cell complexes toward pro-inßammatory reaction by inÞltrating macrophages [67]. If inhibitory (or stimulatory) antibodies are produced against functional receptors on cell surface such as M3R, the cellular functions will be impaired by the autoantibodies resulting in tissue hypofunction (or hyperfunction) and organ failure. The autoantibody-mediated cellular destruction and hypofunction eventually result in organ failure such as dry eye and/or dry mouth. It is important that autoantibody-induced tissue damage may further increase apoptosis and amplify the autoantibody production, contributing to the diseases progression of SS.

Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NIH Grant AI47859.

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