Contributors
Eric S. Ahn, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
J. Fernando Arévalo, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief of Vitreoretinal Division, The King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia
Professor of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Leyla S. Atmaca, M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Pelin Atmaca-Sonmez, M.D. Nurlu Eye Center, Ankara, Turkey
Alay S. Banker, M.D. Director, Retina, Vitreous and Uvea Department, Banker’s Retina Clinic and Laser Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Rubens Belfort Jr., M.D., Ph.D. Head Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital São Paulo, Universidad Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Sergio Bonafonte-Royo, M.D. Director, Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Oftalmología Bonafonte, Barcelona, Spain
Gary C. Brown, M.D., M.B.A. Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of the Retina Service, Jefferson Medical College, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Melissa M. Brown, M.D., M.N., M.B.A. Professor of Ophthalmology, Research Department, Wills Eye Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
CEO, Center for Value-Based Medicine®, Flourtown, PA, USA
Alexander J. Brucker, M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Mariana Cabrera, M.D. Resident, Research Staff, Fundacion Oftalmologica Nacional, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Contributors |
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Roomasa Channa, M.D. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Rohan Chauhan, D.O.` Doctor, Retina, Vitreous and Uvea Department, Banker’s Retina Clinic and Laser Centre, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Luz Elena Concha-del-Río, M.D. Inflammatory Eye Disease Clinic, Hospital “Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes”, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Emmett T. Cunningham Jr., M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. The Uveitis Service,
Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Janet L. Davis, M.D., M.A. Professor of Ophthalmology, Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA
Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia, M.D., Ph.D. Chairman, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Rio Grande de Norte, Tirol, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Maria de Lourdes Arellanes-García, M.D. Inflammatory Eye Disease
Clinic, Hospital “Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes”, Asociación para Evitar la
Ceguera en Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Maria del Carmen Preciado-Delgadillo, M.D., Ph.D. Inflammatory Eye Disease Clinic, “Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes”, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, México, D.F., Mexico
Diana V. Do, M.D. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Assistant Head of Retinal Fellowship Training Program, Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Emilio Dodds, M.D. Hospital Juan A. Fernandez and Consultores Oftalmologicos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Juan V. Espinoza, M.D. Department of Vitreous and Retina, Clinica Oftalmológica de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
Carlos F. Fernandez, M.D. Chief, Clinica Oftalmologica Oftalmolaser, Retina and Vitreous Service, Lima, Peru
Valentina Franco-Cardenas, M.D. Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Hospital “Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes”, Coyoacan, México, México
International Fellow Retina and Surgical Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
William R. Freeman, M.D. Director UCSD Jacobs Retina Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, Shiley Eye Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
Contributors |
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Rafael A. Garcia, |
M.D. Retina and Vitreous Department, Centro |
Oftalmologico de Cordoba, Monteria, CO, Colombia
Reinaldo A. Garcia, M.D. Retina and Vitreous Department, Clínica Oftalmológica El Viñedo, Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela
Elham Hatef, M.D. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, M.D. Retina Service, Instituto de Cirugia Ocular, San Jose, Costa Rica
Mohamed Ibrahim, M.D. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Afsheen A. Khwaja, M.D. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Derek Kuhl, M.D. The Retina Center, Bryan, TX, USA
Andre Luiz Land Curi, M.D., Ph.D. Researcher in Ophthalmology – Infectious Uveitis, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas – IPEC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Centro Hospitalar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Andres F. Lasave, M.D. Ophthalmologist, Retina and Vitreous Service, Clinica Oftalmológica Centro Caracas, San Bernardino, Caracas, DF, Venezuela
Anita M. Leys, M.D., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Retina, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Anat Loewenstein, M.D., M.H.A. Director, Vice Dean, Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Nikolas J.S. London, M.D. Retina Service Department, Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Naresh Mandava, M.D. Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
Salil Mehta, M.S., D.N.B. Department of Ophthalmology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Center, Bandra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
William F. Mieler, M.D. Professor and Vice-Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
John J. Miller, M.D. Georgia Retina, Atlanta, GA, USA
Cristina Muccioli, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, São Paulo Hospital – Universidad Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Quan Dong Nguyen, M.D. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous, and Uveitis, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Fernando Orefice Professor Titular de Oftalmologia da UFMG, Diretor da Divisão de Uveites do Centro Brasileiro de Ciências Visuais, Department of Oftalmologia, Hospital São Geraldo, HC/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Graciela Prado, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital México, San Jose, Costa Rica
