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Step by Step Laser in Ophthalmology_Bhattacharya_2009

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228 LASER IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

Retinal and choroidal hemorrhage is caused by the acoustic and shock waves generated by optical breakdown very close to retinal surface. Usually choroidal and retinal hemorrhages clear within four weeks. If during laser procedure choroidal hemorrhage is detected, pressure on the globe by the laser contact lens will stop it spontaneously.

2.Retinal hole formation and retinal detachment.

3.Cataract formation (in phakic eyes): The suggested laser focus behind the posterior capsule to avoid this complication is 4 mm.

4.Implant damage (in Pseudophakic eyes).

5.Vitreous hemorrhage: Posterior vitreolysis of an untreated vascularised membrane or band causes vitreous hemorrhage.

6.Vitritis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Berglin L, et al. A new technique of treating rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:890-92.

2.Bhattacharyya B. Clinical Applications:YAG Laser (Ophthalmology).New Delhi:Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)Ltd,2005:26-7,106-10.

3.Bonner RF, Meyers SM, Gaasterland DE. Threshold for retinal damage associated with the use of a highpower neodymium YAG lasers in the vitreous. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96: 153-59.

4.Frankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Van der Zypen E. Vitreolysis with the Q-switched laser. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1166.

5.Frankhauser F, Kwasniewska S. Neodymium: Yttrium- Aluminium-Garnet laser. In Francis A. L’esperance, Jr. (Ed.) Ophthalmic Lasers. St. Louis : The CV Mosby Co. 1989; 858-66.

Nd: YAG POSTERIOR SEGMENT VITREOLYSIS 229

6.Frankhauser F. The Q-switched laser: Principles and clinical results. In Trokel S (Ed.). YAG laser Ophthalmic Microsurgery. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1983,

pp128-31.

7.Gibbons WB, Allen RG. Retinal damage from suprathreshold Q-switched laser exposure. Health Phys 1978; 35:461-69.

8.Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Jednock N. Retinal damage from

aQ-switched YAG laser. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:326-29.

9.Puliafito CA, Wasson PJ, Steinert RF, et al. Nd-YAG laser surgery on experimental vitreous membranes. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:843-47.

10.Tassignon MJ, et al. Vitreo-retinal membranes treated with the Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. Lasers Ophthalmol 1987;1:205.

INDEX

Angiomatosis retinae 68 complications 72 contraindications 68 indications 68 postlaser advice 71 technique 69

Anterior hyaloidectomy 166 general steps 166 indications 166 technique 167

Anterior segment applications 207 corneal neovascularization-

laser application 212 complications 214 indications 213 technique 213

drainage of conjunctival cyst 210

indication 210 technique 210

goniophotocoagulation 212 indication 212 technique 212

laser suture lysis 210 complications 212 indications 211 technique 211

reopening of blocked filtering site/bleb 210

indication 210 technique 210

repositioning of PCIOL 209 technique 209

retained anterior capsular remnants 208

indication 208 techniques 208

Anterior segment vitreolysis 217 general steps 219 indications 218

postlaser advice 221 prelaser examination protocol

218 technique 219

Argon laser 107, 123, 143 iridotomy 123

complications 127 contraindications 124 follow-up schedule 127 general steps 125 indications 124 postlaser advice 127 technique 126

trabeculoplasty 107 complications 112 contraindications 109 general steps 109 indications 108 mode of action 108 postlaser advice 112 technique 110

pupilloplasty 143 complications 146 contraindications 144 general steps 144 indications 144 postlaser advice 146 technique 145

