Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Seeing_De Valois_2000

A

Aberrations, 4, 8–13, 17–18, 22–23 astigmatism, 46

chromatic, 25–26, 28–33 diffraction, 4, 9–13 monochromatic, 26 retinal periphery, 46

wave aberration function, 25–28 Accommodation, 3–4

Aliasing, 39–46

Aperture problem, 285–287 Apodization, 24

Area middle temporal (MT), 284–285 Attention, 321–324, 335–370, see also Preatten-

tive vision, Vision after attention, Vision with attention, Vision without attention

B

Binocular correspondence, 180–191 binocular discrepancy map, 189–191 binocular disparity, 181

coordinate systems, 187–189 corresponding retinal points, 181–182, 187

Binocular sensory fusion, 191–197 allelotropia, 192–193

color fusion, 197

disparity gradient limits, 195–197 Panum’s fusional areas, 191–192, 245 phase disparity and, 193–194 positional disparity and, 193–194 retinal eccentricity, 195

spatial constraints, 193

spatial frequency and, 193–194 temporal constraints, 197

Binocular suppression, 241–249 binocular percept rivalry, 246–248 binocular retinal rivalry, 243–246 interocular blur suppression, 242–243 permanent-occlusion suppression,

248–249 suspension, 243

Binocular vision, 177–257 Bipolar cells, 1, 35–37

on and off varieties, 36, 93–94 decremental, 140

incremental, 140

C

Center mechanism, see Receptive field, center and surround

Chromatic discriminations purity, 153

388 Index

Chromatic discriminations (continued) spatial contrast sensitivity, 155–158 temporal contrast sensitivity, 158–159 wavelength, 151–152

CIE xyz color space, 132–134 Color appearance

adaptation and afterimages, 166–167 binocular color mixture, 197 brightness, 164–165

contrast and similitude, 165–166 hue, 161–163

opponency, 160–161 saturation, 163–164 Color vision, 129–170

adaptation and afterimages, 166–167 color contrast, 151, 165–166

color matching, 129–133 color spaces, 131–135

deficiencies, 136–137, 149–151, 159–160 information available, 95–96

luminance and, 168–169 preattentive processing of, 344–345

precortical processing, 36–37, 141–145 prestriate color processing, 149–151 spatial frequency selectivity, 167–168 trichromacy, 129–131

V1 processing, 145–149 Complex cells

direction selectivity, 282–284 nonlinearity of, 66–67, 100–101

Cones, 1, 33, 42 distribution, 33, 42, 138 genetic coding, 136

L cones, 134

retinal connectivity, 140–141, 143–145 spectral sensitivity, 136

variations in, 137 M cones, 134

retinal connectivity, 140–141, 143–145 spectral sensitivity, 136

variations in, 137 S cones, 134

retinal connectivity, 141–142, 144–145 spectral sensitivity, 136

sensitivity, 33, 135–137 transduction, 138–139

Contrast coding

discrimination in V1 neurons, 113–114 gain control, 110–111

nonlinearities in, 101–103 V1 neurons, 101–103 variability in, 103

Contrast sensitivity, spatial, 37–38 color, 155–158, 88 eccentricity and, 86–87 high-frequency cutoff, 37–38 luminance, 84–86

luminance level and, 87–88 relation to sampling, 37–38

Contrast sensitivity, temporal color, 158–159, 88 luminance, 84–86 luminance level and, 87–88

Curvature

preattentive processing of, 347 V2 responses to, 316, 325

V4 responses to, 318, 325–327 Cyclopean vision, 177–178, 180

D

Difference of Gaussians model, see Receptive field

Direction of motion, analysis of along a given axis, 268–285

correlation models, 268–269

linear spatiotemporal frequency filters, 270–272

motion energy filtering, 272 physiology, 282–285 psychophysics, 274–282 Reichardt models, 268–269 spatiotemporal gradients, 272–273

from multiple different axes, 285–296 aperture problem, 285–287 feature tracking, 291–292

going from 1-D to 2-D, 285–287 intersection of constraints, 287–292 plaid coherence, 287–291

speed determination, 288–291 vector sum model, 292–296

Direction selectivity, neural, 70–74, 107–108, 282–285

Disparity encoding, 197–217

classes of matchable tokens, 200–202 computational algorithms, 205–208 disparity pools or channels, 216–217 estimating disparity magnitude, 214–

216

extrinsic and intrinsic noise, 212–213 interocular correlation (IOC), 208–210 matching constraints, 202–205 off-horopter IOC sensitivity, 211–212

Dorsal pathway, 311–312

E

Egocentric direction, 178

Emmetropization, 2–3

F

Feature integration theory, 340

Feature tracking, 261, 274–280, 291–292, 306 First-order motion, 260–264, 266–285 Frequency doubled response, 67

