- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Introduction
- •Noninfectious Retinal Manifestations
- •Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
- •Necrotizing Herpetic Retinitis (by Varicella Zoster)
- •Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis
- •Syphilitic Uveitis, Papillitis, and Retinitis
- •Candida Vitritis and Retinitis
- •Pneumocystis carinii Choroiditis
- •Cryptococcus neoformans Chorioretinitis
- •Mycobacterium Choroiditis
- •B-Cell Lymphoma
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Etiologic Agent
- •Toxocara canis
- •Ancylostoma caninum
- •Baylisascaris procyonis
- •Trematodes
- •Mode of Transmission
- •Diagnosis and Pathogenesis
- •Early Stage
- •Late Stage
- •Ancillary Tests
- •Serologic Test
- •Fluorescein Angiography
- •Visual Field Studies
- •Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO)
- •Optic Coherence Tomography (OCT)
- •GDx® Nerve Fiber Analyzer
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Laser Treatment
- •Oral Treatment
- •Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV)
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Etiology and Pathogenesis
- •Systemic Manifestations
- •Clinical Intraocular Manifestations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Surgical Technique
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Pathogenesis and Life Cycle
- •Clinical Manifestations
- •Epidemiology
- •Diagnosis
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Current Epidemiology
- •Eyelid Tuberculosis
- •Conjunctival Tuberculosis
- •Scleral Tuberculosis
- •Phlyctenulosis
- •Corneal Tuberculosis
- •Uveal Tuberculosis
- •Anterior Uveitis
- •Intermediate Uveitis
- •Posterior Uveitis (Choroidal Tuberculosis)
- •Orbital Tuberculosis
- •Retinal Tuberculosis
- •Retinal Vascular Disease
- •Tuberculous Panophthalmitis
- •Neuro-ophthalmological Aspects
- •Ocular Tuberculosis Associated with Mycobacterium bovis
- •Rare Presentations
- •Isolated Macular Edema
- •Isolated Ocular Tuberculosis
- •Intraocular Infection with Pigmented Hypopyon
- •Ocular Tuberculosis After Corticosteroid Therapy
- •Systemic Investigations
- •Ocular Investigations
- •Corticosteroid Therapy
- •Antitubercular Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Manifestations
- •Epidemiology
- •Diagnosis
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Pyrimethamine
- •Sulfonamides
- •Folinic Acid
- •Clindamycin
- •Azithromycin
- •Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
- •Spiramycin
- •Atovaquone
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Bartonellosis
- •Epidemiology
- •Microbiology
- •Clinical Findings in Cat Scratch Disease
- •Systemic Manifestations
- •Ocular Manifestations
- •Parinaud’s Oculoglandular Syndrome (POGS)
- •Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations and Complications
- •Neuroretinitis (Leber’s Neuroretinitis)
- •Multifocal Retinitis and Choroiditis
- •Vasculitis and Vascular Occlusion
- •Peripapillary Bacillary Angiomatosis
- •Uveitis
- •Diagnosis
- •Biopsy and Testing
- •Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Clinical Pearls
- •Lyme Disease
- •Diagnosis
- •Ocular Manifestations
- •Intermediate Uveitis
- •Retinal Vasculitis, Branch Retinal Artery, Retinal Vein Occlusion, and Cotton-Wool Spots
- •Neuroretinitis
- •Other Ocular Manifestations
- •Cystoid Macular Edema and Macular Pucker
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
- •Retinitis Pigmentosa-Like Retinopathy
- •Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
- •Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy-Like Picture
- •Retinal Tear
- •Ciliochoroidal Detachment
- •Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Clinical Pearls
- •Syphilis
- •Ocular Manifestations
- •Retina and Choroid
- •Retinal Vasculature
- •Optic Disk
- •Association Between HIV and Syphilis
- •Clinical Importance of Ocular Syphilis
- •Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Clinical Pearls
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Acute Retinal Necrosis
- •Causative Virus
- •Epidemiology
- •Virological Diagnosis
- •Clinical Course
- •Treatment
- •Cytomegalovirus
- •Diagnosis
- •Staging and Progression
- •Laboratory Findings
- •Treatment
- •Pharmacologic
- •Surgical
- •Patient Follow-up
- •Epidemiology
- •Diagnosis
- •HIV Disease
- •HIV Therapy
- •Ocular Manifestations of HIV
- •Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis
- •Diagnosis
- •Etiology
- •Therapy
- •Rubella
- •West Nile Virus
- •Other Systemic Illnesses
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •What Is the Best Surgical Approach for Repair of Secondary Retinal Detachment?
