A

Accommodation 110 insufficiency 113 aetiology 113

complaints 113 treatment 113

mechanism 111 paralysis 113

aetiology 114 treatment 114

spasm 114 aetiology 114 complaints 115 diagnosis 115 treatment 115

Ammetropia 119 Angle of eye 102 alpha 102 gamma 102 kappa 102 Anisometropia 132 aetiology 132

acquired 132 hereditary 132

classification 132

optical problems/difficulties 133

amblyopia 133 binocular vision 133 diplopia 133 squinting 133

treatment 134 Anterior chamber 10 Antireflection coating 183

crown glass 186 resin lens 186

Aphakia 134 optics 134 signs 135 symptoms 135

treatment 135 contact lens 136 spectacles 135

Aqueous humour 51

blood aqueous barrier 53 circulation 52

formation 51 functions 52

Arden test 67

Assessment of rigid contact lens fitting 223

Assessment of soft contact lens fitting 222

Astigmatism 127 diagnosis 131

objective 131 subjective 131

optics of astigmatism 130 symptoms 131

types 127 Axes of eye 100

fixation axis 102 optic axis 101 pupillary axis 101 visual axis 101

Axis of the cylinder 145

B

Bailey-Lovie chart 73

Basic optical principles of human eye 97

schematic eyes 98

Donder’s reduced eye 100 Gullstrand schematic eye

no.1 98 Gullstrand-Emsley sche-

matic eye 99 Blood supply of eyeball 28

arterial supply 28 venous drainage 30

C

Ciliary body 251 Collector channels 12 Colour blindness 77

Complications of contact lens wear 226

conjunctival complications 226 corneal complications 226 physical problems of contact

lens 227

problem of contact lens care solution 228

Congenital colour blindness 78 Conjunctiva 31

regions 31 structure 31

epithelium 31 substantia propria 32

Contact lens 211

fitting procedures 217 general principles 217 scleral 217

indications 211 optics 213 types 214

corneal contact lens 216 scleral contact lens 214 semiscleral content lens 215

Copeland streak retinoscope 147 Cornea 4, 55

composition 54

corneal transparency 56 deturgence 56 intraocular pressure 57 structural 56

corneal wound healing 58 histology 5

Bowman’s membrane 6 Descemet’s membrane 7 endothelium 7

stratified squamous epithelium 5

stroma 7

metabolism 55 nutrition source 55

Cycloplegia 143 Cylindrical lenses 173

types 174

planocylindrocal lense 174 spherocylindrical lens 174

D

Decimal acuity 72 Determination of contact lens

power 225 Diopters of cylinder 152 Direct ophthalmoscope 269

advantages 269 disadvantages 269 procedure 270

Duochrome test 154

E

Edridge-Green lantern test 82 Emmetropia 119

Eyeball 3 chambers 4 contents 3 dimensions 3 location 4

Eyelids 32 functions 32 glands 35

glands of Krause 36 glands of Moll 36 glands of Wolfring 36 glands of Zeis 36 meibomian glands 35

lid margin 33

F

Frames 194

common types 197 parts 195

shapes 196

G

Geneva lens measure 263 Gonioscopy 250

direct 252 indirect 252

H

Hard coating 190 Hering’s theory 76 Holmgren’s wool test 82 Horner’s syndrome 92 Hydrophobic coating 191 Hypermetropia 119, 120

optics of hypermetropia 121 risks 122

signs 122 symptoms 121 treatment 122 types 120

based on accommodation 121

based on anatomical features 120

I

Indirect biomicroscopy 258 Goldmann 3-mirror lens 259

technique 259 Hruby lens 258

Ishihara’s pseudoisochromatic test plates 81

J

Jackson’s cross cylinder test 153 Juxtacanalicular tissue 11

K

Keratometer 264 Klinefelter’s syndrome 77

Index 293

L

Lacrimal apparatus 36 drainage system 37 secretory system 36

Lens 25, 59 composition 60 metabolism 59 nutrition source 59 structure 26

lens capsule 26 lens epithelium 26

lens substance/material 27 Lens care and cleaning 193

Lens styles 200 multifocal lens 200

bifocal lens 200 progressive addition lens

204

trifocal lens 203 unifocal lens 200

Lensometer 266 parts 266 procedures 267

Levator palpebrae superior 41 Light and electromagnetic

spectrum 95 infrared rays 96 ultraviolet rays 95 visible rays 96

Limbus 9

Low vision 273

clinical assessment 273 case history 273

colour vision testing 276 contrast sensitivity function

274 keratometry 276 refraction 276 visual acuity 274 visual field 274

management 276 Low visual aids 277

Low visual devices 278 magnifiers 278

optics of magnifiers 278 projection devices 280 telescopes 279

optics 279

M

Muscles of age 38 Myopia 119, 123

optics of myopia 124 risks 126

signs 125 symptoms 125 treatment 126 types 123

based on anatomical features 123

based on clinical types 124

curvature of field 106 distortion 105

oblique/radial astigmatism 104 spherical aberrations 103 wavefront aberration 106