232 LASER IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

C								contraindications				76
Central serous choriodopathy							94	general steps			77
Central serous choriodopathy							94	indications		76
complications		96						indications		76
complications		96						postlaser advice				78
contraindication			94					postlaser advice				78
contraindication			94					technique	77
general steps		95						technique	77
general steps		95
indications	94							N
technique	95							Nd: YAG 129, 149, 153, 159,
Cyclophotocoagulation					167			Nd: YAG 129, 149, 153, 159,
Cyclophotocoagulation					167			173, 195, 199, 203
complications		169						173, 195, 199, 203
complications		169						coreoplasty		153
contraindications				164				coreoplasty		153
contraindications				164				complications				157
contact method				169				complications				157
contact method				169				follow-up schedule						157
non-contact method						169		follow-up schedule						157
non-contact method						169		general steps				154
indications	168							general steps				154
indications	168							indications			154
I								indications			154
I								postoperative advice						157
Infiltration anesthesia				16				prelaser examination
Infiltration anesthesia				16				schedule 154
L								schedule 154
L								technique			155
								technique			155
Laser parameters		12						corticolysis		199
Laser peripheral iridoplasty							137	general steps				200
complications		140						postlaser advice					201
contraindications				138				technique			200
general steps		138						iridotomy	129
indications	138							complications				134
postlaser advice			140					contraindications					130
technique	139							follow-up schedule						134
Laser tissue interactions					4			general steps				130
focusing of laser beam						9		indications			130
gradation of photocoagu-								management				134
lation lesions					9			postlaser advice					134
influence of opacities in								technique			131
ocular media					8			membranectomy				203
lasers in photocoagulation							6	complications				205
diode laser		8						general steps				204
freq-doubled Nd: YAG								indications			204		205
laser	7							postlaser advice					205
laser	7							technique			205
krypton red laser					7			technique			205
krypton red laser					7			persistent hyperplastic
photocoagulation				4				persistent hyperplastic
photocoagulation				4				pupillary membranec-
M								pupillary membranec-
M								tomy		159
Malignant melanoma				76				complications				163
complications		78						general steps				161

											INDEX			233
indications		160				follow-up	62
postoperative advice					163	general steps			60
prelaser examination						indications	60
schedule 160						postlaser advice					61
photomydriasis			149			technique	61
complications			152			Photoablation	13
contraindications				150		Photocoagulation			35, 82, 85
general steps			150			in BRVO 82
indications		150				contraindication						82
postlaser advice				152		indication			82
technique		151				technique			83
posterior capsulotomy					173	timing of laser					82
complications			190			in CRVO 85
contraindications				177		follow-up schedule							86
follow-up schedule					190	indication			85
general steps			178			technique			86
indications		174				timing of laser					85
postoperative advice					188	in diabetic maculopathy 35
technique		182				complications					44
timing of capsulotomy 177						general steps					37
sweeping	195					indications			37
contraindication				196		postlaser advice						43
etiology 196						postlaser follow-up							43
general steps			196			technique			38
postlaser advice				197		Photodisruption			14
technique		167				Photodynamic therapy						45
P						complications			51
P						contraindications					46
Panretinal photocoagulation in						contraindications					46
Panretinal photocoagulation in						ocular	46
diabetic retinopathy 21						ocular	46
diabetic retinopathy 21						systemic		47
complications		30				systemic		47
complications		30				dose calculation					47
contraindications			23			dose calculation					47
contraindications			23			general steps			48
general steps		23				general steps			48
general steps		23				indications	46
indications	22					indications	46
indications	22					infusion of the verteporfin									49
postlaser advice			29			infusion of the verteporfin									49
postlaser advice			29			mode of action				47
postlaser follow-up				30		mode of action				47
postlaser follow-up				30		postlaser advice					50
technique	26					postlaser advice					50
technique	26					preparation of the dye							47
Pascal photocoagulation 16						preparation of the dye							47
Pascal photocoagulation 16						technique	49
Peripheral retinal degenerations 60						technique	49
Peripheral retinal degenerations 60						Photoradiation		14
complications		61				Photovaporization				13
contraindications			60			Photovaporization				13
contraindications			60			Post photocoagulation advice									13
						Post photocoagulation advice									13

234 LASER IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

Posterior segment vitreolysis 223 complications 227 contraindication 224

criteria for selection of site 225 general steps 226

indications 224 postlaser follow-up 72 prelaser examination

schedule 224

Retinal breaks 62 complications 65 contraindications 63 general steps 63 indications 63 postlaser advice 64 postlaser follow-up 66

Retinal vasculitis 90 complications 93 contraindication 91 follow-up schedule 93 general steps 91 indications 90 postlaser advice 93 technique 92

timing of laser 91 Retinoblastoma 72

complications 75 contraindications 73 general steps 73 indications 73 postlaser follow-up 76 technique 74

Retinopathy of prematurity 97 complications 101 follow-up schedule 100 general steps 99 indications 98

retrolental fibroplasia 97 technique 99

timing of laser 99

Selective laser trabeculoplasty 115 complications 121 contraindications 116 general steps 117

indications 116 mode of action 116 postlaser advice 120 technique 119

Transpupillary thermotherapy 53 contraindication 54 follow-up schedule 57 general steps 55

indications 54 mode of action 54 postlaser advice 57 technique 55 timing of laser 55

Xanthophyll pigment 6

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