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Causative Organisms
- •Candidiasis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Aspergillus Retinitis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Cryptococcal Chorioretinitis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Coccidioides immitis Chorioretinitis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Histoplasma Chorioretinitis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Sporothrix schenckii Chorioretinitis
- •Risk Factors
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •10: Endogenous Endophthalmitis
- •Introduction
- •Clinical Findings
- •Diagnosis
- •How to Culture
- •Polymerase Chain Reaction
- •Treatment
- •Systemic Antibiotics
- •Intravitreous Antibiotics
- •Corticosteroid Therapy
- •Vitrectomy
- •Prognosis
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Etiology
- •Genetic Features
- •Immunopathogenesis
- •Diagnosis
- •Posterior Segment Findings
- •Management
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Prevalence and Incidence
- •Age of Onset
- •The Gender Factor
- •Etiopathogenesis
- •Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- •Ocular Involvement
- •Posterior Segment Involvement
- •Fluorescein Angiography
- •Indocyanine Green Angiography
- •Optical Coherence Tomography
- •Other Ocular Manifestations
- •Complications
- •Histopathology
- •Prognosis of Ocular Disease
- •Juvenile Behçet’s Disease
- •Pregnancy and Behçet’s Disease
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Management of Ocular Disease
- •Medical Treatment
- •Colchicine
- •Corticosteroids
- •Intravitreal Triamcinolone
- •Cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus (FK506)
- •Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment
- •Cytotoxic and Other Immunosuppressive Agents
- •Tolerization Therapy
- •Laser Treatment
- •Plasmapheresis
- •Cataract Surgery
- •Trabeculectomy
- •Vitrectomy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Pearls
- •References
- •13: Intraocular Lymphoma
- •Introduction
- •Historical Background
- •Epidemiology
- •Etiology
- •Imaging
- •Diagnosis and Pathology
- •Treatment
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •14: Choroidal and Retinal Metastasis
- •Introduction
- •Primary Cancer Sites Leading to Intraocular Metastasis
- •Intraocular Metastasis Onset
- •Choroidal Metastases
- •Ciliary Body Metastases
- •Iris Metastases
- •Retinal Metastases
- •Optic Disk Metastases
- •Vitreous Metastases
- •Ocular Paraneoplastic Syndromes
- •Diagnostic Evaluation for Ocular Metastasis
- •Systemic Evaluation
- •Fluorescein Angiography
- •Indocyanine Green Angiography
- •Ultrasonography
- •Optical Coherence Tomography
- •Computed Tomography
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
- •Surgical Biopsy
- •Pathology of Ocular Metastasis
- •Observation
- •Radiotherapy
- •Surgical Excision, Enucleation
- •Patient Prognosis
- •Controversies and Perspective
- •Pearls
- •References
- •Introduction
- •CAR Cases
- •CAR Case 1: CAR Secondary to Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory Neuroblastoma)
- •CAR Case 2: CAR Associated with Metastatic Breast Cancer
- •CAR Case 3: Paraneoplastic Optic Neuritis and Retinitis Associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer
- •Paraneoplastic Retinopathy: Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy (MAR)
- •MAR Case
- •Pearls
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Ulcerative Colitis
- •Crohn’s Disease
- •Ocular Manifestations
- •Posterior Segment Lesions
- •Treatment of Ocular Manifestations
- •Whipple’s Disease
- •Diagnosis
- •Extraintestinal Manifestations
- •Central Nervous System
- •Others
- •Treatment
- •Avitaminosis A
- •Pancreatitis
- •Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Demographics
- •Genetics
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Management
- •Demographics
- •Genetics
- •Ophthalmologic Features
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Management
- •Demographics
- •Genetics
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Management
- •Genetics
