Author Index

Abdominal artificial tear pump dacryoreservoir, see Mechanical pump dacryoreservoir

Acetylcysteine 5% drops, dry eye management 59

AlphaCor

features 181, 182 indications 182, 183 outcomes 182

Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) chronic polyarthritis management 169 cicatrical ocular surface disease

management 154

fornix reconstruction 232–234 graft harvesting 240

mechanisms of ocular surface repair 165, 166

neurotrophic keratopathy management 168

pterygium management 151, 152 rationale 163–165

Animal models, dry eye aqueous deficient dry eye

autoimmune disease dog 302

mouse 299, 301 overview 300 rabbit 302

rat 301, 302

lacrimal gland removal or irradiation 302, 303

neuronal pathway dysfunction 303, 304

combination models 307, 308 evaporative dry eye

drug-induced tear film instability 307 environmental stress 306

meibomian gland dysfunction 304, 306

overview 305

ocular surface damage models 308, 309 Artificial tears

acetylcysteine 5% drops 59 carbomers 59

cellulose derivatives 59 dacryoreservoir, see Mechanical pump

dacryoreservoir hydroxypropyl-guar 63 oils and lipids 63 overview 59–62

pH 59

polyvinyl alcohol 63 povidone 63

saline solutions 63 sodium hyaluronate 63

Azathioprine, immunosuppressive therapy 78

Blepharitis, dry eye exacerbation 58 Blepharotomy, eyelid retraction correction

121, 122

Botulinum toxin, eyelid injections epiphora 187

formulations 188 outcomes 189–191 technique 189

Break-up time

clinical trial utilization 293 tears 1, 2, 15

Canalicular bypass tube, closed placement 134, 135

Carbomers, dry eye management 59 Carmellose, dry eye management 60 CD20, therapeutic targeting 81 CD25, therapeutic targeting 82 Cevimeline, dry eye management 69

Chlorambucil, immunosuppressive therapy 78

Chronic polyarthritis

amniotic membrane transplantation 169 ocular surface defects 168

Cicatrical ocular surface disease clinical features 153, 154 surgical management

concept 154

conjunjctival fornix reconstruction 156

follow-up and complications 156 indications 154

techniques 154, 156 Clinical trial design

duration 287

ethical considerations 285 inclusion/exclusion criteria 287, 289 overview 283–285

patient populations in dry eye disease 287, 288

placebo effect 286

prospects in dry eye disease 295, 296 sample size 285, 286

signs and symptoms endpoints 290, 291 relationship 289, 290

symptom role in clinical trials 290 tests in dry eye disease

challenge models 295 impression cytology 293

ocular surface integrity 292, 293 sequencing of tests 295

tear composition 294 tear film stability 293 tear production 291, 292 visual function 294

Collagen shields, dry eye management 68 Conjunctiva-levator complex, free en-bloc

recession for eyelid retraction anterior approach 121, 122 sutureless posterior approach

122–125 Conjunctivochalasis (CCh) clinical features 142

dry eye exacerbation 139 management approach 141 ocular surface damage 140 pseudo-epiphoria 140 surgical management

concept 142

follow-up and complications 145 indications 142, 143

technique 143, 144 Contact lenses

collagen shields 68 comparison of types for dry eye

management 65, 66, 68 hydrogel lenses 64

limbal diameter rigid gas-permeable lenses 67

overview 64

scleral lenses 67, 68 silicone hydrogel lenses 67 silicone rubber lenses 67

Cornea, innervation 26, 162

Corneal protection index (CPI), definition 2

Corneal surgery

amniotic membrane transplantation, see Amniotic membrane transplantation artificial cornea, see Keratoprosthesis

surgery

chronic polyarthritis management 168, 169

deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 160, 161

innervation visualization 162 lacrimal drainage surgery effects on

refractive surgery 197 limbic stem cell surgery 163

neurotrophic keratopathy 166–168 stroma scarring management

deep 160–162 superficial 160

Cyclophosphamide, immunosuppressive therapy 78

Cyclosporin A

dry eye management 69, 76 immunosuppressive therapy 79

Dacryocystectomy, see Lacrimal drainage surgery

Dacryocystorhinostomy, see Lacrimal drainage surgery

Dacryoreservoir, see Mechanical pump dacryoreservoir

Death ligands, immune privilege role 29, 30 Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty

