- •Series Editors
- •Contributors
- •Preface
- •Previous Volumes in Series
- •Relationship of Solute and Water Secretion
- •Centrality of NaCl Secretion
- •Transcellular and Paracellular Components of Secretion
- •Uptake of Stromal NaCl
- •Passage of NaCl from PE to NPE Cells Through Gap Junctions
- •Extrusion of NaCl from NPE Cells to Aqueous Humor
- •Transfer of Water from Stroma to Aqueous Humor
- •Potential Unidirectional Reabsorption of Aqueous Humor
- •Transport Components Underlying Potential Transcellular Reabsorption Across the Ciliary Epithelium
- •References
- •References
- •The Role of Gap Junction Channels in the Ciliary Body Secretory Epithelium
- •Overview
- •General Properties of Connexins Including those Composing the Ciliary Body Epithelium Gap Junctions
- •Animal Models Support a Role for Gap Junctions in Fluid Transport by Ocular Epithelia
- •References
- •Relationship of the EMPA Findings to the Consensus Model for Aqueous Humor Secretion
- •References
- •Functional Modulators Linking Inflow with Outflow of Aqueous Humor
- •Overview
- •Sources of Neuropeptides and Peptide Hormones in the AqH
- •Expression in the Human CB of Glutamate Transporters of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Family
- •Potential Neuroendocrine Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms: AqH Secretion and IOP
- •References
- •Aqueous Humor Outflow Resistance
- •References
- •Aqueous Humor Dynamics I
- •Measurement Methods and Animal Studies
- •Overview
- •Components of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Measurement Techniques
- •Tonometry
- •Manometry
- •Telemetry
- •Fluorophotometry
- •Confocal Microscopy
- •Aqueous Humor Sampling Method
- •Tonography
- •Fluorophotometry
- •Perfusion Methods
- •Mathematical Calculation
- •Intracameral Tracer Methods
- •Episcleral Venomanometry
- •Direct Cannulation
- •Intracameral Microneedle Method
- •Acknowledgment
- •References
- •Aqueous Humor Dynamics II
- •Dopaminergic Agonists and Antagonists
- •Regulators of the Actin Cytoskeleton
- •Serotonin Agonists
- •References
- •Effects of Circulatory Events on Aqueous Humor Inflow and Intraocular Pressure
- •References
- •Overview
- •Nitric Oxide
- •Glutamate
- •Purines
- •References
- •What is Functional Genomics Teaching us about Intraocular Pressure Regulation and Glaucoma?
- •Functional Genomics: Microarrays, Proteomics and Protein Modification
- •The Trabecular Meshwork Tissue: Expressed Genes (CDNA) and Proteins Obtained by Direct Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry
- •References
- •Molecular Approaches to Glaucoma: Intriguing Clues for Pathology
- •References
- •Outflow Signaling Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Strategies for the Control of Intraocular Pressure
- •Trabecular Pathway
- •Uveoscleral Pathway
- •Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- •Cholinergics
- •Epinephrine and Analogs
- •Prostaglandin Analogs
- •Cytochalasins
- •Latrunculins
- •Swinholide A
- •Ethacrynic Acid
- •Protein Kinase Inhibitors
- •Broad Spectrum Kinase Inhibitors
- •ROCK Inhibitors
- •CTGF
- •Cochlin
- •References
- •Index
4. Regional Dependence of Inflow |
119 |
VIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Many questions remain to be answered. In particular, it is essential that we understand whether the co and countertransporters and channels that we have identified as playing major roles in the formation of the aqueous humor in rabbits are also those involved in other species. Equally, it is essential that we determine whether the new model of functional topography of rabbit ciliary epithelium that we propose here, applies to inflow of other species.
References
Abraham, E. H., Breslow, J. L., Epstein, J., Chang Sing, P., and Lechene, C. (1985). Preparation of individual human diploid fibroblasts and study of ion transport. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (1 Pt. 1), C154–C164.
Bowler, J. M., Purves, R. D., and Macknight, A. D. (1991). EVects of potassium free media and ouabain on epithelial cell composition in toad urinary bladder studied with X ray microanalysis. J. Membr. Biol. 123(2), 115–132.
Bowler, J. M., Peart, D., Purves, R. D., Carre´, D. A., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (1996). Electron probe X ray microanalysis of rabbit ciliary epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 62(2), 131–139.
Candia, O. A., To, C. H., Gerometta, R. M., and Zamudio, A. C. (2005). Spontaneous fluid transport across isolated rabbit and bovine ciliary body preparations. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(3), 939–947.
