Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / The Lacrimal System Diagnosis, Management, and Surgery_Cohen, Mercandetti, Brazzo_2006

274 Index

Canaliculus (cont.)

dacryocystitis, 40–41

Dacryocystography (DCG), 41,

blockage of, 59–60, 174

dacryocystoceles, 38–39

88, 93, 155, 246–247

in dacryocystorhinostomy,

dacryostenosis, 40–41

contrast, 83–85

133–134

encephaloceles, 38–39

CT combined with, 86

dilation of, 200

facial clefts, 41

digital subtraction, 84–85,

evaluating, 71–72

fistula of lacrimal sac, 38

145

infection of, 54–55

of nasolacrimal duct, 182

distension, 83, 85

lacerations of, 113–114

of upper system, 36–37

MRI combined with, 88

blunt trauma causing, 119

abnormal canalicular

percutaneous, 89

lumen of, 155

system, 37

Dacryocystoplasty, 68, 72

obstruction of, 75, 206, 245

abnormal puncta, 36–37,

balloon catheter, 186, 195,

stenosis of, 49–50, 62–63, 67,

67

197

79

dacryoliths, 37

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR),

surgery of, 110–117

supernumary ducts, 37

8, 13, 21, 23, 41, 55, 58,

bicanalicular intubation in,

Conjunctival fornix, 11, 77

68, 72

116–117

Conjunctival sac, 77–78, 88, 92

bleeding during, control of,

bicanalicular repair,

Conjunctivochalasis, 76, 245

250

122–124

Conjunctivodacryocystorhinos-

endonasal, 244

canaliculotomy, 117

tomy (CDCR), 59, 68,

advantages of, 144–145

intubation in, 111–112,

72, 119

anesthesia for, 146

262–266

complications from, 168–169

complications from,

laceration repair, 113–114,

endoscopic

151–153

120–121

advantages of, 174–175

equipment for, 146

monocanalicular

anesthesia for, 175

indications for, 145

intubation in, 114–115

complications from,

intubation in, 150

monocanalicular repair,

180–181

mitomycin C used in,

124

evaluation before, 172–173

256–259

pigtail probe intubation in,

indications for, 174

postoperative care after,

124–126

postoperative care after,

151

probing, 111

180

preparation for, 145–146

stents in, 114–115

postoperative evaluation

revision, 248–251

trauma to, 58

after, 180–181

surgical technique for,

Canthus, inner, 149

special considerations for,

146–150, 256–258

Caruncle, 173, 176–177, 180–181

179–180

vasoconstriction for, 145,

CDCR. See Conjunctivodacryo-

surgical technique of,

151

cystorhinostomy

175–179

endoscopic balloon catheter

Cerebrospinal fluid, 8–9, 132,

indications for, 164–165

advantages of, 205

139, 152

postoperative care after,

anesthesia for, 206

Cervical ganglion, 12

167–168

contraindications for, 206

Chemiluminescence, 90

procedure of, 165–167

equipment for, 206–207

Choanae, 26

success factors for, 167–169

indications for, 205–206

Computed tomography (CT),

Contrast media, 83, 87

intubation during, 209–211

31, 83, 85–88, 145, 155,

Cranial cavity, 8

postoperative care after,

247

Cranial fossa, 16

211

dacryocystography

Crawford tubes, 111–112

success rates of, 211

combined with, 86

Cribriform plate, 8, 16, 22–23,

surgical technique for,

disadvantages of, 87

132, 139, 207

207–211

MRI combined with, 88

Crista galli, 8

endoscopic balloon

Conchae. See Turbinate bones

CT. See Computed tomography

catheter-assisted, 197

Congenital lacrimal amniocele,

Cysts, 61

anesthesia for, 199–200

86

complications from,

Congenital lacrimal

D

203–204