Form vision, 79–128, 311–329

G

Ganglion cells, 1, 35–37

receptive fields, 35–37,142–145

H

Horizontal cells, 141–142 Horopter, 177, 182–186 horizontal, 182–184

vertical, 184–186

I

Illusory conjunctions, 364 Image formation, 1–33,

linear systems description, 17–21 magnification, 7–8

physics of, 4–17

principle of reversibility, 10 refraction rule, 5–8

Snell’s law of refraction, 7, 9 transfer rule, 5–8

vergence, 5–8

wave theory of, see Optics, wave theory Image sampling, 1–2, 33–49

Impulse response functions, 65–66 Increments and decrements of light

coding of, 140–143 Inferotemporal cortex, 313

anterior inferotemporal cortex (AIT), 313 attentional effects, 323–324

central inferotemporal cortex (CIT), 313 computational principles, 327–328 nonlinearities, 320

stimulus selectivity, 319–321

K

Koniocellular system, 91, 141, 145, 147

L

L cones, see Cones, L cones

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells, 66 Light adaptation, 92–95

Linear spatiotemporal frequency filters, 270–272 Linear summation, see Receptive fields, linear

summation within Linking hypotheses, 83–84 Luminance, 131–132, 134–135

additivity, 154–155

brightness, intensity and, 153–155 measurement of, 154–155

neural coding of, 143

M

M cones, see Cones, M cones

Magnocellular system, 90–91, 96, 141, 145,168 MBDKL physiological color space, 134–135 Middle temporal (MT), see Area MT

Midget cells, see Parvocellular cells

Modulation transfer function, 19, 22–24, 27–28 Motion aftereffect, 275

Motion energy filtering, 272–280, 282–284 Motion filters, characteristics of, 268–272, 280–

285

Motion vision, 259–309

analyzing direction along a given axis, 268– 286

color and, 169–170

correspondence (feature matching), 259–260, 274–280

filtering versus correspondence, 274–280 physiology of, 282–285

representing image motion, 260–267 2-D velocity space, 266–267

feature tracking, 261, 274–280, 291–292, 306

frequency domain representations, 263–264 movies, 261

second-order (non-Fourier) motion, 264– 266, 294–306

space–time images, 262–263

N

Neural sampling, see Sampling Non-Cartesian pattern coding, 318

Non-Fourier motion, see Motion vision, secondorder

Nonlinear dynamical systems, 56

390 Index

Nonlinear summation, see Receptive fields, nonlinear subunits

O

Object identification, 121–122 inferotemporal neurons and, 320–321 V1 neurons and, 115–119, 121–122

Occlusion stereopsis, 237–241 depth ambiguity, 241

discriminating monocular versus binocular features, 238–239

occlusion geometry, 239–240 Oculocentric direction, 177 Opponent cells, 143–149

hue and, 162–163

purity discrimination and, 153 wavelength discrimination and, 152

Optical transfer function, 22–24 Optics

Fourier, 13–17

geometrical nonparaxial, 8–9 geometrical paraxial, 5–8 photon noise and, 88–89 wave theory, 9–13

Orientation, 68–76, 106 dynamics of, 74–76

preattentive processing of, 345–346 simple cells, 68–70

P

P cell, see Parvocellular cells P system, 36–37

Panum’s fusional areas, see Binocular sensory fusion

Panum’s limiting case, see Disparity encoding, matching constraints

Parvocellular cells, 36, 61 cone input to, 61–62 ganglion cells, 36, 42 receptive fields, 61–62

Parvocellular (P) system, 90–91, 96,141, 145, 168

Perceived visual direction, 177–180 Perceptual color space, 131–132 Phase information

loss of, 315–316

Panum’s area and, 193–194 transfer function, 19, 22

Photoreceptor, see Rods and Cones

Point spread function, 8–9,17–22, 35 Pop-out, see Preattentive vision, pop-out Position, selectivity for, 106–107

Posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT), 312–313 form vision and, 319