Hugo Quiroz-Mercado, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Denver Health Medical Center, Professor of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
Narsing A. Rao, M.D. Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Claudia Recillas-Gipsert, M.D. Departamento de Oftalmología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Breno da Rocha Lima, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Francisco J. Rodriguez, M.D. Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Facultad de Medicina, Retina and Vitreous Department, Universidad del Rosario, Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
Andrew P. Schachat, M.D. Vice Chairman for Clinical Affairs, Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic – Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Susan Schneider, M.D. Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA
Stephen G. Schwartz, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA
Nathaniel C. Sears, B.S. Chemistry. Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Yasir J. Sepah, M.B.B.S. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Sanjay Sharma, M.D., M.Sc. (epid.), M.B.A. Professor of Ophthalmology and Epidemiology, Queens Medical College, Kingston, ON, Canada
Bhavna P. Sheth, M.D. The Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Carol L. Shields, M.D. Co-Director, Oncology Service, Professor of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jerry A. Shields, M.D. Director, Oncology Service, Professor of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Matthew Shulman, B.A. Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Leigh H. Spielberg, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, BH, The Netherlands
Luis Suarez Tata, M.D. Vitreoretinal Service, Clínica Oftalmológica El Viñedo, Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela
Ahmad Bakir Tarabishy, M.D. Resident, Cleveland Clinic – Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
Peykan Turkcuoglu, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
Lihteh Wu, M.D. Associate Surgeon Retina Service, Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José, Costa Rica
Shalini Yalamanchi M.D. Uveitis Fellow, Uveitis and Intraocular Inflammation Service, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, M.D. The Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, The LuEsther T. Mertz Retina Research Center, Manhattan, Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Careen Yen Lowder, M.D., Ph.D. Full Professional Staffl, Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
David G. Zeballos, M.D. Ophthalmologist, Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Kennedy Alborada, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador
Dinah Zur, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Retinal and Choroidal |
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Manifestations of HIV/AIDS |
J. Fernando Arévalo, Rafael A. García,
Nikolas J.S. London, Emmett T. Cunningham Jr.,
Rubens Belfort Jr., and William R. Freeman
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has continued despite the advent of new antiviral therapies; this is responsible for an increase in the number of patients with this entity and its survival. The majority of ocular manifestations of HIV infection involve the posterior segment of the eye. Prior to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), retinal microvasculopathy and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis accounted for more than 80% of the ocular complications in HIV-positive patients. To date, HIV disease and CMV retinitis have become chronic diseases. Many challenges remain to be addressed. HAART has indeed decreased the incidence of some ophthalmic problems, such as CMV retinitis, and it has brought with it new challenges, such as immune recovery uveitis (IRU). Ocular disorders associated with HIV disease remain important problems in the world, despite HAART, and increasingly are more significant and frequent. The approach to diagnosis and management of different pathological presentations at the posterior pole is very important.
J.F. Arévalo, M.D., F.A.C.S. ( )
Chief of Vitreoretinal Division, The King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Professor of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA e-mail: arevalojf@jhmi.edu
R.A. García, M.D.
Retina and Vitreous Department, Clínica Oftalmológica El Viñedo, Av. Andres Eloy Blanco con calle
139. El Viñedo, Valencia, Carabobo 2001, Venezuela e-mail: rafagarcia77@yahoo.com
N.J.S. London, M.D.
Retina Service Department, Wills Eye Institute,
1840 Walnut St. Suite 1020, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA e-mail: nik.london@gmail.com
E.T. Cunningham Jr., M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H.
The Uveitis Service, Department of Ophthalmology,
California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco,
CA, USA
e-mail: Emmett_cunningham@yahoo.com
R. Belfort Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital São Paulo, Universidad Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botocatu, 821, São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
e-mail: prof.belfort@clinicabelfort.com.br
W.R. Freeman, M.D.
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, Shiley Eye Center, 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
e-mail: freeman@eyecenter.ucsd.edu
J.F. Arévalo (ed.), Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Selected Systemic Diseases, |
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DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3646-1_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 |
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