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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER

52)Tuulonen A, Sintonen H. Health economics, cost-effectiveness and glaucoma care. In Grehn F, Stamper R (eds) Glaucoma, p 123-133. Springer Berlin 2006.

53)Muir Gray JA. Evidence-based healthcare. How to make health policy and management decisions. Churchill Livingstone, Harcourt Publisher Limited, 2001.

54)Evans RG. A conclusion in search of arguments: Economists and the quest for more regressive health care fi nancing. The Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation 50th Anniversary Symposium on Incentives and Finance of Health Care System, August 9-10, 2004.

55)Tuulonen A. The effects of structures on decision-making policies in health care. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83: 611–617.

56)Finckler SA. The distinction between cost and charges. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96:102-109.

57)Albright CD, Schuman SG, Netland PA. Usage and cost of laser trabeculoplasty in the United States. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2002;33:334-6.

58)Stavem K. Reliability, validity and responsiveness of two multiattribute utility measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res 1999; 8:45-54.

59)Hawthorne G, Richardson J, Day NA. A comparison of the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) with four other generic utility instruments. Ann Med 2001; 33:358-370.

60)Sintonen H. The 15D instrument of health-related quality of life: properties and applications. Ann Med 2001; 33:328-336.

61)Briggs A, Sculpher M. An introduction to Markov modelling for economic evaluation. Pharmacoeconomics 1998; 13:397-409.

62)Kymes SM, Kass MA, Anderson DR, Miller JP, Gordon MO; Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study Group (OHTS). Management of ocular hypertension: a cost-effectiveness approach from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 141(6):997-1008.

63)Sterman J. All models are wrong: refl ections on becoming s systems scientist. System Dynamics Review 2002; 18:501-531.

64)Vaahtoranta-Lehtonen H, Tuulonen A, Aronen P, Sintonen H, Suoranta L, Kovanen N, Linna M, Läärä E, Malmivaara A. Cost effectiveness and cost utility of an organized screening programme for glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007; 85: 508–518.

65)Burr JM, Mowatt G, Hernández R, Siddiqui MAR, J Cook, Lourenco T, Ramsay C, Vale L, Fraser C, Azuara-Blanco A, Deeks J, Cairns J, Wormald R, McPherson S, Rabindranath K, Grant A. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for open angle glaucoma: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 2007; Vol. 11: No. 41. http://www.ncchta.org/news/newsitem211107.shtml).

66)Healey P, Tuulonen A and the WGA consensus group. Screening for glaucoma. Consensus meeting, April 26, 2008, Ft. Laudardale, USA.

67)Tuulonen A, Wiafe B. Economics of Surgery Worldwide; Developed Countries, Developing Countries. In: Shaarawy T , Sherwood M, Hitchings R, Crowston (eds) Glaucoma, 2008 (in press).

68)Olthoff CM, Schouten JS, van de Borne BW, Webers CA. Noncompliance with ocular hypotensive treatment in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension an evidence-based review. Ophthalmology 2005;112:953-961.

69)Grødum K, Heijl A, Bengtsson B. A comparison of glaucoma patients identifi ed through mass screening and in routine clinical practice. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80:627-631.

70)Mukesh BN, McCarty CA, Rait JL, Taylor HR. Five-year incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the visual impairment project. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1047-1051.

71)Brown GC. Vision and quality of life. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1999; 97; 473-511.

72)Kobelt G, Jonsson B, Bergström A, Chen E, Lindén C, Alm A. Cost-effectiveness analysis in glaucoma: what drives utility? Results from a pilot study in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84:363-371.

73)Devillé WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, de Vet HCW, van der Windt DAWM, Bezemer PD. Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2002, 3:2-9.

74)Siddiqui MA, Azuara-Blanco A, Burr J. The quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies published in ophthalmic journals. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005; 89(3):261-265.

75)Fleming C, Whitlock E, Beil T et al. Primary care screening for ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Evidence synthesis 34, Contract No. 290-02-0024, Oregon EvidenceBased Practice Center, 2005.

30

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER

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78)Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:273-287.

79)Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:288-298.

80)Schmier JK, Halpern MT, Jones ML. The economic implications of glaucoma: a literature review. Pharmacoeconomics 2007;25:287-308.

81)Orme M, Boler A. Prostaglandin analogues for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a systematic review of economic evidence. Pharmacoeconomics 2006;24:743-750.

82)Kymes SM, Kass MA, Anderson DR, Miller JP, Gordon MO. Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study Group (OHTS). Management of ocular hypertension: a cost-effectiveness approach from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 141(6):997-1008.

83)Maynard A. Ethics and health care ’underfunding’. J Med Ethics 2001; 27:223-231.