(DALK), technique 160, 161 Diquafosol, dry eye management 69 Doxycycline, dry eye management 69 Drug excretion, tears 12

Dry eye, see Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS), management

guidelines 313, 314

Ectropion

cicatricial ectropion 100, 101 classification 95

congenital ectropion 96 involutional ectropion management

full-thickness wedge excision 97 lateral tarsal strip procedure 98–100 lazy-T procedure 98, 99

lid margin repair 98 overview 95, 96 paralytic ectropion

floppy eyelid syndrome 101, 102 management 101

Eledoisin, dry eye management 69 Entropion

acquired 86, 87

acute spastic entropion management 92 cicatricial entropion management 91, 92 classification 86

congenital 86 definition 85 involutional entropion

patient assessment 87 therapy

tape 88

transverse/everting sutures 88–91

upper eyelid entropion

anterior lamellar repositioning 93–95 classification 94

overview 92, 93 Exophthalmos

etiology 103, 104

natural course in Graves’ orbitopathy 107–109

surgical correction in Graves’ orbitopathy

anthral-ethmoidal decompression 110

coronal approach for orbital decompression 113, 114

historical perspective 109–111 orbital bone decompression 109 orbital fat decompression 109 overview 111–113

transinferior fornix/swinging eyelid/ upper skin crease approach for orbital decompression 114

Eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) components 27, 28

entrance side for immunological events 28–33

Eyelid anatomy 25

botulinum toxin injections epiphora 187 formulations 188 outcomes 189–191 technique 189

examination 38

malposition, see Ectropion; Entropion Eyelid retraction

etiology 104, 105

lower lid-lengthening surgery

hard palate mucosal graft harvest 116–118

lower lid lengthening 118

natural course in Graves’ orbitopathy 104, 107–109

pathogenesis 103–106 surgical correction in Graves’

orbitopathy 115, 116 upper lid lengthening

free en-bloc recession of conjunctivalevator complex

anterior approach 121, 122 sutureless posterior approach

122–125

sutureless transconjunctival Müllerectomy 119–122

FK-506, see Tacrolimus

Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) management 101, 102

Flow chart, dry eye surgical management 315 Fluorescein break-up time (FBUT), testing

15 Fluorescein tests

clinical trial utilization 292 dry eye diagnosis 41–43

Fornix reconstruction graft harvesting

amniotic membrane 240 conjunctiva 236, 237 nasal mucosal grafts

septal cartilage and mucoperichondrium 240

turbinate mucosa 239 oral mucosal grafts

full-thickness graft 238 hard palate graft 238, 239

tarsus 237, 238

graft material selection 232–234 technique 234–236

tissue graft materials 231, 232 Full-thickness wedge excision, ectropion

management 97

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) epidemiology 103 exophthalmos, see Exophthalmos

eyelid retraction, see Eyelid retraction natural course 107–109 pathogenesis 103–106

tear film profile 106, 107

Hydrogel lenses, dry eye management 64 Hydroxypropyl guar, dry eye management 63 Hyetellose, dry eye management 60 Hypromellose, dry eye management 60

Id3-deficient mouse, dry eye model 301 Immune deviation, anterior chamber 50

Immune privilege, eye 29 Immunoglobulin A, tear composition 8, 9 Immunoglobulin G, tear composition 8, 9 Impression cytology

clinical trial utilization 293 dry eye diagnosis 48, 49

Infliximab, anti-inflammatory response 81

Interferometry, dry eye diagnosis 39, 40 Intracanalicular plugs, see Lacrimal

drainage surgery

Involutional entropion, see Entropion

Jones’ canalicular bypass tube, closed placement 134, 135

Jones’ procedure, involutional entropion management 90, 91

Keeler Tearscope, tear testing 16 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