obstruction, 86, 110

Dacryocystitis, 45, 50–52, 53, 67,

contraindications to, 199

of lower system, 38–41

69, 75, 82, 86, 127, 199

equipment for, 197–199

Index 275

postoperative care after,

success rates of, 236–237,

laser, 160–161

202–204

241

indications for, 161

secondary, 203–204

surgical technique for, 240,

results of, 161

surgical technique for,

242–243, 258–259

technique of, 161

200–202

mitomycin C used in,

microdrill

external, 5, 22, 144, 244,

251–252, 255–260

indications for, 162

255–256

osteotomy created in, 16

results of, 162

advantages of, 128

powered endoscopic

Dacryoscintigraphy, 87, 88–89,

anesthesia for, 249

anesthesia for, 224

93–94, 246–247

complications from,

intubation during, 230

Dacryostenosis, 40–41, 50, 55,

139–141

pediatric, 234

59–60

disadvantages of, 205

postoperative care after,

acquired, 199

general anesthesia for,

230–232

medications and, 62–63

129–130

preparation for, 224–225

recurrent, 203–204

hemostasis in, 130

results from, 233

DCG. See Dacryocystography

indications for, 127

success rates, 233

DCR. See

local anesthesia for, 128

surgical technique for,

Dacryocystorhinostomy

mitomycin C used in, 256,

224–230

Deviated septum, 52, 71, 145,

259

radiofrequency

173, 206

postoperative care after,

advantages of, 213, 219

Diagnosis

139

anesthesia for, 216

endoscopy in, 90

revision, 249–250

complications from, 221

general approach to, 72–73

success rate of, 194,

contraindications for, 221

imaging for

224–230223

electrodes used for,

chemiluminescence, 90

surgical technique for,

214–215

computed tomography, 31,

131–139, 249–250,

endoscopic, 216–218

83, 85–88, 145, 155, 247

255–256

equipment for endoscopic,

contrast

vasoconstriction in, 130

219

dacryocystography,

failed

external, 215–216

83–85

balloon catheter dilation

intubation in, 218

digital subtraction

for, 248

postoperative care after,

dacryocystography,

evaluation of, 245–247,

219

84–85, 145

252

preparation for, 217

distension, 83, 85

Griffiths nasolacrimal

repeat, 248–250

lacrimal thermography, 90

catheter for, 266

revision, intubation and, 252

magnetic resonance

management of, 247, 252

Dacryoendoscopy

imaging, 87–88, 155

surgical intervention for,

equipment for, 155–157

percutaneous contrast

247–248

lasers used in, 159

dacryocystography, 89

failure rates of, 244

pediatric, 159

radionuclide

causes of, 244–245

performing, 157–158

dacryoscintigraphy,

fistula created in, 247–248

Dacryoliths, 37, 67, 149

88–89, 93–94, 155,

laser, 251

Dacryoplasty

246–247

anesthesia for, 239–242

balloon catheter, 251

ultrasonography, 80–83,

complications from,

indications for, 183, 196

155

240–241, 243

pediatric use of, 182

interpretation of tests for,

development of, 236

postoperative care after,

90–94

mitomycin C used in,

186–187, 193

patient history in, 66–68, 245

259–260

preparation for, 184,

Diathermy, 212–213

postoperative care after,

189–190

Diverticula, 52, 80–81, 84–85

236–237, 243

success rate of, 183,

Docetaxel, lacrimal system

preoperative assessment

194–196

and, 63

before, 242

surgical technique for,

Dorsum nasi, 25

preparation for, 239–240,

184–186, 190–194

Dry eye syndrome, 99. See also

242

vasoconstriction for, 184

Tear deficiency

276 Index

Duct(s)