Optical centre of lens 207 Orbit 43

anatomy 43 floor 45

inferior orbital fissure 46 lateral wall 45

medial wall 44 optic foramen 46 orbital contents 45 roof 43

superior orbital fissure 45 surgical anatomical spaces 47

central space 47 peripheral orbital space 47 subperiosteal space 47 Tenon’s space 47

N

Nagel’s anomaloscope 82 Near visual acuity test 73 Neutralisation 179

manual method 180 rules 180 procedure 180

manual 180 mechanical 182

Normal visual acuity maturation 289

O

Ophthalmic lens materials 159 glass 159

polycarbonate lens 161 resin lens 160

disadvantages 161 Optic nerve 24

Optical aberrations of eye 102 chromatic aberration 106 coma 104

P

Paediatric eye examination 281 binocular vision testing 287 clinical examination 287 colour vision testing 285 history taking 281 objective tests 282

fixation test 282 optokinetic nystagmus 283 spinning test 282

visual evoked potential 284 ocular movements 285

Brückner’s test 286 Hirshberg test 286 ophthalmic examination 281

subjective tests 284 visual field testing 285

Pelli-Robson contrast test chart 75 Photochromism 188

glass lenses 189 important facts 190 resin lenses 189

Physiology of vision 64 Pinhole test 156 Polaroid lenses 172 Posterior chamber 12

Potential visual acuity tests 74 Power of sphere 145 Presbyopia 139

aetiology 139

extralenticular theory 140 lenticular theories 139

symptoms 140 treatment 140

contact lens 140 spectacles 140 surgical 141

Pseudophakia 137 Pupillary distance 207 Pupillary pathway 86

Pupillary reaction disorders 90 Adie’s pupil 91 Argyll-Robertson pupil 91 hippus 90

Marcus Gunn pupil 91 Pupillary reflexes 88

light reflex 88 pathway 88

near reflex 89 pathway 90

sensory reflex 90 Purkinje images 108

clinical application 108 Retina 18

blood supply 24 landmarks 23

fovea centralis 23 macula lutea 23 optic disc 23

ora serrata 23 layers 20

ganglion cell layer 22 inner limiting membrane

22

inner nuclear layer 21 inner plexiform/molecular

layer 21

Index 295

layer of the rods and cones 20

nerve fibre layer 22 outer limiting membrane

21

outer nuclear layer 21 outer plexiform/molecular

layer 21

retinal pigment epithelium 20

R

Retinal image 109

Retinoscopy 142

Rigid contact lens 220

S

Schlemm’s canal 11 Schwalbe’s line 250 Sclera 8

blood supply 9 function 9 nerve supply 9

Scleral spur 251 Sense of contrast 74 Shaffer’s grading 256

Slit-lamp biomicroscope 231 care and maintenance 241

techniques of illumination 233 diffuse illumination 233 direct illumination 234 indirect illumination 237 retroillumination 239

vital stains 242 lissamine green 243 rose Bengal 242

sodium fluorescein 142 Snellen’s chart 70

Soft contact lens 218 Spaeth’s grading 257 Special types of lenses 175

aspheric lens 177 balance lens 178

high index lens 175 lenticular lens 176 toric lens 175

Spectacle frame materials 163 metallic-economy (alloys) 164

aluminum 164 nickel silver 165 stainless steel 164

metallic-precious 166 metallic-semiprecious 165

gold plated materials 166 memory metal 165 rolled gold 166

titanium 165 plastic 166

thermoplastic 167 thermosetting 167

Spectacle frames 198 Spherical lenses 170

types 170

concave or minus lens 172 convex or plus lens 170

Subjective autorefraction 155

T

Tears 60 circulation 63 composition 62

tear secretion 62 Tenon’s capsule 41 Tints 187

important facts 187 Tonometry 244

applanation tonometry 246 technique 247

indentation tonometry 244 advantages 246 disadvantages 246 sterilisation 246 technique 245

newer special tonometers 249 Mackay-Marg tonometer

249

noncontact tonometer 249

Perkin’s handheld tonometer 249

advantages 249 technique 249

Trabecular meshwork 10, 251 Transposition 178

rules 179

axis of the cylinder 179 power of the cylindrical lens

179

power of the spherical lens 179

Turner’s syndrome 77

U

Ultraviolet inhibitors 191 Unit of lens power 174 Uveal tract 12

choroid 17 functions 17

ciliary body 14 functions 16

iris 12 function 14

histology 12

V

Van Herick-Shaffer technique 255 Vascular supply of the eyeball 29 Vertex distance 210

Visitech chart 75 Visual acuity 69 Visual pathway 84 Visual perceptions 69

Visually evoked potential 68 Vitreous humour 27, 54

composition 54

Y

Young-Helmholtz theory 76