animal models, see Animal models, dry eye

botulinum toxin injections, see Eyelid classification 36, 37

clinical trial design, see Clinical trial design

conjunctivochalasis surgery, see Conjunctivochalasis

corneal surgery, see Corneal surgery; Keratoprosthesis surgery

diagnosis

comparison of tests 51 fluorescein tests 41–43 impression cytology 48, 49 interferometry 39, 40

lid examination 38 lissamine green test 46 meibography 47 meibometry 44

non-invasive break-up time 39 ocular ferning test 47 recommendations 48–52 reflective meniscometry 40, 41 rose bengal test 45, 46 Schirmer test 44, 45

slit-lamp examination 38, 39 symptoms 38

tear osmolarity 48

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) (continued) lacrimal drainage surgery, see Lacrimal

drainage surgery treatment

general measures 58 goals 57

local factor considerations 58 medical management

anti-inflammatory agents 69, 75–82

artificial tears 59–63 contact lenses 64–69 rationale 55–57 recommendations 70, 71 tear stimulants 69

systemic disease considerations 58, 59 Keratoprosthesis (KPro) surgery

AlphaCor

features 181, 182 indications 182, 183 outcomes 182

classification of prostheses 172 indications 171, 172 osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis

advantages 174 complications 179–181 contraindications 174 features 172, 173 indications 174 outcomes 176, 177, 183

patient assessment 174, 175 technique

overview 172, 173 stage 1 178

stage 2 179

Lacrimal drainage surgery canalicular bypass tubes closed

placement 134, 135 dacryocystectomy 136, 221 dacryocystorhinostomy technique

129–133

dacryocystorhinostomy with retrograde canaliculostomy 133, 134

duct occlusion anatomy 215

canalicular excision 221 cautery 216, 219

cyanoacrylate adhesion 219, 220 guidelines 225–228

indications 213, 214 outcomes 227

overview 128, 129, 217, 218 preoperative evaluation 213, 214 principles 215, 216 punctal/canalicular ligature 220, 221 punctum switch graft 225

reversible techniques punctal patch 223–225

punctal tarsorrhaphy 222, 223 punctum transfer to dry dock 221,

222

permanent punctal occlusion 136 plugs

anesthesia 200 complications

biofilm formation and infection 209

inflammation and scarring 209, 210

irritation 207 overview 206, 207

plug loss or migration 207, 209 contraindications 206

follow-up and outcome 202–206 indications 194–197 intracanalicular plugs

insertion 201 permanent 199, 200 temporary 199

pharmacological effect modulation 197

preoperative considerations 194 punctal plugs

insertion 200, 201 materials 198

shape and design 198 removal 203, 206

rationale 127, 128

Lacrimal functional unit, tear secretion 26 Lacrimal gland

accessory gland secretions cytokines 12

lipids 10 mucins 11 anatomy 23, 24

main gland secretions proteins 8, 9

salts 7, 8 water 7

nasolacrimal ducts 25, 26 Lacrimal-ocular surface system (LOS),

components 27 Lactoferrin, tear composition 8

Lateral tarsal strip procedure, ectropion management 98–100

Lazy-T procedure, ectropion management 98, 99

Lid margin repair, ectropion management 98

Limbal diameter rigid gas-permeable lenses, dry eye management 67

Limbic stem cell surgery, dry eye management 163

Lipocalin, tear composition 8 Lissamine green test, dry eye diagnosis

46

Lysozyme, tear composition 8

Major salivary gland transplantation gland differences 257–259 preoperative considerations 256 techniques

overview 256, 257

parotid duct transposition 259, 260 sublingual gland transplantation 260,

261

submandibular gland transposition complications 266

indications 266, 267 outcomes 263–265 technique 261–263

Mechanical pump dacryoreservoir bilateral reservoirs 281 complications 280

delivery rate 281

device characteristics 271–274 emptying process 277 implantation technique 274–277 indications 281, 282

