Index

Aptsiauri, N., 286

Arévalo, J.F., 59

ARRON. See Autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy (ARRON)

Arterial hypertension (AHT), 496–497 Arteriolosclerosis, 496, 497

AS. See Alport syndrome (AS)

Aspergillus retinitis

clinical features, 170–171 description, 169 diagnosis, 170–172 pathogenesis, 169–170 risk factors, 169 treatment, 172–173

Atovaquone

classic combination regimens, 98 intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone

injections, 99

mitochondria electron transport chain, 98 photocoagulation and cryotherapy, 99

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), 431 Autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy

(ARRON) characteristics, 304, 306 diagnostic criteria, 305 ERG abnormality, 304, 305

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 305 pathophysiology, 304

treatments, 305

western blot analysis, 304 Autoimmune retinopathy

ARRON

characteristics, 304, 306 diagnostic criteria, 305 ERG abnormality, 304, 305

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 305

pathophysiology, 304 treatments, 305

western blot analysis, 304 CAR

cases, 286–294 clinical symptoms, 285 description, 284

early diagnosis, 285 electroretinography (ERG), 285 etiology, 284

histopathology, 285 initial treatment, 286 malignancies, 284 plasmapheresis, 286 visual symptoms, 285

MAR

cases, 301–304 clinical features, 296 description, 294 diagnosis, 297

histopathologic result, 297 pathogenesis theory, 294

Avitaminosis A, 317

Axer-Seigel, R., 472, 473

Azathioprine

combination therapy, 219, 239

ocular BD, 240

ocular manifestations, 313

VKH treatment, 367

Azithromycin, 97

Azizlerli, G., 226

B

Babel, J., 354

Bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis. See Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE)

Baldenweck, 64

Bansal, R., 76

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), 504–505 Barr, C.C., 249

Barret, R.V., 305

Bartonellosis. See Cat scratch disease Bass, J.W., 113

Bassili, S. S., 355 Baughman, R.P., 219

Baylisascaris procyonis, 26

BBS. See Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) B cell lymphoma, 16–17, 437–438

BD. See Behçet’s disease (BD) Bear tracks, 318

Behçet’s disease (BD) age of onset, 226 characteristics, 242 diagnostic criteria

cardiac system involvement, 228 gastrointestinal system involvement, 228 genital ulcers, 227

genitourinary system, 228 nervous system involvement, 228 pathergy, 227–228

pulmonary involvement, 228 recurrent oral ulcers, 227 skin lesions, 227

vascular involvement, 228 differential diagnosis, 236–237 etiopathogenesis, 226

gender factor, 226 HLA-B51 role, 236 incidence, 226 juvenile, 236

ocular disease (see Ocular Behçet’s disease) ocular involvement

complications, 233–235 episcleritis, 233, 235 FA, 231, 232 histopathology, 234–235 ICGA, 232, 233 iridocyclitis, 228

OCT, 232–234

posterior segment involvement, 229–231

prognosis of, 235–236 pregnancy and, 236 prevalence, 226 terminology, 225

Berenbom, A., 258

Berson, E.L., 294 Bhat, P., 219 Bialasiewicz, A.A., 118 Blair, N.P., 318

Blastomyces dermatitidis clinical features, 185, 186 description, 184–185 diagnosis, 185, 186 pathogenesis, 185

risk factors, 185 treatment, 185

Bloch, R. S., 268 Bloomfield, S.E., 66 Bodine, S.R., 120, 121 Bollack, 64 Bonafonte, S., 410

Borrelia burgdorferi. See Lyme disease Borreliosis. See Lyme disease Bouchut, 64

Bourneville’s syndrome. See Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

Bouza, E., 64 Braunstein, R.A., 24, 27 Breeveld, J., 119 Bright, 513

Brinkley, J.R., 360 Brito, M., 410 Brown, G.C., 452 Brown, S.M., 248 Bruno, M.G., 354 Burnett, A.J., 92 Bykhovskaya, I., 370

C

Campochiaro, P.A., 204 Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR)

cases, 286–294 clinical symptoms, 285 description, 284

early diagnosis, 285 electroretinography (ERG), 285 etiology, 284

histopathology, 285 initial treatment, 286 malignancies, 284 plasmapheresis, 286 visual symptoms, 285

Candida albicans

chorioretinitis production, 162 differential interference contrast microscopy, 163

light microscopy, 164 OCT, 167, 168

pathogenicity, 162 plate culture, 165, 167

Candida endophthalmitis diagnosis, 165

infection, multifocal chorioretinitis, 162, 163 intralenticular lens abscess, 165, 166 occurence, 189

vitreous inflammation, 165, 166 vitreous involvement, 164, 166

Candida species

C. albicans (see Candida albicans) clinical features, 164–166

diagnosis, 165, 167 nosocomial infections, 162 pathogenesis, 164, 165 risk factors, 163–164 treatment, 167–169

Candida vitritis and retinitis, 12–13 Canthaxanthine, 484, 486

CAR. See Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes.

See Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG)

Cardiac glycosides, 486

Carotid artery imaging, OIS, 459 Carotid artery stenosis

carotid endarterectomy, 461 visual evoked potentials, 459

Castanon, C., 432 Cataract surgery

ocular BD, 241 VKH, 368

Cat scratch disease

biopsy and testing, 112–113 diagnosis, 112 epidemiology, 106–107 microbiology, 107

ocular manifestations complications, 109

multifical retinitis and choroiditis, 109–111 neuroretinitis, 109

POGS, 108–109

retinal and choroidal manifestations, 109 serologic testing, 108

peripapillary bacillary angiomatosis, 111 systemic manifestations, 108

therapy, 113–114 uveitis, 111

vasculitis and vascular occlusion, 111 Cavernous hemangiomatosis

definition, 330

fundus manifestations, 330–331 genetics, 330

CDG. See Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG)

Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. See Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL)

Central serous choroidopathy, 475

Central serous retinopathy (CSR), 468–470

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 148–149

immune dysfunction, 146 immune recovery uveitis (IRU), 9 immune recovery vitritis, 8

oral valganciclovir induction, 7 pharmacologic treatment, 146–147

primary vitrectomy, endolaser, and injection, 6 progression, 145–146

scheduled ophthalmic screening, 146 staging, 145

surgical treatment, 148 variants, 145

vascular arcades, 5

D

Damato, B., 249

Damico, F.M., 355 Debré, R, 106 Deferoxamine, 483, 484

Definite ocular sarcoidosis, 214 de Mussy, G., 64

DeRosa, A.J., 216

Desai, U.R., 218

de Souza, E.C., 25, 33 Deutsch-Sokol, R.H., 356 Dev, S., 219

Diabetic macular edema CSME, 396 DDME, 397

optical coherence tomography, 397–398 Diabetic retinopathy (DR)

advanced eye disease, 395–396 applications, 410, 413 classification and history, 391–392 corticosteroids

extended-release dexamethasone, 406–407 fluocinolone acetonide, 406 triamcinolone acetonide, 405–406

description, 494 factors, 473 guidelines, 474 macular edema

CSME, 396, 401 DDME, 397

optical coherence tomography, 397–398, 401 medical management

aspirin treatment, 402

blood pressure control, 400–401 glycemic control, 399–400 serum lipid control, 401–402

NPDR

diabetic macular edema patterns, 393, 395 grade, 392

hypofluorescence, 393–394 increased ischemia, 393, 396

intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 393, 395

microaneurysms, 392 ocular management

laser photocoagulation therapy, 402–403 vitrectomy, 403–405

pathogenesis

glucose metabolism, 388–389 mellitus, 389

pericyte ghosts, 390 vascular lesions, 389 VEGF, 389–390

pathophysiology, 473 PDR, 393–395 pharmacotherapy, 405 progression, 472–473 renal diseases

microangiopathic problems, 496 preretinal neovascularization, 494, 495

risk factors

blood pressure control, 391 duration of, 390

glucose control, 390–391 lipid control, 391

renal disease proteinuria and pregnancy, 391 treatment criteria, 473–474

vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab, 408–409, 411 pegaptanib, 407

ranibizumab, 407–408

Diabetic retinopathy vitrectomy study (DRVS), 403 Diaz-Llopis, M., 410

DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)

diagnosis and pathogenesis clinical characteristics, 26–27 early stage, 27–28

late stage, 28 differential diagnosis, 32–33

ERG, EOG, and multifocal electroretinogram, 31 etiologic agent

Ancylostoma caninum, 25–26 Baylisascaris procyonis, 26

body size measurement and morphologic features, 25

Toxocara canis, 25 transcleral approach, 24

FA, 29–30

GDxr nerve fiber analyzer, 32 ICGA, 29–31

laser treatment, 33 mode of transmission, 26 OCT, 32

oral treatment, 33

pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 33 scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), 32 schematic repesentation, 24–25

serologic test, 28–29 trematodes, 26 visual fields, 32

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 471

Donahue, S.P., 164

Dotrelova, D., 382

DRVS. See Diabetic retinopathy vitrectomy study (DRVS)

Duker, J. S., 216

DUSN. See Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)

Dvorak-Theobald, G., 378

E

EBE. See Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE) Eby, N.L., 250

Eclampsia

PIH, 465, 466

Purtscher’s-like retinopathy, 469 Electrooculogram (EOG)

DUSN, 31

VKH disease, 363–364 Electroretinogram (ERG)