surgical technique of,

endoscopy in, 90

frontonasal, 10

175–179

of fistula, 246

lacrimal, 25, 37, 86

Epinephrine, lacrimal system

general approach to, 72–73

stenosis of, 50–52

and, 62

interpretation of tests, 90–94

nasolacrimal, 4, 13, 15, 21,

Epiphora, 44, 57, 61, 62–63, 72,

of medial canthus, 68–69

27–28, 51, 61, 66, 84,

74, 102, 164, 199

of nasal cavity

132–134, 136, 184, 186,

causes of, 66–67

anterior rhinoscopy for, 30

257, 271

etiology of, 90–91

nasal endoscopy for, 30–31

balloon catheter dilation

evaluation of, 75–76, 78

of nasolacrimal duct, 70–71

of, 192

computed tomography for,

patient history in, 66–68, 245

evaluation of, 70–71

85–87

of puncta, 70

infectious, 53–55

gustatory, 245

of tear deficiency, 101–106

inflammatory, 55–56,

Epithelial tumors, 57

fluorescein clearance test

63–64

Ethmoidal foramina, 5–6

for, 104

obstruction of, 20, 43, 45,

Ethmoid bone, 5–6, 22–23, 26,

ocular surface staining for,

52–53, 58–59, 63–64,

29

103–104

67–68, 71, 73, 79, 86,

Ethmoidectomy, 132, 135

other tests for, 106

127, 182, 189, 239,

Ethmoid nerve, 26

phenol red test for, 102–103

244–246

Ethmoid ostia, 11

questionnaires for, 106

occlusion of, 45

Ethmoid sinus, 5, 7–11, 22–23,

Schirmer test for, 102–103

ostium of, 15

29

tear breakup time test for,

stenosis of, 189

mucosa of, 22

104–105

traumatic, 58–59

Evaluation

videokeratography for, 106

trauma to, 59

of canaliculus, 71–72

of tear production, 70,

tumors, 56–58

clinical examination in,

101–106

Dye disappearance test, 70,

68–72

Excretory system, 4

77–78, 91, 182, 199, 245

diagnostic imaging for

lacrimal drainage system,

Dye retention test, 172–173

chemiluminescence, 90

12–17, 25, 44, 59, 246

computed tomography,

abnormalities of, 80–82

E

85–87, 145, 155

anatomy of, 268

EBA-DCR. See

contrast

dysfunction of

Dacryocystorhinostomy

dacryocystography,

anatomic, 74–75

eb-DCR. See

83–85

physiologic, 74–75, 93

Dacryocystorhinostomy

digital subtraction

inflammation of, from

Electrocautery, 213–214

dacryocystography,

radiation, 63–64

Electrosurgery, 212–213

84–85, 145

obstruction of, 110

Embryology, of lacrimal

distension, 83, 85

radionuclide imaging of,

system, 3–4

lacrimal thermography, 90

88

Endoscopic conjunctivodacryo-

magnetic resonance

tests of, 77–80

cystorhinostomy

imaging, 87–88, 155

lacrimal pump, 17, 42, 66

advantages of, 174–175

percutaneous contrast

abnormalities in function

anesthesia for, 175

dacryocystography, 89

of, 43

complications from, 180–181

radionuclide

dysfunction of, 67, 69

evaluation before, 172–173

dacryoscintigraphy,

failure of, 72, 93, 127, 172,

dye retention test, 172–173

88–89, 93–94, 155,

174

Jones tests, 172

246–247

stenosis of, 49–50

Schirmer I test, 172

ultrasonography, 80–83,

Eyelid(s)

