M.D. Farber, E. S. Gragoudas, J. Haller, D. T. Miller, L. A. Yannuzzi, and W. Willett; for the Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. “Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Assocation) 272 (1994): 1413–20.

6.N. I. Krinsky, M. D. Russett, G. J. Handelman, and D. M. Snodderly. “Structural and Geometrical Isomers of Carotenoids in Human Plasma.”

The Journal of Nutrition 120 (1990): 1654–62.

7.J. A. Mares-Perlman, W. E. Brady, R. Klein, G. M. VandenLangenberg, B.

E.K. Klein, and M. Palta. “Dietary Fat and Age-Related Maculopathy.”

Archives of Ophthalmology 113 (1995): 743–48.

8.C. Eunyoung, S. E. Hankinson, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, D. Spiegelman, F. E. Speizer, E. B. Rimm, and J. M. Seddon. “Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Archives of Ophthalmology 118 (2000): 681–88.

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Chapter Thirteen

1.P.-J. Lamey and P. A. Biagioni. “Relationship Between Iron Status and Recrudescent Herpes Labialis.” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 14 (1995): 604–5.

2.American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. “The Use of Whole Cow’s Milk in Infancy.” Pediatrics 89 (1992): 1105–9.

3.D. R. Hoffman, E. E. Birch, D. G. Birch, and R. D. Uauy. Effects of Supplementation with Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Retinal and Cortical Development in Premature Infants.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (suppl.) (1993): 807S–12S.

4.M. Makrides, K. Simmer, M. Goggin, and R. A. Gibson. “Erythrocyte Docosahexaenoic Acid Correlates with the Visual Response of Healthy, Term Infants.” Pediatric Research 33 (1993): 425–27.

5.A. Lucas, R. Morley, T. J. Cole, G. Lister, and C. Leeson-Payne.“Breast Milk and Subsequent Intelligence Quotient in Children Born Preterm.” The Lancet 339 (1992): 261–64.

6.S. E. Carlson, S. H. Werkman, J. M. Peeples, and W. M. Wilson. “LongChain Fatty Acids and Early Visual and Cognitive Development of Preterm Infants.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 (suppl. 2) (1994): S27–S30.

7.A. J. M. Burton, A. Reynolds, and D. O’Neill. “Sildenafil (Viagra) a Cause of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?” Eye 14 (2000): 785–86.

Chapter Fourteen

1.D. Ornish, S. E. Brown, L. W. Scherwitz, J. H. Billings, W. T. Armstrong, T. A. Ports, S. M. McLanahan, R. L. Kirkeeide, R. J. Brand, and K. L. Gould. “Can Lifestyle Changes Reverse Coronary Heart Disease?” The Lancet 336 (1990): 129–33.

2.Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990.

3.A. Birkett, J. Muir, J. Phillips, G. Jones, and K. O’Dea. “Resistant Starch Lowers Fecal Concentrations of Ammonia and Phenols in Humans.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 (1996): 766–72.

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results from leakage of fluid from the vessels and from the shutdown of small blood vessels.

Bacterium (plural: bacteria) A primitive, microscopic, single-celled organism that can cause infection.

Bifocal A type of eyeglass lens correction in which a special segment on the lower part of the lens allows focusing at near.

Bleb A blisterlike elevation of the conjunctiva containing aqueous humor that has percolated out of the eye. May be intentional, as in glaucoma filtering surgery, or unintentional, as may occur after cataract surgery.

Blepharitis (blef-a-ry´-tis) An inflammation of the eyelid, as may occur at the margins of the eyelids when the oil glands become irritated.

Canaliculus (can-a-lick´-you-lus) The narrow canal in the lower and upper lids that transports the tears from the eye to the lacrimal sac.

Cataract A condition in which the lens of the eye has become cloudy. Cataract extraction Removal of the eye’s lens by surgery.

Cellophane maculopathy (mak-you-lah’-pa-thee) Wrinkling of a membrane on the surface of the macula. Causes distortion of vision. Also known as macular pucker.

Central retinal artery The main artery that supplies the inner layers of the retina with blood.

Central retinal vein The main vein that drains blood from the inner layers of the retina out of the eye.

Chalazion (plural: chalazia) (ka-lay´-zee-un, not cha-lay´-zee-un) An inflamed, distended oil gland in the eyelid, also known as an internal hordeolum.

Chlamydia (kla-mid´-ee-a) A microscopic organism that can cause infection. One species causes trachoma,a cause of blindness in developing countries.A more benign strain is transmitted as a venereal infection in Western countries.

Choroid (kaw´-roid) The blood vessel–rich layer of the eye between the sclera and the retina. Supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina.

Ciliary body Part of the uveal tract of the eye, located between the iris and the choroid. It secretes aqueous humor into the eye and contains the ciliary muscle, which is involved in accommodation.

Conjunctiva (con-junk-ty´-va) The transparent mucous membrane that covers the sclera toward the front of the eye and that also lines the inside of the eyelids.

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Conjunctivitis (con-junk´´-ti-vy´-tis) Inflammation of the conjunctiva. May be of any cause, but the term is commonly applied to infections.