DUSN, 31

VKH disease, 363–364 Electroretinography

CAR, 285

OIS, 459

retinal degeneration, BBS, 504 Encephalofacial hemangiomatosis

choroidal hemangioma, 329 definition, 328

fundus manifestations, 329 genetics, 328 management, 329

ophthalmologic features, 328–329 Endarterectomy, 460–461

Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE) causes, 195, 196

classification, 198 description, 195 diagnosis, 201 occurence, 198 PCR, 202

prognostic factors, 205 treatment, 203

visual outcome, 205 vitrectomy, 205

Endogenous endophthalmitis antibiotics

intravitreous, 203–204 systemic, 203

bacterial

causes, 195, 196 classification, 198 description, 195 diagnosis, 201 occurence, 198 PCR, 202

prognostic factors, 205 treatment, 203

visual outcome, 205

vitrectomy, 205 causative organisms

Aspergillus, 197

B.cereus, 195

C.albicans, 197

Coccidioides endophthalmitis, 198 Cryptococcus organisms, 197–198 gram-negative microorganisms, 195–196 gram-positive bacteria, 195, 196

Streptococcus species, 195 clinical findings, 198–201 clinical setting, 194, 195 corticosteroid therapy, 205 diagnosis

culturing, 201–202 PCR, 202

epidemiology, 194–198 outcomes, 207 prognosis, 205–206 treatment, 202–203 vitrectomy, 205

Endophthalmitis classification, 195 description, 194

endogenous (see Endogenous endophthalmitis) exogenous, 194

fungal

chronic panuveitis, 188 culture diagnosis, 167 PCR, 167

intraocular fluid/tissue biopsy, 194 EOG. See Electrooculogram (EOG) ERG. See Electroretinogram (ERG)

Essential hypertension. See Systemic hypertension Etanercept, 239

Extended-release dexamethasone, 406–407 Eyelid tuberculosis, 65–66

Eye, metastases. See Metastases

F

FA. See Fluorescein angiography (FA) Fabry disease (FD), 508–509

FAF. See Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) Fahr, 513

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 318–319 FAP. See Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) Fardeau, C., 253

FD. See Fabry disease (FD) Ferry, A.P., 268

Fibrillin, 379 Fineman, M. S., 475

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), 277, 278 Fluconazole

Candida species, 168, 169

Cryptococcus neoformans, 177 Fluocinolone acetonide, 406 Fluorescein angiography (FA)

Behçet’s disease (BD), 231, 232

Gharbiya, M., 342 Gibson, 67 Giorgi, D., 338 Girgis, N.I., 71 Givner, I., 249

Glickman, L.D., 56

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), 431 Goldberg, M.A., 25, 26

G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)

Greco, G.M., 382 Grossman, 97 Guex-Crosier, Y., 119 Gunn, R.M., 418 Gupta, A., 66, 70 Gupta, V., 69, 364 Guy, J., 286

H

Halperin, L. S., 475 Halpert, M., 381 Harada, E., 354 Hart, W.M., 268 Hematologic diseases

AIHA, 431 anemia

causes, 426 erythropoietin, 427 hemolysis cascade, 427

anti-VEGF therapy, 441 APL, 432

aplastic anemia, 428

B cell lymphoma, 437–438

chronic myelogenous leukemia, 433–434 G6PD, 431

hemoglobinopathies deferoxamine toxicity, 431 sickle cell disease, 428–430 thalassemia, 430–431

hemophilia and platelet disorders, 432 HL, 438

hyperviscosity, 439–440 leukemias

acute myeloid leukemia, 435 lymphoid, 435–436

lymphomas, 436–437 MGUS, 438–439 MM, 440

MPN, 433

myelodysplastic disorders, 432–433 plasma cell

disorders, 438 leukemia, 440

PNH, 431 polycythemia vera, 434

primary myelofibrosis, 434–435 roth spots, 441

T cell lymphomas, 440–441 thrombocythemia, 434

TTP/HUS, 431–432, 442 WM, 439–440

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 431–432 hypertension, 500

proteinuria, 500 vs. TTF, 499–500

Herpesviridae infections. See Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome

Hewson, W., 425

Higashide, J., 59

Hikichi, T., 403

Hippocrates, 425

Histoplasma capsulatum clinical features, 181–183 description, 180–181 diagnosis, 183–185 pathogenesis, 181

risk factors, 181 treatment, 184

HL. See Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), 438 Hoeve, 64

Hollenhorst, R.W., 451

HON. See Hypertensive optic neuropathy (HON) Hooke, R., 425

Hosoya, S., 213

Hubert, H.B., 334

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectious manifestations, posterior segment

