Index

A

Ancillary testing CDUI, 215–216

coefficient of repeatability, 196 color fundus photography, 197

electroretinography (see Electroretinography) fluorescein angiography (see Fluorescein

angiography) ICG, 214–215

laser Doppler flowmetry, 216–217 laser interferometry, 218 ophthalmodynamometry, 217

optical coherence tomography (see Optical coherence tomography)

reproducibility, 195–197 RTA, 210

scanning laser Doppler flowmetry, 217 sensitivity, 195

specificity, 195

visual field testing, 210–211 vitreous fluorophotometry, 218 2 x 2 table, 195, 196

Anterior segment neovascularization (ASNV) anterior synechia, 251

BRVO, 254

ciliary body detachment, 250 classification of, 253–256 CRVO

aqueous VEGF concentrations, 257 factor VII, 260

ischemic, 257 Kaplan–Meier plot, 257–258

nonischemic categorization, 259 NVG, 260

optic disc collateral vessels, 260 PRP, 260

RAPD, 259

slit lamp examination, 258–259 ectropion uvea, 251

HCRVO, 261

iris anatomy, 249, 250

laser panretinal photocoagulation, 319–320

NVA (see Neovascularization of the angle) NVI (see Neovascularization of the iris) pathophysiology, 251

retinal ischemia, 250 Schlemm’s canal, 249 VEGF concentration, 250

Anterior synechia, 251 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 137, 285

Arteriovenous sheathotomy (AVS), 289, 309–310

B

Bandello, F., 255

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 56–59 Beaumont, P.E, 109

Bernoulli’s principle, 17–18 Binder, S., 351

Boyd, S., 140

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) acute phase

cotton wool spots, 161, 162 etiology of, 160 hemorrhages, 164 inferotemporal, 161 macular edema, 161, 162 nonischemic/ischemic, 164

serous retinal detachment, 165 subretinal fluid, 161, 164 symptoms, 160

visual acuity, 165 vs. age, 113–115 animal model, 65

anti-VEGF drugs, intravitreal injection bevacizumab, 298

futility of therapy, 302, 305 vs. GL, 306

IVBI, 300–301 IVPI, 301

OCT center point (CPT), 300 pegaptanib, 299 ranibizumab, 298–299 recurrence rate, 306

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (cont.) reinjections, 302, 304

retinal collaterals, 303 risks of, 306

rules guiding, 299

visual prognosis, 304–305 arteriolar vasoconstriction, 62–63 arteriovenous crossing, 22–23 arteriovenous sheathotomy, 309–310 ASNV, 254

autologous plasmin, 311 bilaterality, 119–120 chronic phase

collateral vessels, 165–166 fibrotic sheathing, 165 lipid exudates, 166, 168 macroaneurysms, 166 macular edema, 166

retinal neovascularization, 166–167 SRD, 166

subretinal scarring, 166, 169 visual acuity, 167, 168, 170–171 vitreous attachment, 167 vitreous hemorrhage, 166, 169

diabetes mellitus, 130–131 electroretinography (ERG), 213

failed and unadopted treatments (see Failed and unadopted treatments)

fluorescein angiography, 23, 24 gender, 116

grid laser (GL)

arterial crimping, 297 BVOS, 294 cost-effectiveness, 297–298 disadvantage of, 297 re-treatment criteria, 296

serous retinal detachment, 297 subretinal fluid, 297

time course, 296 hemodynamics, 45

3H-thymidine labeling, cat model, 63 hyperhomocysteinemia, 139 hyperlipidemia, 131

hypertension, 129 incidence, 111

intravitreal corticosteroids, 307–308 intravitreal intriamcinolone injections, 308–309 ischemia (see Ischemia)

macular microaneurysm, 360

paracentral scotoma, 360–362 MCBRVO, 97

ME (see Macular edema) MJBRVO classification, 97, 100 molecular signaling, 57–58 MTHFR C677T mutation, 81, 83

nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, 367 ocular association, 144–146 pathophysiology, 22

prevalence, 111

PSNV, 241–243

PSTI, 306–307 recanalization, 23, 24

retina trypsin digestion, 23, 25

sector panretinal laser photocoagulation, 298 subthreshold grid laser treatment, 298 vitrectomy, 311

in younger patients, 336 Brown, G.C., 251

C

Cahill, M.T., 140 Campochiaro, P.A., 299

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) acute phase

ASNV, 171, 174 cotton wool spots, 173

CRAI, 171, 173, 175, 176 nonischemic, 171, 173 OCT, 173

ophthalmoscopic fundus sign, 171, 172 perivenular retinal whitening, 171, 173 PIRW, 174–175