31

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER

GLOSSARY

 

 

AION

= Acute Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

ALT

=

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

BCVA

= Best Corrected Visual Acuity

BID

=

Twice daily

CAI

=

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

CCT

=

Central Corneal Thickness

CME

=

Cystoid Macular Edema

C/D o CDR

=

Cup-Disc ratio

Ch

=

Chapter

CPMP

= Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (EMEA)

Dx

=

Diagnosis

EMEA

= the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products

FC

=

Flow Chart

FDA

= Food and Drug Administration (USA)

FDT/FDP

= Frequency Doubling Technology / Perimetry

5FU

=

5 Fluoracil

IOP

=

Intra Ocular Pressure

ITC

=

Irido Trabecular Contact

LTP

=

Laser Trabeculoplasty

MD

= Mean Defect or Mean Deviation in visual fi eld testing

MMC

=

mitomycin-C

MS

= Mean Sensitivity in visual fi eld testing

NLP

=

No light perception

NPFS

= Non Perforating Filtration Surgery

OD

=

Right Eye

OH

=

Ocular hypertension

ONH

=

Optic Nerve Head

OS

=

Left Eye

OU

=

Both Eyes

PAS

=

Peripheral Anterior Synechia

PSD

= Pattern Standard Deviation in visual fi eld testing

QD

=

Once daily

QHS

=

Daily, at bedtime

QID

= Four times a day

QoL

=

Quality of Life

RCT

=

Randomized Controlled Trial

R/D o RDR

=

Rim-Disc ratio

RNFL

= Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer

RoP

=

Rate of Progression

Rx

=

Treatment

SAP

=

Standardized Automated Perimetry

SWAP

= Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry

TID

= Three times a day

TM

=

Trabecular Meshwork

VA

=

Visual Acuity

VF

=

Visual Field

XFG

=

Exfoliative Glaucoma

XFS

=

Exfoliation Syndrome

32

FLOWCHARTS

I. SUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR YOUR GLAUCOMA PATIENT

AT BASELINE

HISTORY/RISK FACTORS

SPECIFICALLY ENQUIRE ABOUT

OTHER MEDICATIONS

FAMILY HISTORY (GENERAL/OPHTHALMOLOGICAL)

CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY (TOPICAL/SYSTEMIC)

OCULAR TRAUMA (CONTUSION)

REFRACTIVE SURGERY

CARDIOVASCULAR OR RESPIRATORY DISEASES/OTHER CHRONIC OR SEVERE DISEASES

VASCULAR DISORDERS

DRUGS ALLERGY

DIRECT QUESTIONS AT FOLLOW-UP

HOW ARE YOU?

HOW DO YOU THINK YOUR EYES ARE DOING?

DO YOU THINK YOUR CONDITION IS BETTER, STABLE OR WORSE?

DO YOU HAVE DIFFICULTY WITH YOUR DAILY TASKS?

DO YOU UNDERSTAND YOUR DIAGNOSIS?

ARE THE GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS INTERFERING WITH YOUR DAILY ACTIVITIES?

ARE YOU WORRIED ABOUT YOUR EYES?

HAVE YOU BEEN USING YOUR EYE DROPS AS PRESCRIBED?

DO YOU ADMINISTER THE DROPS BY YOURSELF OR BY A RELATIVE?

IF BY YOURSELF, PLEASE SHOW ME HOW YOU DO IT

PLEASE SHAKE HANDS WITH PATIENTS. BESIDES BEING KIND AND ENCOURAGING, YOU WILL FEEL THE TEMPERATURE OF THEIR PERIPHERAL SKIN.

© EUROPEAN GLAUCOMA SOCIETY

FLOWCHARTS

II. DIAGNOSTIC COMPONENTS

PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND RELATED CONDITIONS

ON VF

IOP

 

ON VF

 

ON VF

 

ON VF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ON VF

 

ON VF

 

 

 

 

ON VF

 

ON VF

 

ON VF

 

 

N N

>21

 

N S

 

N A

 

S N

 

S S

 

S A

 

A N

 

A S

 

A A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OTHER

 

POAG-SUSPECT

 

CONGENITAL DISC

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CAUSES

 

–––––

 

ABNORMALITY

 

CONSIDER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

POAG

 

–––––

 

LARGE DISCS

 

–––––

 

ARTEFACT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUSPECT

 

CONSIDER

 

–––––

 

EARLY POAG

 

–––––

 

EARLY

 

 

 

 

OHT

 

–––––

 

EARLY

 

CONGENITAL ONH

 

–––––

 

POAG

 

 

POAG

 

POAG

 

 

 

 

 

 

POAG

 

 

 

 

ARTEFAC

 

POAG

 

ABNORMALITY

 

POAG-SUSPECT

 

–––––

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T

 

WITH

 

–––––

 

–––––

 

POAG-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SMALL

 

PRE-PERIMETRIC

 

CONSIDER

 

SUSPECT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISC

 

GLAUCOMA

 

ARTEFACT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IOP = INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ON = OPTIC NERVE

VF = VISUAL FIELD ABNORMAL FINDINGS SHOULD BE CONFIRMED BY REPEATED EXAMS

N = NORMAL

S = SUSPICIOUS

A = ABNORMAL

© EUROPEAN GLAUCOMA SOCIETY

FLOWCHARTS