B-cell lymphoma, 16–17

candida vitritis and retinitis, 12–13 cryptococcus neoformans chorioretinitis, 13–15 cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, 5–9 mycobacterium choroiditis, 14–16

necrotizing herpetic retinitis, 9–10 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 13–14 syphilitic uveitis, papillitis, and retinitis, 12 toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, 10–11

noninfectious retinal manifestation, posterior segment arterial and venous occlusions, 4

cotton-wool spots, 3–4 microvasculopathy, 3

pinpoint and flame hemorrhages, 4 positive patients, ocular tuberculosis, 72–73

Huppertz, H.I., 118

HUS. See Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Hutchinson, J., 212

Hutchison, J.A., 354 Hypertensive choroidopathy

elschnig spots, 418, 420 retinal detachment, 418, 420

Hypertensive optic neuropathy (HON), 418–419, 499 Hypertensive retinopathy

classification, 418

differential diagnosis, 418–419

inner blood-retinal barrier occurence, 418–419 optic neuropathy, 418–419

risk factors, 418–419 Hyperviscosity, 439–440 Hypopyon, 228–229

Metabolic diseases CDG, 506–507 cystinosis, 507–508 FD, 508–509

Zellweger syndrome, 509–510 Metastases

choroidal, 273–275 ciliary body, 275

intraocular metastasis (see Intraocular metastasis) iris, 275, 276

ocular metastasis (see Ocular metastasis) optic disk, 276

retinal, 275, 276 uveal

anatomic location, 268, 269 breast cancer, 271

Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, 280 MRI, 278

origin, 268

primary cancer site, 268–271 systemic nonocular metastasis, 272

vitreous, 276

Metastatic endophthalmitis. See Endogenous endophthalmitis

Methanol, 486

Methotrexate ocular BD, 240

ocular sarcoidosis, 219 uveitis, BD, 240

Methotrexate (MTX) BD, 240

PCNSL, 258, 261, 263 sarcoidosis, 219

Methoxyflurane, 485 Mets, M.B., 26

MEWDS. See Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)

Meyer-Riemann, W., 33

MGUS. See Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)

Miyata, N., 368 Mizener, J.B., 305

MM. See Multiple Myeloma (MM)

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 438–439

Montehermoso, A., 340 Mantovani, A., 363 Moore, S., 426 Moreker, M., 368

MPGN-II. See Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN-II)

MPN. See Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) Mueller, H.R., 452

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), 366 Multiple Myeloma (MM), 440

Murphy, M.A., 286

Mursic, V.P-., 119

Mycobacterium bovis, 73 Mycobacterium choroiditis, 14–16 Mycophenolate mofetil

sarcoidosis, 219

SLE, 349

VKH, 367

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), 433 Myopia, 379–382, 487, 506, 507

N

Nasrallah, F.P., 403

Neault, R.W., 249 Necrotizing herpetic retinitis

antivirals, 10 characteristics, 10 forms of, 9

multifocal outer retinitis, 9

Neisseria meningitidis, 196 Nelson, C.C., 268 Neoplastic diseases

LCDD, 512–513 VHL disease, 510–512

Neovascularization

ophthalmic therapy, 461, 462 optic disk, 456, 457 peripheral iris, 454, 455

of retina, 456, 457 systemic therapy, 460, 461

vitreous hemorrhage, 456, 457 Nephronophthisis, 505, 506 Neurofibromatosis (NF)

definition, 325 demographics, 325

fundus manifestations, 325–326 genetics, 325

management, 326 ophthalmologic features, 325

Neurologic paraneoplastic syndrome, 276–277

Neuroretinitis, 109 Neurotuberculosis, 71–72 Nevins, R.C. Jr., 249

NF. See Neurofibromatosis (NF) Nguyen, Q.D., 407

NHLs. See Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs)

Niacin, 487 Nicolle, C., 80 Niutta, A., 119

Nocardia asteroides choroidal abscesses, 197 Noncaseating granulomas, 212, 213, 216

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs). See also Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL)

classification, 248 epidemiology, 250

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) diabetic macular edema patterns, 393, 395 grade, 392

hypofluorescence, 393–394 increased ischemia, 393, 396

intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 393, 395

microaneurysms, 392 pregnancy, 473

epidemiology

regression models, 92 seroprevalence of populations, 90–91

FA, 94 ICGA, 94–95

indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), 93 management

antimicrobial therapy, 95 atovaquone, 98–99 azithromycin, 97 clindamycin, 97

factors, 96 folinic acid, 97

permanent visual impairment, 96 pyrimethamine, 96

spiramycin, 97 sulfonamides, 96–97

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, 97 multiple laboratory tests, 93