- •Ophthalmologic Features
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Management
- •Genetics
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Management
- •Genetics
- •Fundus Manifestations
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •References
- •Pathogenesis and Laboratory Findings
- •Innate Immune System Activation
- •Increased Availability of Self-antigen and Apoptosis
- •Adaptive Immune Response
- •Damage to Target Organs
- •General Clinical Findings
- •Ocular Symptoms
- •Posterior Ocular Manifestations
- •Mild Retinopathy
- •Vaso-occlusive Retinopathy
- •Lupus Choroidopathy
- •Anterior Visual Pathway
- •Posterior Visual Pathway
- •Oculomotor System
- •Anterior Ocular Manifestations
- •Drug-Related Ocular Manifestations
- •General Management
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •19: Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease
- •Introduction
- •History
- •Epidemiology
- •Immunopathogenesis
- •Histopathology
- •Immunogenetics
- •Clinical Features
- •Extraocular Manifestations
- •Ancillary Test
- •Fluorescein Angiography (FA)
- •Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA)
- •Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis (CSF)
- •Ultrasonography (USG)
- •Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
- •Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
- •Electrophysiology
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- •Primary Intraocular B-Cell Lymphoma
- •Posterior Scleritis
- •Uveal Effusion Syndrome
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Lyme Disease
- •Treatment
- •Complications
- •Prognosis
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •General
- •Genetics
- •Pathogenesis
- •Ocular Pathology
- •Lens
- •Retina
- •Lens Subluxation
- •Clinical Findings
- •Pathogenesis
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Retinal Detachment
- •Clinical Findings
- •Pathogenesis
- •Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •21: Diabetic Retinopathy
- •Introduction
- •Pathogenesis
- •Risk Factors
- •Duration of Disease
- •Glucose Control
- •Blood Pressure Control
- •Lipid Control
- •Other Factors
- •Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- •Advanced Eye Disease
- •Diabetic Macular Edema
- •Management
- •Glycemic Control
- •Blood Pressure Control
- •Serum Lipid Control
- •Aspirin Treatment
- •Laser Photocoagulation
- •Vitrectomy
- •Pharmacotherapy
- •Corticosteroids
- •Triamcinolone Acetonide
- •Fluocinolone Acetonide
- •Extended-Release Dexamethasone
- •Pegaptanib
- •Ranibizumab
- •Bevacizumab
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Hypertensive Retinopathy
- •Hypertensive Choroidopathy
- •Indirect Effects
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Summary
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Anemia
- •Aplastic Anemia
- •Hemoglobinopathies
- •Sickle Cell Disease
- •Thalassemia
- •Deferoxamine Toxicity
- •Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- •Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
- •Hemophilia and Platelet Disorders
- •Myelodysplastic Disorders
- •Myeloproliferative Disorders
- •Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- •Polycythemia Vera
- •Essential Thrombocythemia
- •Leukemias
- •Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- •Lymphoid
- •Lymphomas
- •B Cell Lymphoma
- •Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- •Plasma Cell Disorders
- •Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma
- •Plasma Cell Leukemia
- •T Cell Lymphomas
- •Controversies/Perspectives
- •Roth Spots
- •Anti-VEGF Therapy
- •Focal Points
- •Anemia
- •Hemoglobinopathies
- •Myelodysplastic Syndrome
- •Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
- •Leukemia
- •Lymphoma
- •References
- •24: The Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
- •Introduction
- •Demography
- •Etiology
- •Symptoms
- •Loss of Vision
- •Amaurosis Fugax
- •Pain
- •Visual Acuity
- •Signs
- •External
- •Anterior Segment Changes
- •Posterior Segment Findings
- •Diagnostic Studies
- •Fluorescein Angiography