secretor test, 172

155

evaluation of, 69

indications for, 174

for endoscopic conjunctivod-

lesions, 57

postoperative care after, 180

acryocystorhinostomy

postoperative evaluation

dye retention test, 172–173

F

after, 180–181

Jones tests, 172

Facial adenopathy, 69

special considerations for,

Schirmer I test, 172

Facial artery, 16

179–180

secretor test, 172

Facial clefts, 41

Index 277

Failed dacryocystorhinostomy

G

Intubation, 150, 182–183,

balloon catheter dilation for,

Gladstone Putterman tube,

209–211, 218, 230, 243,

248

173–174, 247–248

248, 250

evaluation of, 245–247, 252

placement of, 178–179

of canaliculus, 111–112,

computed tomography for,

Glands

114–117, 124–126,

247

accessory, 11–12

262–266

dacryocystography for,

of Krause, 12

of punctum, 111–112

246–247

of Wolfring, 12

success rates and, 252

dacryoscintigraphy for,

lacrimal, 11–12

Irrigation, nasolacrimal testing

246–247

meibomian, 67, 105

with, 71–72

dye disappearance test for,

dysfunction of, 100–101,

245

104–105

J

endoscopy for, 246

thyroid, 64

Jones 1E test, 246

Jones tests for, 246

Jones II test, 70–71, 79–80,

patient history for, 245

H

91–92

tear secretion test for, 245

Hasner’s valve. See Valve of

Jones I test, 70, 78–79, 89, 91–92

Griffiths nasolacrimal

Hasner

Jones tests, 172, 195, 199, 246

catheter for, 266

Herrick plugs, 60

Jones tube, 173–174, 176,

management of, 247, 252

Hiatus semilunaris, 7, 10–11

247–248

surgical intervention for,

Horner-Duverney muscle, 16

placement of, 178–179

247–248

Hyperlacrimation, 72

Faraday effect, 212

causes of, 66–67

K

Fibrosis, 182

Hypersecretion, 75–76, 92

Keratoconjunctivitis, 67

docetaxel and, 63

Hypersmolarity, 100

Krause accessory gland, 12

Fistula, 60, 150, 218

closure of, 167–168

I

L

creation of, 247–248

Iatrogenic obstruction, 59–60

Lacrimal bone, 4–5, 7, 146–147,

evaluating, 246

Iatrogenic trauma, 125

208, 217, 225–227, 259

evaluation of, 246

Imaging

thickness of, 21

lacrimal sac obstruction

chemiluminescence, 90

Lacrimal crest, 5–7, 15, 131

caused by, 38

computed tomography, 31,

Lacrimal diverticula, 52, 80–81,

patency evaluation of, 246

83, 85–88, 145, 155,

84–85

stenosis of, 245

247

Lacrimal drainage system,

stenting, 250

contrast dacryocystography,

12–17, 25, 44, 59, 246

Fluorescein, 70–71, 91, 93, 219,

83–85

abnormalities of, 80–82

232, 246

digital subtraction

anatomy of, 268

in balloon catheter

dacryocystography,

dysfunction of

dacryocystoplasty, 186

84–85, 145

anatomic, 74–75

in balloon catheter dacryo-

distension, 83, 85

physiologic, 74–75, 93

cystorhinostomy, 208

lacrimal thermography, 90

inflammation of, from

in dye disappearance test,

magnetic resonance, 41

radiation, 63–64

182

magnetic resonance imaging,

obstruction of, 45–49, 110,

in dye retention test, 172–173

87–88, 155

127

in endonasal dacryocystorhi-

percutaneous contrast

radionuclide imaging of, 88

nostomy, 258

dacryocystography,

tests of, 77–80

in ocular surface staining,

89

Lacrimal duct, 25, 37, 86. See

103

radionuclide

also Nasolacrimal

in surgery, 111

dacryoscintigraphy,

duct

Fluorescein appearance test, 78

88–89, 93–94, 155,

stenosis of, 50–52

Fluorescein clearance test, 104

246–247

Lacrimal excretory fossa, 15

Fovea ethmoidalis. See Ethmoid

ultrasonography, 80–83, 155