OCT, 94 pathogenesis, 81–83

pictorial representation, 80 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 93 prevalence, 10–11

retinal vasculitis, 94 Sabin–Feldman dye test, 93

Ocular tuberculosis epidemiology, 64–65 etiopathogenesis of, 65 HIV-positive patients, 72–73

investigations and diagnosis, 73–74 with Mycobacterium bovis, 73 myriad manifestations

conjunctivitis, 66 cornea, 67 eyelid, 65–66 phlyctenulosis, 67 scleritis, 66

uveal layer, 67–68 neuro-ophthalmological aspects, 71–72 orbital tuberculosis, 69 panophthalmitis, 70–71

retina, 69–70

toxicity in antitubercular therapy, 76 treatment of

antitubercular therapy, 75–76 corticosteroid therapy, 75

Oculoneurocutaneous syndromes (ONCS) cavernous hemangiomatosis, 330–331 encephalofacial hemangiomatosis, 328–329 neurofibromatosis (NF), 325–326 racemose hemangiomatosis, 329–330

retinocerebellar hemangioblastomatosis, 327–328 tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), 324–325

Oculorenal syndromes (ORS) description, 513

vs. PRS, 501 O’Day, D.M., 199 Ohno, S., 367, 370

OIS. See Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS)

ONCS. See Oculoneurocutaneous syndromes (ONCS) Ophthalmic therapy, OIS, 461–462 Ophthalmodynamometry, OIS, 459–460

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) AS, 503

Behçet’s disease (BD), 232–234

Candida albicans, 167, 168 cystoid macular edema, 232–234 DUSN, 54

ocular metastasis, 278 ocular toxocariasis, 54 ocular toxoplasmosis, 94 PVRL, 253

VKH disease, 364–365 Optic disk metastases, 276 Oral contraceptives, 486–487 Orbital tuberculosis, 69 Oréfice, F., 31

P

Palay, D.A., 141

Pancreatitis, 318

Papillorenal syndrome (PRS), 501–502

Paraneoplastic retinopathy. See Autoimmune retinopathy Paraneoplastic syndrome

definition, 276 neurologic, 276–277 ocular, 277

retinal, 277 Paredes, I., 367

Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome (POGS), 108–109 Parolini, B., 405

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 431 Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV)

DRVS, 403

preoperative fundus, 403–404 toxocariasis management, 57 TSV, 404

Paulley, J.W., 316

PCNSL. See Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL)

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Perilimbal vitiligo, 358

Peroxisomal diseases, 509–510 Perry, H.D., 356

Petithory, J.C., 54, 57 Peyman, G.A., 381

Phakomatoses. See Oculoneurocutaneous syndromes (ONCS)

Phenothiazines, 483, 484 Phlyctenulosis, 67

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, 486 Photocoagulation

cysticercus, 42 focal/grid laser, 402–403 panretinal, 402–403 sarcoidosis, 220

TRC, 99

PIH. See Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

PIOL. See Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) Plasma cell myelomas (PCM), 440 Plasmapheresis, 241

PNH. See Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

endogenous endophthalmitis, 202 fungal endophthalmitis, 167

Possible ocular sarcoidosis, 214 Posterior scleritis, 366 Posterior uveitis, 316

Preeclampsia, 465–467, 469, 471, 475 AION, 467

DIC, 471

focal arteriolar spasm, 466 PIH, 466

Purtscher’s-like retinopathy, 469 Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

amniotic fluid embolism, 472 clinical features, 466

CSR, 468–470 DIC, 471

HELLP syndrome, 467–468 management, 467–468 occlusive vascular disorders, 469 ocular manifestations, 466–467 prognosis, 468

Purtscher’s-like retinopathy, 469–471 symptoms, 466

TTP, 471–472

Pregnancy, ocular manifestations. See Ocular manifestations, pregnancy

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), 181 Presumed ocular sarcoidosis, 214

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) diagnosis, 255

epidemiology, 250 etiology, 250–251 history, 249–250 pathology, 255 treatment

B-cell neoplasms, 262 brain radiation therapy, 258 characteristics, 257 chemotherapy, 258

cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), 258–262 hyperosmolar blood-brain barrier disruption, 259 methotrexate (MTX), 258–262

trofosfamide, 259

Primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma, 365–366 Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL), 248–250, 440 Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL)

clinical findings, 251, 252 diagnosis, 255–257 differential diagnosis, 251, 252 echographic examination, 254 epidemiology, 250

etiology, 250–251 FA, 253

FAF, 254, 255

germinal center origin, 263

history, 249–250 ICGA, 253

lymphomatous process, 251, 252 OCT, 253

ophthalmic imaging techniques, 255 papillitis, 253

pathology, 255–257 risk factor, 250

subretinal pigment epithelium, 251, 252 treatment, 257–262

vitritis, 251

WHO classification, 249 Probable ocular sarcoidosis, 214

Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) syndrome diagnosis, 152–153

etiology, 153 therapy, 153

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) FA, 393, 397

neovascularization elsewhere (NVE), 395, 398 neovascularization of the disk (NVD), 395, 398 pregnancy, 473

traction retinal detachment, 399 PRS. See Papillorenal syndrome (PRS) Pseudo-Dalen-Fuchs nodules, 359