limitations 270 outcomes

blepharospasm 279

corneal calcification 279 recurrent erosion syndrome 279 severe dry eye 278, 279

tissue transplantation 279 positioning 280, 281 refilling 277, 278

tear solutions 277 Meibography, dry eye diagnosis 47 Meibometry

dry eye diagnosis 44 tear testing 16

Meibomian gland, dysfunction in animal models 304, 306

Meniscometry

dry eye diagnosis 40, 41 tear testing 16

Methotrexate (Mtx), immunosuppressive therapy 79

Minor salivary gland transplantation anatomy 247

anesthesia 247–249 harvesting 247, 249 outcomes 250–252 postoperative care 249, 250 rationale 244

suturing 249

tear versus saliva characteristics 244–246

Mitomycin C (MMC), intraoperative management of pterygium 151

Mucins, tear composition and function 11, 22, 55, 56

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

B cell stimulation 27 components 31, 32

immune response initiation 32 Mucosal grafts, see Fornix reconstruction Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF),

immunosuppressive therapy 79

Nasolacrimal ducts anatomy 25, 26

occlusion, see Lacrimal drainage surgery

Nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophic keratopathy management 168

Neurotrophic keratopathy

amniotic membrane transplantation 168 etiology 166, 167

nerve growth factor therapy 168 stages 167

Non-invasive break-up time (NBUT) dry eye diagnosis 39

testing 15

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, dry eye model 299, 301

Ocular ferning test, dry eye diagnosis 47 Ocular surface, anatomy 21, 22 Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP)

advantages 174 complications 179–181 contraindications 174 features 172, 173 indications 174 outcomes 176, 177, 183

patient assessment 174, 175 technique

overview 172, 173 stage 1 178

stage 2 179

Parotid duct transposition, see Major salivary gland transplantation Pilocarpine, dry eye management 69

Placebo effect, dry eye clinical trials 286 Plugs, see Lacrimal drainage surgery Polyvinyl alcohol, dry eye management 63 Povidone, dry eye management 63 Prednisolone, dry eye management 69, 76,

77 Pterygium

clinical features 148, 149 surgical management

concept 149

follow-up and complications 152, 163

indications 149 techniques 150–152

Punctal plugs, see Lacrimal drainage surgery

Quickert procedure, involutional entropion management 89, 90

Rose bengal test, dry eye diagnosis 45, 46

Saline solutions, dry eye management 63 Salivary gland transplantation, see Major salivary gland transplantation; Minor

salivary gland transplantation Schirmer paper strip test

dry eye diagnosis 44, 45 tear testing 15, 16

Scleral lenses, dry eye management 67, 68 Silicone hydrogel lenses, dry eye

management 67

Silicone rubber lenses, dry eye management 67

Sodium hyaluronate, dry eye management 63 Sodium hypochlorite, tear film instability

induction 307

Sublingual gland transplantation, see Major salivary gland transplantation

Submandibular gland transposition, see Major salivary gland transplantation

Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) clinical features 145

ocular surface damage 140 surgical management

concept 146

follow-up and complications 147, 148 indications 146

technique 146

Sutureless transconjunctival Müllerectomy, eyelid retraction 118–122

Tacrolimus (FK-506), immunosuppressive therapy 79, 80

T cell activation in dry eye 32, 57 Tear film

area 3

break up 1, 2, 15 composition

cytokines 12 lipids 10, 16

mucins 11, 22, 55, 56 proteins 8, 9, 17 regulation 56, 57 salts 7, 8

water 7

drug excretion 12 formation 3

function

antimicrobial protection 13, 14 nutrition 12, 13

physical protection 13

Graves’ orbitopathy profile 106, 107 mechanical behavior 56

position 2, 3

precorneal film structure and stability 14, 16

production regulation 6 structure 55, 56

tear flow 5, 6 testing

clinical tests 15, 16 laboratory tests 16, 17

quality tests 17 thickness 4, 5 volume 3, 4

Tear osmolarity, dry eye diagnosis 48 Tear substitutes, see Artificial tears Trefoil factor family peptides, tear

composition 22, 26

Trehalose, dry eye management 70 Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ), therapeutic targeting 80, 81

Wies’ procedure, involutional entropion management 89

Zidovudine, dry eye management 70