Carre´, D. A., Tang, C. S., Krupin, T., and Civan, M. M. (1992). EVect of bicarbonate on intracellular potential of rabbit ciliary epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 11(7), 609–624.
Carre´, D. A., Mitchell, C. H., Peterson Yantorno, K., Coca Prados, M., and Civan, M. M. (2000). Similarity of A(3) adenosine and swelling activated Cl( ) channels in nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279(2), C440–C451.
Civan, M. M. (1983). ‘‘Epithelial Ions & Transport: Application of Biophysical Techniques.’’ Wiley Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Civan, M. M. (2008). Formation of the aqueous humor: Transport components and their integration. In ‘‘The Eye’s Aqueous Humor’’ (M. M. Civan, ed.), 2nd edn. Elsevier, San Diego.
Civan, M. M., Peterson Yantorno, K., DiBona, D. R., Wilson, D. F., and Erecinska, M. (1983). Bioenergetics of Naþtransport across frog skin: Chemical and electrical measurements. Am. J. Physiol. 245(6), F691–F700.
Coca Prados, M., and Sa´nchez Torres, J. (1998). Molecular approaches to the study of the Naþ, Kþ ATPase and chloride channels in the ocular ciliary epithelium. In ‘‘The Eye’s Aqueous Humor: From Secretion to Glaucoma’’ (M. M. Civan, ed.), Vol. 45, pp. 25–53. Academic Press, San Diego.
Crook, R. B., Takahashi, K., Mead, A., Dunn, J. J., and Sears, M. L. (2000). The role of NaKCl cotransport in blood to aqueous chloride fluxes across rabbit ciliary epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41(9), 2574–2583.
Do, C. W., and To, C. H. (2000). Chloride secretion by bovine ciliary epithelium: A model of aqueous humor formation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41(7), 1853–1860.
Do, C. W., Peterson Yantorno, K., Mitchell, C. H., and Civan, M. M. (2004). cAMP activated maxi Cl channels in native bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 287(4), C1003–C1011.
120 |
Macknight and Civan |
Do, C. W., Peterson Yantorno, K., and Civan, M. M. (2006). Swelling activated Cl channels support Cl secretion by bovine ciliary epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 2576–2582.
Dong, J., and Delamere, N. A. (1994). Protein kinase C inhibits Na(þ) K(þ) 2Cl cotransporter activity in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 267(6 Pt. 1), C1553–C1560.
Dunn, J. J., Lytle, C., and Crook, R. B. (2001). Immunolocalization of the Na K Cl cotransporter in bovine ciliary epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42(2), 343–353.
Edelman, J. L., Sachs, G., and Adorante, J. S. (1994). Ion transport asymmetry and functional coupling in bovine pigmented and nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (5 Pt. 1), C1210–C1221.
Eichhorn, M., and Lu¨tjen Drecoll, E. (1993). Distribution of endothelin like immunoreactivity in the human ciliary epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 12(8), 753–757.
Eichhorn, M., Flu¨gel, C., and Lu¨tjen Drecoll, E. (1990). Regional diVerences in the ciliary body of cattle. An electron microscopy and histochemical study. Fortschr. Ophthalmol. 87(3), 241–246.
Flu¨gel, C., and Lu¨tjen Drecoll, E. (1988). Presence and distribution of Naþ/Kþ ATPase in the ciliary epithelium of the rabbit. Histochemistry 88(3–6), 613–621.
Flu¨gel, C., Lu¨tjen Drecoll, E., Zadunaisky, J. A., and Wiederholt, M. (1989). Regional diVerences in the morphology and enzyme distribution of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) ciliary epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 49(6), 1097–1114.
Flu¨gel, C., Liebe, S., Voorter, C., Bloemendal, H., and Lu¨tjen Drecoll, E. (1993). Distribution of alpha B crystallin in the anterior segment of primate and bovine eyes. Curr. Eye Res. 12(10), 871–876.
Ghosh, S., Freitag, A. C., Martin Vasallo, P., and Coca Prados, M. (1990). Cellular distribution and diVerential gene expression of the three alpha subunit isoforms of the Na,K ATPase in the ocular ciliary epithelium. J. Biol. Chem. 265(5), 2935–2940.
Ghosh, S., Hernando, N., Martin Alonso, J. M., Martin Vasallo, P., and Coca Prados, M. (1991). Expression of multiple Naþ,K(þ) ATPase genes reveals a gradient of isoforms along the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium: Functional implications in aqueous humor secretion. J. Cell. Physiol. 149(2), 184–194.