Pseudomonas aeruginosa endogenous endophthalmitis, 195–196

Purtscher, O., 318

Purtscher’s-like retinopathy, 318, 469–471

PVRL. See Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) Pyrimethamine, 96

Q

Quinolines FAF, 482

guidelines, 480–481 hydroxychloroquine, 481

optic disk pallor onset, 482, 483 screening tests, 481, 482

R

Racemose hemangiomatosis definition, 329

fundus manifestations, 329–330 genetics, 329

management, 330 Raina, U.K., 65

Rao, N.A., 76, 356, 361, 367 Rappaport, H., 248 Rathinam, S.R., 370

Read, R.W., 368, 370 Refsum disease, 510 Regnery, R., 112 Reibaldi, M., 119

Renal-coloboma syndrome. See Papillorenal syndrome (PRS)

Renal diseases AS, 502–504

BBS, 504–505 ciliopathies, 504 diabetic retinopathy

microangiopathic problems, 496 preretinal neovascularization, 494, 495

HON, 499

hypertensive retinopathy AHT, 496–497

flame-shaped hemorrhages, 497–498 Keith–Wagener–Barker classification, 497 retinal artery, 497, 498

retinal vein, 497, 498 Scheie classification, 497

metabolic diseases CDG, 506–507 cystinosis, 507–508 FD, 508–509

Zellweger syndrome, 509–510 MPGN-II, 500–501

neoplastic diseases

light chain deposition disease, 512–513 VHL disease, 510–512

PRS, 501–502

SLS, 505–506

thrombotic microangiopathy, 499–500 vascular disease, 496

Renie, W.A., 69

Restrepo, N., 410

Retinal and choroidal toxicity cardiac glycosides, 486 crystalline deposits

canthaxanthine, 484, 486 methoxyflurane, 485 tamoxifen, 484, 485

diffuse retinal changes deferoxamine, 483, 484 phenothiazines, 483, 484 quinolines, 480–483

maculopathy

intravenous sympathomimetics, 487, 489 niacin, 487

PDE inhibitors, 486 retinal edema, 486

retinal folds, 487, 489–490 retinal vascular changes

interferon, 487

oral contraceptives, 486–487 talc, 486, 487

uveitis, 490

vascular damage, 489 Retinal artery, 497, 498

Retinal capillary hemangioblastomas, 511 Retinal detachment, Marfan syndrome

clinical findings, 381–382 pathogenesis, 382 therapy, 382–383

Retinal metastasis, 275, 276

Retinal paraneoplastic syndrome, 277 Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

lupus choroidopathy, 341–342

phenothiazines, 483 Retinal tuberculosis, 69–70

Retinal vascular disease, 313, 314 Eales’ disease, 69–70 tubercular retinal vasculitis, 70

Retinal vasculitis, 229, 234, 238, 240 Retinal vein, 497, 498

Retinocerebellar hemangioblastomatosis definition, 327

demographics, 327

fundus manifestations, 327–328 genetics, 327

management, 328 Riker, J.L., 249 Rituximab, 262, 346, 349 Rockwood, E.J., 250 Rodríguez, F.J., 410 Romer, F.K., 213

Rosen, P.H., 70, 73

RPE. See Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) Rubella infection, 153–154

Rubsamen, P.E., 370

Rudoler, S.B., 280 Rutzen, 357

S

Sakamoto, T., 354, 355 Santos, R., 42 Sarcoidosis

cause, 220 CME, 218

corticosteroids, 219–221 description, 211, 220 diagnosis, 213–214 differential diagnosis, 366 etiology, 212

FA, 218

genetic features, 212 ICGA, 218

immunopathogenesis, 212–213 incidence, 211

management, 219–220

multiple peripheral atrophic lesions, 217 ocular involvement, 212

posterior segment findings candle-wax drippings, 215, 216 choroidal lesions, 216, 217 neovascularization, 216 peripheral retinal granulomas, 216 vasculitis, 215

vitreous opacities, 215 vitritis, 215

solitary choroidal granuloma, 217 treatment, 219, 220

Schatz, H., 34

Scheie classification, 497 Schenkl, 354

Schleiden, 426 Schocket, L. S., 473

Schönherr, U., 118 Schwann, 426 Schweigger, 513 Scleral tuberculosis, 66 Senior, B., 505

Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS), 505–506 Sfikakis, P.P., 240