- •Electroretinography
- •Carotid Artery Imaging
- •Others
- •Systemic Associations
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Systemic Therapy: Carotid Artery
- •Ophthalmic Therapy
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •25: Ocular Manifestations of Pregnancy
- •Introduction
- •Physiologic Changes
- •Intraocular Pressure
- •Cornea
- •Pathologic Conditions
- •Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
- •Clinical Features
- •Ocular Manifestations
- •HELLP Syndrome
- •Management of PIH
- •Prognosis
- •Central Serous Retinopathy
- •Occlusive Vascular Disorders
- •Purtscher’s-Like Retinopathy
- •Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- •Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- •Amniotic Fluid Embolism
- •Preexisting Conditions
- •Diabetic Retinopathy
- •Progression
- •Factors Associated with Progression
- •Pathophysiology of Progression
- •Treatment Criteria for Diabetic Retinopathy
- •Follow-up Guidelines
- •Intraocular Tumors
- •Uveal Melanoma
- •Choroidal Osteoma
- •Choroidal Hemangioma
- •Ocular Medications
- •Topical Drops
- •Diagnostic Agents
- •Summary
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Toxicity with Diffuse Retinal Changes
- •Toxicity with Pigmentary Degeneration
- •Quinolines
- •Phenothiazines
- •Deferoxamine
- •Toxicity with Crystalline Deposits
- •Tamoxifen
- •Canthaxanthine
- •Toxicity Without Fundus Changes
- •Cardiac Glycosides
- •Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- •Toxicity with Retinal Edema
- •Methanol
- •Toxicity with Retinal Vascular Changes
- •Talc
- •Oral Contraceptives
- •Interferon
- •Toxicity with Maculopathy
- •Niacin
- •Sympathomimetics
- •Toxicity with Retinal Folds
- •Sulfanilamide-Like Medications
- •Summary
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Diabetes
- •Vascular Disease
- •Hypertensive Retinopathy
- •Hypertensive Optic Neuropathy
- •Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- •Dysregulation of the Alternative Complement Pathway with Renal and Ocular Fundus Changes
- •Papillorenal Syndrome
- •Ciliopathies
- •Senior-Loken Syndrome and Related Syndromes with Nephronophthisis
- •Other Rare Metabolic Diseases
- •Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG)
- •Cystinosis
- •Fabry Disease
- •Peroxisomal Diseases: Refsum Disease
- •Neoplastic Diseases with Kidney and Ocular Involvement
- •von Hippel-Lindau Disease
- •Light Chain Deposition Disease
- •Controversies and Perspectives
- •Focal Points
- •References
- •Index
Contents
1 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of HIV/AIDS ................ |
1 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Rafael A. García, |
|
|
Nikolas J.S. London, Emmett T. Cunningham Jr., |
|
|
Rubens Belfort Jr., and William R. Freeman |
|
2 |
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN).................. |
23 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Reinaldo A. Garcia, |
|
|
Luis Suarez Tata, Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia, |
|
|
Fernando Orefice, Andre Luiz Land Curi, |
|
|
and Emmett T. Cunningham Jr. |
|
3 |
Posterior Pole Manifestations of Cysticercosis........................... |
37 |
|
Valentina Franco-Cardenas, Naresh Mandava, |
|
|
and Hugo Quiroz-Mercado |
|
4 |
Posterior Pole Manifestations of Toxocariasis............................ |
47 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo and Juan V. Espinoza |
|
5 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Tuberculosis ............. |
63 |
|
Salil Mehta, Alay S. Banker, and Rohan Chauhan |
|
6 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Toxoplasmosis.......... |
79 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Rubens Belfort Jr., Juan V. Espinoza, |
|
|
Cristina Muccioli, and Emmett T. Cunningham Jr. |
|
7 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations in Bartonellosis, |
|
|
Lyme Disease, and Syphilis .......................................................... |
105 |
|
Mohamed Ibrahim, Peykan Turkcuoglu, Roomasa Channa, |
|
|
Matthew Shulman, Yasir J. Sepah, Elham Hatef, |
|
|