Haas, M., and McManus, T. J. (1983). Bumetanide inhibits (NaþKþ2Cl) co transport at a chloride site. Am. J. Physiol. 245(3), C235–C240.
Hebert, S. C. (2003). Bartter syndrome. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens 12(5), 527–532. Kishida, K., Sasabe, T., Manabe, R., and Otori, T. (1981). Electric characteristics of the isolated
rabbit ciliary body. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 25, 407–416.
Krupin, T., Reinach, P. S., Candia, O. A., and Podos, S. M. (1984). Transepithelial electrical measurements on the isolated rabbit iris ciliary body. Exp. Eye Res. 38(2), 115–123.
Li, X., Alvarez, B., Casey, J. R., Reithmeier, R. A., and Fliegel, L. (2002). Carbonic anhydrase II binds to and enhances activity of the Naþ/Hþ exchanger. J. Biol. Chem. 277(39), 36085–36091.
Luo, X., Choi, J. Y., Ko, S. B., Pushkin, A., Kurtz, I., Ahn, W., Lee, M. G., and Muallem, S. (2001). HCO3 salvage mechanisms in the submandibular gland acinar and duct cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276(13), 9808–9816.
McLaughlin, C. W., Peart, D., Purves, R. D., Carre´, D. A., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (1998). EVects of HCO3 on cell composition of rabbit ciliary epithelium: A new model for aqueous humor secretion. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39(9), 1631–1641.
4. Regional Dependence of Inflow |
121 |
McLaughlin, C. W., Peart, D., Purves, R. D., Carre´, D. A., Peterson Yantorno, K., Mitchell, C. H., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (2001a). Timolol may inhibit aqueous humor secretion by cAMP independent action on ciliary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281(3), C865–C875.
McLaughlin, C. W., Zellhuber McMillan, S., Peart, D., Purves, R. D., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (2001b). Regional diVerences in ciliary epithelial cell transport properties.
J. Membr. Biol. 182(3), 213–222.
McLaughlin, C. W., Zellhuber McMillan, S., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (2004). Electron microprobe analysis of ouabain exposed ciliary epithelium: PE NPE cell couplets form the functional units. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286, C1376–C1389.
McLaughlin, C. W., Zellhuber McMillan, S., Macknight, A. D., and Civan, M. M. (2007). Electron microprobe analysis of rabbit ciliary epithelium indicates enhanced secretion posteriorly and enhanced absorption anteriorly. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293, C1455–C1466.
Meldrun, N. U., and Roughton, R. J. W. (1933). Carbonic anhydrase. Its preparation and properties. J. Physiol. 80, 113–142.
Nicholl, A. J., Killey, J., Leonard, M. N., and Garner, C. (2002). The role of bicarbonate in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in the epithelial derived human breast cancer cell line ZR 75–1. Pflu¨gers Arch. 443(5–6), 875–881.
Palmer, L. G., and Civan, M. M. (1975). Intracellular distribution of free potassium in Chironomus salivary glands. Science 188(4195), 1321–1322.
Palmer, L. G., and Civan, M. M. (1977). Distribution of Naþ, Kþ and Cl between nucleus and cytoplasm in Chironomus salivary gland cells. J. Membr. Biol. 33(1–2), 41–61.
Shahidullah, M., Wilson, W. S., Yap, M., and To, C. H. (2003). EVects of ion transport and channel blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44(3), 1185–1191.
Sterling, D., Reithmeier, R. A., and Casey, J. R. (2001). A transport metabolon. Functional interaction of carbonic anhydrase II and chloride/bicarbonate exchangers. J. Biol. Chem. 276(51), 47886–47894.
Tabcharani, J. A., Jensen, T. J., Riordan, J. R., and Hanrahan, J. W. (1989). Bicarbonate permeability of the outwardly rectifying anion channel. J. Membr. Biol. 112(2), 109–122.
Weingeist, T. A. (1970). The structure of the developing and adult ciliary complex of the rabbit eye: A gross, light, and electron microscopic study. Doc. Ophthalmol. 28(2), 205–375.
Yorio, T. (1985). Cellular mechanisms in the actions of antiglaucoma drugs. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 1(4), 397–422.
Zhang, J. J., and Jacob, T. J. (1997). Three diVerent Cl channels in the bovine ciliary epithelium activated by hypotonic stress. J. Physiol. 499(Pt. 2), 379–389.