Sharma, T., 381, 382

Shields, C.L., 268, 474 Shields, J.A., 268 Shindo, Y., 357 Shortt, A.J., 381 Sickle cell disease

black sunburst lesion, 428–429 peripheral nonperfusion, 429

proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR), 429 RBC, 428

retinopathy, 429

“sea-fan” neovascularization, 429–430 Silveira, C., 11, 85

Sivalingam, A., 460

SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SLS. See Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS) Smith, J.L., 117, 121, 123

Sobrin, L., 99

Souza, E.C., 33

Spaide, R.F., 462

Spalton, D.J., 220 Spiramycin, 97

Sporothrix schenckii clinical features, 187 description, 186 diagnosis, 187–188 pathogenesis, 186–187 risk factors, 186 treatment, 187–188

Stanga, P.E., 218

Stenberg, P., 369 Stephens, R.F., 268

Sterile endophthalmitis, 194 Stürchler, D., 56

Sturge, W.A., 328

Sturge-Weber (SW) syndrome. See Encephalofacial hemangiomatosis

Sturrock, G.D., 452

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 153 Sugita, S., 355

Sugiura sign. See Perilimbal vitiligo Suhler, E.B., 109

Sulfanilamide-like medications, 487, 489 Sunset glow fundus, 359

Surgical biopsy, ocular metastasis, 278 Suzuki, T., 58

Sympathetic ophthalmia, 365 Syphilis

association with HIV, 128 chorioretinitis

acute syphilitic chorioretinitis, 124 diffuse form, 123

etiological agents, 125

localized form, 123 multifocal chorioretinitis, 124 positive serology, 126

severe anterior uveitis with hypopyon, 125–126 clinical manifestation, 128–129

ICGA, 128

ocular manifestations, 123 optic disk, 127–128 pathogenic subspecies, 122 retinal vasculature, 126–127 stages, 123

therapy, 129

Systemic antibioticsm, endogenous endophthalmitis, 203 Systemic hypertension

choroidopathy

Elschnig spots, 418, 420 retinal detachment, 418, 420

indirect effects, 418, 420 retinopathy

classification, 418

differential diagnosis, 418–419

inner blood-retinal barrier occurence, 418–419 optic neuropathy, 418–419

risk factors, 418–419 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

adaptive immune response, 336–337 anterior ocular manifestations, 346 anterior visual pathway, 344 antihypertensive agents, 349

classic butterfly malar rash, 337–338 CNS and involvement, 344 corticosteroids, 349

diagnosis criteria, 334, 335

drug-related ocular manifestations, 346–349 epidemiology, 334

immunosuppressive drugs, 349 innate immune system activation, 336 lupus choroidopathy

pathogenesis of, 343 RPE, 341–342

systemic lupus erythematosus, 343–344 mild retinopathy, 340

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 349 ocular complications of, 349

ocular symptoms, 338 oculomotor system, 345–346 organ damage, 337 pathogenesis, 334–336

posterior ocular manifestations, 339, 340 posterior visual pathway, 344, 345 self-antigen and apoptosis, 336 vaso-occlusive retinopathy, 340, 341

Systemic medications. See Retinal and choroidal toxicity Systemic therapy, OIS, 460–461

T

Tacrolimus (FK506), 238–239

Taenia solium. See Cysticercosis

Talc, 486, 487

Tamoxifen, 484, 485 Tan, H.K., 89

T cell lymphomas, 440–441 Teitelbaum, 363 Thalassemia, 430–431 Thirkill, C.E., 284, 302, 305 Thrombotic microangiopathy

HUS, 499–500

TTP, 499–500

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) characteristics, 499

features, 431–432 vs. HUS, 499–500

ocular abnormalities, 500 plasma exchange therapy, 500 pregnancy, 471–472

visual problems, 500 Tolerization therapy, 240 Toxic megacolon, 311

Toxocara canis, 25, 48–49 Toxocara cati, 48–49 Toxocara life cycle, 48–49 Toxocariasis

clinical manifestations

ocular larva migrans (OLM) syndrome, 50 optic papillitis, 52

posterior pole granuloma, 51–52

visceral larva migrans (VLM) syndrome, 50 differential diagnosis

aqueous sampling, 54 Coats’ disease, 56 factors, 54

pediatric conditions, 55 ecographic patterns, 54–55

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 53 epidemiology, 52–53

management anthelmintics, 56 cryotherapy, 56

pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 57 OCT, 54

pathogenesis, 48–50

Toxoplasma gondii. See Ocular toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, 10–11 Toxoplasmosis. See Ocular toxoplasmosis Trabeculectomy, 241–242