Afsheen A. Khwaja, Diana V. Do, and Quan Dong Nguyen |
|
8 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Viral Diseases........... |
139 |
|
Nathaniel C. Sears and Careen Yen Lowder |
|
9 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Fungal Diseases ....... |
161 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Janet L. Davis, Andre Luiz Land Curi, |
|
|
and Carlos F. Fernandez |
|
10 |
Endogenous Endophthalmitis...................................................... |
193 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Janet L. Davis, Emilio Dodds, |
|
|
and David G. Zeballos |
|
ix
x |
|
Contents |
11 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis ............... |
211 |
|
Careen Yen Lowder and Breno da Rocha Lima |
|
12 |
Posterior Pole Manifestations of Behçet’s Disease..................... |
225 |
|
Pelin Atmaca-Sonmez and Leyla S. Atmaca |
|
13 |
Intraocular Lymphoma ................................................................ |
247 |
|
Lihteh Wu, Narsing A. Rao, Erick Hernandez-Bogantes, |
|
|
Graciela Prado, and J. Fernando Arévalo |
|
14 |
Choroidal and Retinal Metastasis ............................................... |
267 |
|
Carol L. Shields and Jerry A. Shields |
|
15 |
Autoimmune Retinopathy and Paraneoplastic |
|
|
Syndromes...................................................................................... |
283 |
|
Shalini Yalamanchi, John J. Miller, |
|
|
and Janet L. Davis |
|
16 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations |
|
|
of Gastrointestinal Diseases.......................................................... |
309 |
|
Francisco J. Rodriguez, Mariana Cabrera, |
|
|
and Alexander J. Brucker |
|
17 |
Fundus Manifestations of the Oculoneurocutaneous |
|
|
Syndromes (Phakomatoses) ......................................................... |
323 |
|
Jerry A. Shields and Carol L. Shields |
|
18 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations |
|
|
of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) ................................... |
333 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Careen Yen Lowder, |
|
|
and Reinaldo A. Garcia |
|
19 |
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease.................................................. |
353 |
|
Maria de Lourdes Arellanes-García, |
|
|
Luz Elena Concha-del-Río, |
|
|
Maria del Carmen Preciado-Delgadillo, |
|
|
and Claudia Recillas-Gipsert |
|
20 |
Retinal Detachment and Lens Subluxation |
|
|
in Marfan Syndrome..................................................................... |
377 |
|
Dinah Zur and Anat Loewenstein |
|
21 |
Diabetic Retinopathy .................................................................... |
387 |
|
J. Fernando Arévalo, Andres F. Lasave, |
|
|
David G. Zeballos, and Sergio Bonafonte-Royo |
|
22 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations |
|
|
of Systemic Hypertension............................................................. |
417 |
|
Stephen G. Schwartz, Susan Schneider, |
|
|
and William F. Mieler |
|
23 |
Posterior Pole Manifestations of Hematologic Diseases ............ |
425 |
|
Eric S. Ahn, Ahmad Bakir Tarabishy, |
|
|
and Andrew P. Schachat |
|
Contents |
|
xi |
24 |
The Ocular Ischemic Syndrome .................................................. |
451 |
|
Gary C. Brown, Melissa M. Brown, |
|
|
and Sanjay Sharma |
|
25 |
Ocular Manifestations of Pregnancy........................................... |
465 |
|
Derek Kuhl, Stephen G. Schwartz, |
|
|
Bhavna P. Sheth, and William F. Mieler |
|
26 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations |
|
|
of Systemic Medications ............................................................... |
479 |
|
Stephen G. Schwartz and William F. Mieler |
|
27 |
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations |
|
|
of Renal Diseases........................................................................... |
493 |
|
Leigh H. Spielberg and Anita M. Leys |
|
Index....................................................................................................... |
521 |
|