Contact lens A rigid or soft lens that fits over the cornea and is used as a substitute for eyeglasses.

Cornea The transparent, curved structure on the front of the eye that focuses incoming light rays.

Corneal abrasion An eye injury marked by the loss of some or all of the cornea’s epithelial cells, its outermost layer.

Corneal transplant An operation in which the central portion of the cornea from an eye donor is used to replace the central cornea of someone with a clouded cornea. Also known as keratoplasty.

Corneal ulcer Area of loss of the epithelium and at least part of the stroma (middle layer) of the cornea. Often associated with infection.

Cortical cataract A cloudiness in the cortex, the outer layers of the lens. Corticosteroid (cawr-ti-coh-stee´-roid) A class of medication used to treat

inflammation. Cortisone is the body’s natural form; prednisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone are commonly used synthetic forms.

Cortisone A hormone produced by the adrenal gland. Has anti-inflammatory properties.

Cycloplegic (cy-cloh-plee´-jik) A medication, usually in eyedrop form, that temporarily paralyzes the ciliary muscle and dilates the pupil.

Dendrite An area of loss of corneal epithelium that has the shape of a branching figure. Characteristic of herpes infections.

Diabetes mellitus A disease of the pancreas marked by elevated blood sugar levels. Diopter A unit of measurement of refractive error or lens power. Over six

diopters is considered a high refractive error. Diplopia (di-ploh´-pee-a) Double vision.

Dry eye syndrome A drying out of the surface of the eyes caused by a lack of tears or by a chemical imbalance in the tears.

Ectropion (ek-troh´-pee-un) A turning out of the eyelid. Edema (a-dee´-ma) Fluid buildup.

Endothelium The cell layer forming the inside lining of certain structures, such as the cornea or the blood vessels. In the cornea, this cell layer helps prevent fluid from getting into the cornea and causing edema.

Entropion (en-troh´-pee-un) A turning in of the eyelids. May cause the eyelashes to abrade the cornea.

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Enucleation Surgical removal of the eyeball. Epiphora (a-pif´-a-ra) Overflow of tears from the eye.

Episcleritis (ep-ee´-skla-ry´-tis) Inflammation between the sclera and the conjunctiva, often due to a derangement of the immune system.

Epithelium The outermost layer of cells on the cornea. The retinal pigment epithelium is the deepest layer of the retina.

Esophoria (ee-so-for´-ee-a) A tendency for the eyes to turn in.May cause eyestrain. Esotropia (ee-so-troh´-pee-a) A condition in which an eye turns in. May be

intermittent or constant.

Exophoria A tendency for the eyes to turn out. May cause eyestrain. Exophthalmos Forward protrusion of one or both eyes.

Exotropia A condition in which an eye turns out. May be intermittent or constant. Filtering procedure A glaucoma operation to allow the aqueous humor to bypass the trabecular meshwork. Creates a drainage channel through the

sclera, allowing aqueous humor to form under a conjunctival bleb. Floaters Spots, lines, or “cobwebs” that people may see in their vision. Occur

at one time or another in half the population. Caused by clumps of cells or other material in the vitreous. Occur as part of posterior vitreous face detachment, a normal part of aging, but may also occur with retinal tears or detachment, vitritis, or other problems in the vitreous.

Fluorescein (floo´-ra-seen) A yellow dye used to detect loss of corneal epithelial cells. Can also be injected into a vein as part of fluorescein angiography, a photographic test to evaluate the circulation of the retina.

Fundus The structures on the inside surface of the back wall of the eye. Includes the optic disk, the retina, and the retinal blood vessels.

Glaucoma A chronic degeneration of the optic nerve often associated with an elevated intraocular pressure.

Hordeolum An inflamed and sometimes infected oil gland of the eyelids. External hordeola are also known as styes, while internal hordeola are also known as chalazia.

Hyperopia (hy-per-oh´-pee-a) A refractive error in which light rays focus behind the retina. Commonly known as farsightedness.

Hypertension High blood pressure.

Hyphema (hy-fee´-ma) Bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye. Intraocular pressure The fluid pressure inside the eye, regulated by the secre-

tion of aqueous humor into the eye and drainage of aqueous humor

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through the trabecular meshwork out of the eye. Elevated intraocular pressure is the main risk factor for glaucoma.

Iridocyclitis (ir´´-i-doh-cy-cly´-tis) A form of uveitis characterized by inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. Inflammatory cells and protein can be seen in the aqueous humor and in the front part of the vitreous.

Iridotomy (ir´´-i-dah´-ta-mee) An opening created in the iris by either laser or conventional surgery.

Iris Part of the uveal tract of the eye. It is the brown or blue ring of tissue surrounding the pupil.

Iritis (eye-ry´-tis) A form of uveitis in which the iris is inflamed. Characterized by inflammatory cells and protein in the aqueous humor.

Keratitis (ker-a-ty´-tis) Inflammation of the cornea.

Keratoconus (ker-a-ta-coh´-nus) An eye disease marked by bulging and thinning of the cornea.