Trempe, C.L., 318

Treponema pallidum, 122, 125 Triamcinolone acetonide, 405–406 Tsujikawa, A., 364

TTP. See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) Tubercles, 72

Tuberculosis. See Ocular tuberculosis Tuberculous panophthalmitis, 70–71 Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

astrocytic hamartomas, 325 definition, 324 demographics, 324

fundus lesion

calcified retinal astrocytic hamartoma, 324

FA, 325

noncalcified retinal astrocytic hamartoma, 324 ultrasonography, 325

genetics, 324 management, 325

U

Udaondo-Mirete, P., 410 Ulcerative colitis, 311 Ultrasonography (USG)

endogenous endophthalmitis, 201 ocular metastasis, 277–278 VKH disease, 362–363

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), VKH disease, 363 Unilateral wipe-out syndrome. See Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)

Urayama, A., 139

USG. See Ultrasonography (USG) Uveal effusion syndrome, 366 Uveal melanoma, 474

Uveal metastases

anatomic location, 268, 269 breast cancer, 271

Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, 280 MRI, 278

origin, 268

primary cancer site, 268–271 systemic nonocular metastasis, 272

Uveal tuberculosis anterior uveitis, 67

intermediate uveitis, 67–68 posterior uveitis, 68–69

Uveitis BD

adalimumab, 240 differential diagnosis, 236 etanercept, 239

histopathological studies, 234 immunosuppressive therapy, 241 infliximab, 239

IVTA, 238 juvenile, 236 methotrexate, 240

posterior segment involvement, 229 vitrectomy, 242

definite ocular sarcoidosis, 214 etiology, 216

posterior, 214–215, 218, 219 presumed ocular sarcoidosis, 214

V

Van Leeuwenhoek, A., 425 Vascular disease, 496

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) bevacizumab, 408–409, 411 pegaptanib, 407

ranibizumab, 407–408 Vaso-occlusive retinopathy, 340, 341

Velez, G., 262

VHL disease. See von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease Viral diseases

AIDS

acute retroviral syndrome, 151–152 epidemiology, 151

HIV-1 vs. HIV-2, 150–151 ocular manifestations, 152

progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), 150–151

therapy, 152 ARN syndrome

causative agents, 140 clinical course, 141–142 epidemiology, 140–141

necrotizing herpetic retinopathy, 140 pictorial representation, 140 treatment of, 142–144

virological diagnosis, 141 CMV retinitis

anti-therapy discontinuation, 149–150 detachment rate, 146

diagnosis of, 144–145

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 148–149

immune dysfunction, 146 pharmacologic treatment, 146–147 progression, 145–146

scheduled ophthalmic screening, 146 staging, 145

surgical treatment, 148 variants, 145

influenza virus, 155 measles, 153

rubella infection, 153–154 WNV infection

bilateral optic neuritis, 155 clinical categories, 154 intraocular manifestations, 155

Virchow, R., 426

Visceral larva migrans (VLM) syndrome, 50 Vitrectomy

cystoid macular edema, 242 endogenous endophthalmitis, 205 ocular BD, 242

uveitis, BD, 242 Vitreous metastases, 276

VKH. See Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease Vogel, M.H., 249

Vogt, A., 354

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease ancillary test

AS-OCT, 365 CSF, 362

electrophysiology, 363–364 FA, 360–361

ICGA, 361–362 MRI, 363 OCT, 364–365 UBM, 363

USG, 362–363 complications

cataract, 368

choroidal neovascular membranes, 368–369 glaucoma, 368

subretinal fibrosis, 369 diagnostic criteria

acute uveitic stage, 357–538 convalescent/chronic phase, 358–359 ocular hypotony, 360

prodromal stage, 357 recurrent phase, 359

differential diagnosis APMPPE, 366 lyme disease, 367 MEWDS, 366

posterior scleritis, 366

primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma, 365–366 sarcoidosis, 366

sympathetic ophthalmia, 365 uveal effusion syndrome, 366

epidemiology, 354

extraocular manifestations, 360 histopathology, 356–357 history, 354

immunogenetics, 357 immunopathogenesis

mechanisms of, 354

MHC class I molecules, 355–356 prognosis, 369–370

treatment

cytostatic and cytotoxic agents, 367–368 goal of, 367

infliximab and daclizumab, 368 sub-tenon’s corticosteroid injection, 368

Volhard, 513

von Graefe, 38, 513 von Helmholtz, 513 von Hippel, E.Jr., 327

von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) disease, 510–512 von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. See

Retinocerebellar hemangioblastomatosis

von Recklinghausen’s syndrome. See Neurofibromatosis (NF)

Voriconazole

Aspergillus species, 172, 173

Cryptococcus neoformans, 177, 178

W

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM), 439–440 Warren, K., 111

Watts, P.O., 217

Weber, F.P., 328 Weiss, 64 Welch, R.B., 50 Werner, J.C., 58

Westfall, A.C., 101 West Nile virus (WNV)

bilateral optic neuritis, 155