Lacrimal fossa, 11, 72

sinus

Inferomedial strut, 6

Lacrimal gland, 11–12

Frontoethmoidal suture, 5

Inner canthus, 149

arterial supply of, 12

Frontonasal duct, 10

Intracanalicular plugs, 60

innervation of, 12

278 Index

Lacrimal mucosa, 15, 149, 158,

abnormal puncta, 36–37, 67

mitomycin C used in,

224, 234, 243

dacryoliths, 37

259–260

Lacrimal nerve, 12

supernumary ducts, 37

postoperative care after,

Lacrimal pump, 17, 42, 66

development of, 35

236–237, 243

abnormalities in function of,

embryology of, 3–4

preoperative assessment

43

evaluating function of, 74

before, 242

dysfunction of, 67, 69

clinical diagnostic tests

preparation for, 239–240,

failure of, 72, 93, 127, 172, 174

for, 75–80

242

stenosis of, 49–50

clinical history and, 75

success rates of, 236–237,

Lacrimal region, 23

dye disappearance test for,

241

Lacrimal sac, 4, 62, 79, 132,

77–78, 199

surgical technique for, 240,

146–150, 184, 200, 207,

external examination for,

242–243, 258–259

226–229, 234, 249, 271

75–76

in dacryoendoscopy, 159

anatomy of, 13, 25

fluorescein appearance test

dacryoplasty, 160–161

cysts in, 61

for, 78

indications for, 161

dilation of, 86

Jones tests for, 78–80

results of, 161

epiphora of, 66–67

probing for, 80

technique of, 161

fossa of, 10

Rose Bengal staining for,

Lateral tarsorrhaphy, 108–109

infection of, 53

77, 103–104

Lesions, 52, 57–58

inflammation of, 52

Schirmer tests for, 76–77

Levator palpebrae superioris

lesions in, 52

tear breakup time for, 77

muscle, 3–4

mucocele in, 76, 78

evaluation of, clinical

Lid position, assessing, 69

mucosa of, 15, 149, 158, 224,

examination in, 68–72

Lissamine green, in ocular

234, 243

infection of, 53–55

surface staining, 103

neoplasms in, identification

inflammation of

of, 80

endogenous origin of,

M

stenosis of, 50–52

55–56

Macular degeneration, 66–67

stroma of, 63

exogenous origin of, 56

Magnetic resonance imaging

trauma to, 58

from radiation, 63–64

(MRI), 83, 86, 87–88,

tumors of, 56, 58, 82, 206

obstruction of

155

Lacrimal sac-duct junction, 84,

mechanical, 60–62

CT combined with, 88

136

radiation causing, 63–64

DCG combined with, 88

Lacrimal sac fossa, 6–7, 8, 14,

osteology of, 4–7

disadvantages of, 88

21–23, 85, 132, 217, 262,

pathology of, 90

Maxillary bone, 4–5, 7, 15, 26,

264

tumors in, 56–58

35

trauma to, 59

Lacrimal thermography, 90

frontal process of, 86, 132,

Lacrimal stenosis, 56

Lacrimal trauma

146–147, 217, 223

Lacrimal system

examination of, 119–120

Maxillary nerve, 26

congenital amniocele of, 86

surgery to repair, 120–121

Maxillary sinus, 29

congenital obstruction of, 86,

bicanalicular repair,

cysts in, 61

110

122–124

lesions in, 58

congenital obstruction of

monocanalicular repair,

medial wall of, 9

lower, 38–41

124

ostium of, 10–11

dacryocystitis, 40–41

pigtail probe intubation in,

Maxilloethmoidal orbital strut,

dacryocystoceles, 38–39

124–126

7

dacryostenosis, 40–41

stents in, 121–122

MCT. See Medial canthal

encephaloceles, 38–39

Lagophthalmos, 69

tendon

facial clefts, 41

Lamina papyracea, 5

Meatus, 25, 28, 29, 185, 195

fistula of lacrimal sac,

Laser

middle, 7–8, 10

38

dacryocystorhinostomy, 251

Mechanical obstruction, 60–62

congenital obstruction of

anesthesia for, 239–242