Preattentive vision, 337–358 conjunction search, 340–341

global versus local precedence, 347–348 object processing, 354–358

faces, 357

letters and words, 356–357 shape, 356

pop-out, 338

preattentive features, 344–354 color, 344–345

curvature, 347 depth, 350–351 lustre, 351–352 motion, 348–350 orientation, 345–347 shape, 352–354

size, 347–348 vernier offset, 351

search asymmetries, 338 serial search, 339–340

search tasks, methodological issues, 341–343 texture segregation, 343–344

Primary visual cortex, see V1

Psychophysical performance models, 119–121 Pupil function, 24

R

Receptive field (classical), 35, 55–76 attentional effects, 321–322 center and surround, 58–64 cone, 35

difference of Gaussians model, 58–62 ganglion cell, 35, 56–66

linear summation within, 56, 58–62, 100, 314 measurement and analysis of, 64–66 nonlinear subunits, 62–64

nonlinearities of, 67–76, 100, 314 P cells, 61

and perception, 55–56 size–variation in, 314

Xcells, 60–62

Ycells, 64

Receptive field (nonclassical) attentional effects, 322–323 nonlinearities from, 315–316

Receptor-horizontal cell-bipolar cell synapse, 139–143

basal synapses, 140

diffuse bipolar cells, 140 L and M cones, 140–141

invaginating synapses, 140

and midget bipolar cells, 140 L and M cones, 140–141

Receptors, see rods and cones Refractive error of the eye, 4, 46–49

Reichardt motion models, 268–269, 278–279 Resolution, 38–42

foveal, 38–41 peripheral, 41–49

Retinal coding, 143–145 contrast and luminance, 91–94

L and M cone difference, 143–144 L and M cone summation, 143

S and LM cone difference, 144–145 space, 89–91

Retinal connectivity, 139–143 Rods, 1, 33

distribution, 33,42 retinal circuitry, 41, 141 rhodopsin, 136 sensitivity, 33, 136

S

S cones, see Cones, S cones Sampling, 33–49

bipolar and ganglion cell, 44–46 contrast detection, 37–38 functional implications, 37–41 neural convergence, 35–37 neural divergence, 35–37 perceptual consequences, 41–46 retinal image, 33–37

retinal periphery, in the, 41–46 spatial resolution and, 38–49, 90

Saturation, 131–132, 153

Second-order motion, 264–266, 294–306 models, 294–296, 298–299 physiology, 305–306

psychophysics, 299–306 Simple cells, 67–68

direction selectivity, 282–284 linear summation, 67–68, 100 nonlinearities of, 67–68, 100–103

Spatial frequency

binocular sensory fusion and, 193–194

Index 391

selectivity for, 103–106

stereopsis and, 226–230, 234–237 Spatial vision, 79–128

neural selectivity, 89–96 performance and, 96–99

single neurons and behavior, 80–84 Stereoscopic depth perception, 217–237

contrast and, 231–232

depth ordering and scaling, 217–219 hyperacuity, superresolution and gap resolu-

tion, 219–222

off-horopter and eccentric depth discrimination, 230–231

position and phase limits, 226–230 relative disparity, 224

spatial interactions, 231 stereo-acuity, 223

stereo-depth contrast, 224–226

sustained and transient stereopsis, 234–237, 242

temporal constraints, 232–233 upper disparity limit, 234

Stiles-Crawford Effect, 24 Strabismus

visual direction in, 179 Striate cortex, see V1

T

Temporal frequency selectivity for, 107 stereopsis and, 234–237

Texture segregation, see Preattentive vision Transient disparity vergence, 237 Trichromacy, see Color vision, trichromacy

V

V1 (visual cortical area 1) anatomical organization, 312 attentional effects, 321

color processing, 146–149

comparison to visual performance, 111–121 computational principles, 324–325 contrast discrimination, 113–114 distribution of cell properties, 109–110 inputs to, 143–145

neural selectivity, 99–111 nonlinearities of, 315–316 receptive fields, 66–76, 324–325

surround suppression and facilitation, 108–109

392 Index

V2 (visual cortical area 2), 312 computational principles, 325 nonlinearities in, 316–317, 325 stimulus selectivity, 316

V4 (visual cortical area 4) anatomical organization, 312 attentional effects, 322–323

computational principles, 325–327 nonlinearities, 318

stimulus selectivity, 318 Ventral pathway, 311–329

anatomical organization, 312–315 attentional effects, 321–324 computational principles, 324–328 physiological properties, 315–321

Vieth-Müller circle, 182–183 Vision after attention, 364–366

change blindness, 366 repeated search tasks, 365–366

Vision with attention, 358–364 feature binding, 364

modulation of processing, 363–364 reduction of uncertainty, 362 selection in time, 360–361 selection in space, 358–360

signal enhancement, 362–363

speed of processing, 363 vigilance, 361–362

Vision without attention, 367–369 Visual direction

disparate images, 179 egocentric, 178–179 Hering’s Laws of, 178–180 oculocentric, 177

partially occluded objects, 179 Visual search, see Preattentive vision

W

Waterfall illusion, 275

X

Xcells

receptive fields, 60–62

Y

Ycells

receptive fields, 62–64 spatial phase invariance, 64