Keratopathy (ker-a-tah´-pa-thee) A disease or problem of the cornea. Keratoplasty (ker´-a-to-plas´´-tee) A corneal transplant.

Lacrimal (lak´-ri-mul) gland The tear gland. Produces tears to lubricate the eye. Lacrimal sac The tear sac. Located in a depression on the side of the nose near the bridge. Collects the tears from the eye, which then travel down

through the nasolacrimal duct, where they empty into the nose.

Laser A powerful light beam that can perform surgery by burning or by creating miniature explosions in the tissues of the eyes.

Lens The clear, disklike structure behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina. When it becomes cloudy, the condition is called cataract. The term also refers to the glass or plastic material in eyeglasses.

Lens implant An artificial lens placed inside the eye during cataract surgery to take the place of the eye’s natural lens.

Macula (mak´-yu-la) The central portion of the retina.

Macular degeneration A degeneration of the macula that distorts or causes blind spots in the center of the field of vision. The most common form is known as age-related macular degeneration.

Macular edema Fluid buildup in the macula. May occur in many conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, inflammations in the eye, and as a side effect of certain medications.

Macular pucker A distortion of the center of the macula caused by the contraction of a membrane on its surface. Also known as cellophane maculopathy.

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Meibomian gland (my-boh´-mee-an) An oil gland near the margins of the eyelids.

Myopia (my-oh´-pee-a) A refractive error in which the light rays come to a focus in front of the retina. Commonly known as nearsightedness.

Nasolacrimal (nay´´-zoh-lak´-ri-mul) duct The passageway through the bone of the nose that carries the tears from the lacrimal sac to the interior of the nose. Commonly known as the tear duct.

Neovascularization A condition in which abnormal blood vessels develop, sometimes in response to a lack of oxygen from poor circulation. When it occurs in the retina, as in diabetics, it is also known as proliferative retinopathy. When it occurs on the iris, it is also known as rubeosis iridis.

Nuclear sclerosis A form of cataract in which there is a diffuse clouding of the nucleus, the central portion of the lens.

Nystagmus (na-stag´-mus) A movement disorder of the eyes characterized by rapid back-and-forth jiggly movements.

Ophthalmologist A physician (M.D.) who specializes in the care of the eyes. Ophthalmologists perform refractions, fit patients with contact lenses, diagnose eye problems and systemic problems that have eye or visual manifestations, and treat by medical and surgical means.

Ophthalmoscope A special instrument used to examine the interior of the eye. Optic cup The central depressed area in the optic disk of most eyes. It enlarges

in size when the optic disk is damaged by glaucoma.

Optic disk The optic nerve at its termination in the back wall of the eye. Socalled because it is shaped like an oval disk.

Optician A specially trained professional who fills prescriptions for eyeglass lenses.

Optic nerve The cranial nerve (extension of the brain) that carries visual signals from the eye to the brain.

Optic neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve.

Optic neuropathy A disease or problem of the optic nerve.

Optometrist A non-M.D. specialist who performs refractions and determines contact lens prescriptions, examines eyes to detect disease, and may, where permitted by law, treat certain eye problems.

Orbit The bony socket in which the eyeball rests.

Perimetry Determination of the visual field using special instruments known as perimeters.

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Phacoemulsification A technique of cataract surgery in which the nucleus of the lens is pulverized by ultrasonic (high-frequency sound wave) energy.

Pinguecula (pin-gwek´-yu-la) A yellowish-white degeneration of the conjunctiva, usually located near the cornea.

Posterior chamber The small space in the eye between the lens and the iris, containing aqueous humor.

Posterior subcapsular cataract A type of cataract marked by a cloudy spot located just within the back surface of the lens.

Prednisone A synthetic corticosteroid drug used to treat inflammation. When used as eyedrops, an activated form called prednisolone is needed.

Presbyopia (prez´-bee-oh´-pee-a) Decline in accommodation, the near focusing mechanism of the eye, that is expected with aging.

Prism A special lens that bends light rays. Occasionally used to treat eye straightness problems.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy Growth of abnormal blood vessels on the retina and optic nerve of diabetics. These vessels may bleed into the vitreous and cause serious problems.

Pterygium (ta-rij´-ee-um) (plural: pterygia) A benign, degenerative growth beginning in the conjunctiva and extending onto the cornea.

Ptosis (toh´-sis) A drooping of an eyelid.

Punctum (plural: puncta) The tiny porelike opening in the margin of the upper and lower eyelids toward the nose. Tears drain from the eye through these puncta into the canaliculi as they travel to the lacrimal sac.

Pupil The dark opening in the center of the iris through which light rays travel on their way to the retina.

Refraction The procedure for determining refractive error and eyeglass prescription.

Refractive error A problem in which the light rays entering the eye fail to come to a focus on the retina, thereby causing blurred vision. Hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism are forms of refractive errors.

Retina The delicate lining of the back wall of the eye. Images are focused on the retina and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.

Retinal detachment A disorder in which the retina balloons forward, separating itself from its deepest layer, the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachments are most commonly caused by fluid that travels through retinal tears and then dissects between the pigment epithelium and the other layers.

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