Medial canthal ligament, 16

upper, 36–37

complications from,

Medial canthal tendon (MCT),

abnormal canalicular

240–241, 243

5, 14–16, 39, 122,

system, 37

development of, 236

131–132, 138, 215, 269

Index 279

laceration of, 115

nasal endoscopy, 30–31

congenital obstruction of, 86,

Medial canthus, 23, 35, 58, 66,

Nasal conchae, 25

110

68, 72, 76, 80, 173, 181,

Nasal fossae, 26

congenital obstruction of

190, 203, 230, 242

Nasal mucosa, 8–9, 16, 22, 70,

lower, 38–41

evaluation of, 68–69

135–136, 200–202,

dacryocystitis, 40–41

Meibomian gland, 67, 105

217–218, 243, 257, 259,

dacryocystoceles, 38–39

dysfunction of, 100–101,

262, 265

dacryostenosis, 40–41

104–105

Nasal mucous membrane, 7

encephaloceles, 38–39

Meibomian gland dysfunction

Nasal septum, 9, 25–26, 28–29,

facial clefts, 41

(MGD), 100–101,

178, 181, 190

fistula of lacrimal sac,

104–105

deviated, 52, 71, 145, 173, 206

38

MGD. See Meibomian gland

Nasal sinuses, 7–11

congenital obstruction of

dysfunction

tumors in, 58

upper, 36–37

Mini Monoka, 117

Nasoantral window

abnormal canalicular

intubation using, 114–115

procedures, 60

system, 37

Mitomycin C (MMC), 218

Nasolacrimal canal, 4, 7, 75

abnormal puncta, 36–37,

advantages of use of, 259

anatomy of, 20–21

67

complications from, 252

vascular plexus of, 62

dacryoliths, 37

in dacryocystorhinostomy,

Nasolacrimal catheter, Griffiths

supernumary ducts, 37

251–252

anesthesia for removal of,

development of, 35

osteotomy site maintained

266

embryology of, 3–4

with, 255

composition of, 262, 266

infection of, 53–55

nature of, 255

use of, 262–266

inflammation of

MMC. See Mitomycin C

Nasolacrimal duct (NLD), 4,

endogenous origin of,

MRI. See Magnetic resonance

84, 132–134, 136, 184,

55–56

imaging

186, 257, 271

exogenous origin of, 56

Mucocele, 76, 78

anatomy of, 13–15, 20–21,

from radiation, 63–64

Mucoperiosteum, 147

27–28, 51

obstruction of

Mucosa

balloon catheter dilation of,

mechanical, 60–62

agger nasi, 231

192

radiation causing, 63–64

canalicular, 158

epiphora of, 66

osteology of, 4–7

ethmoid, 22

evaluation of, 70–71

pathology of, 90

lacrimal sac, 15, 149, 158, 224,

obstruction of, 20, 43, 45,

tumors in, 56–58

234, 243

52–53, 61, 67–68, 71, 79,

Nasopharynx, 26

nasal, 8–9, 16, 22, 70, 135–136,

86, 127, 189, 239,

lesions in, 58

200–202, 217–218, 243,

244–246

Nerve(s)

257, 259, 262, 265

congenital, 182

ethmoid, 26

sub, 51

infectious, 53–55

lacrimal, 12

Muscles

inflammatory, 55–56,

maxillary, 26

Horner-Duverney, 16

63–64

petrosal, 12

levator palpebrae superioris,

partial, 73

trigeminal, 12

3–4

radiation and, 63–64

zygomatic, 12

oblique, inferior, 15

traumatic, 58–59

NLD. See Nasolacrimal duct

orbicularis, 13, 50, 67, 69, 84, 93,

tumors, 56–58

Nose, 25–26

131–132, 138–139, 262

occlusion of, 45

anatomy of

preseptal, 17

ostium of, 15

alae, 25

pretarsal, 15, 17

stenosis of, 189

choanae, 26

Mycobacterium, 59

trauma to, 59

dorsum nasi, 25

Nasolacrimal endoscopy, 90

lateral nasal wall, 26–27

N

Nasolacrimal ostium, 40, 76, 78

nares, 25–26

Nares, 25, 26

Nasolacrimal sac, 13–14, 16, 69,

nasopharynx, 26

Nasal cavity, 8, 51

71–72

septum, 25–26, 28–29

evaluation of

Nasolacrimal system

skeleton, 25–26

anterior rhinoscopy, 30

congenital amniocele of, 86

turbinate bones in, 27–30