RAPD, 172

subhyaloid macular bleeding, 172 symptoms, 171

visual acuity, 176 age, 114–116 animal model, 65–66

anti-VEGF drugs, intravitreal injection aflibercept, 314–315 antiproliferative effect, 315 CRUISE, 312–313

dosing frequency, 315 IVBI, 314, 315 IVRIs, 313–314

ranibizumab, 313 asymptomatic

intraretinal hemorrhages, 359, 361 optic disc collateral vessels, 359, 362 thrombus, 359–360

bilaterality, 120 chronic phase

ASNV, 183 conversion rates, 177

foveal hyperpigmentation, 179–182 macular atrophic scarring, 183–185 macular retinal pigment epithelial atrophy,

179, 182 nonischemic, 177

retinochoroidal collateral veins, 179, 182–183 untreated mascular edema, 177, 179

visual acuity, 183, 185, 186 cilioretinal artery, 61 combination regimen, 316 diabetes mellitus, 131

disc edema, 103 electroretinography, 100, 101 ERG, 213–214

failed and unadopted treatments (see Failed and unadopted treatments)

fluorescein angiography, 201 gender, 117

hemodynamics, 43–45 hemorrhage, 101 histopathologic evidence, 24–25 hyperhomocysteinemia, 139–140 hyperlipidemia, 131–132 hypertension, 129–130

hypothetical intravascular pressure, 61–62 incidence, 113

intravitreal corticosteroids, 316–318 ischemia (see Ischemia)

ischemic retinal whitening, 62, 63 lamina cribrosa, 24, 26

ME (see Macular edema) molecular signaling, 58 MTHFR C677T mutation, 81, 82 nonischemic

chorioretinal venous anastomosis, 365 diabetic macular edema, 372, 374–376 patient history, 364, 365

scotoma, 372 OCT, 208

ocular association, 146–148 open-angle glaucoma, 59 pathoanatomy, 23–24

perimacular retinal whitening, 62–64

posterior subtenon’s triamcinolone injection, 316 prevalence, 111

PSNV (see Posterior segment neovascularization) and SVP, 60

systemic corticosteroids, 316 thrombus, 24, 27

vein and sclerotic artery, 24, 26 venous engorgement, 103 vitrectomy, 318

Charles, S., 309

Chen, C.H., 301

Cilioretinal artery occlusion, 176

Color Doppler ultrasonographic imaging (CDUI), 215–216

Color fundus photography, 197 Costa, R.A., 299, 315

D

Di Crecchio, 140

E

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 107

Ectropion uvea, 251 Electroretinography (ERG)

BRVO, 213 CRVO, 213–214 HCRVO, 214

Naka–Rushton function, 211

Elman, M.J., 286

Erythropoietin (EPO), 57

Eye Disease Case Control Study (EDCCS), 88, 113,

116–118, 129–131, 141, 148

F

Factor V Leiden mutation (FVLM), 73, 335 Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect, 38

Failed and unadopted treatments ASNV, 355

BRVO

LCRVA, 346

macular puncture, 347

sector panretinal laser photocoagulation, 346 TPA, 346

CRVO

chorioretinal venous anastomosis, 348–350 grid laser, 347–348

high molecular weight dextran, 354 intra-arterial urokinase infusion, 354 optic nerve sheath decompression, 354 posterior scleral ring selection, 354 REVS, 352–353

RON, 350–352

systemic acetazolamide, 354 HCRVO, 355

PSNV, 355 reasons for, 345

Figueroa, M.S., 301, 315 Fluorescein angiography (FA)

arteriovenous transit time, 198 BRVO

complete venous obstruction, 199–200 intraretinal hemorrhage, 200 superotemporal, 200, 201

capillary nonperfusion, 198–199 CRVO, 201

disease phase, 197 fluorescein leakage, 199 masked grading, 198 reproducibility, 198

Fong, A.C.O., 342

Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), 13, 14 Foveal hyperpigmentation, 179–182

G

Gao, W., 140 Garcia-Arumi, J., 351 Gass, J.D.M., 170 Genetics

atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, 81 case-control format, 77–78

DNA, 74–75

FVLM, 73 haplotype, 78

human genome, genetic marker, 76, 78 Human Genome Project, 78

MTHFR C677T mutation, 81, 82

Genetics (cont.) PCR, 78–80

platelet glycoprotein receptor gene mutation and RVO, 81, 82

polymorphism, 76 protein synthesis, 75–76

restriction fragment length polymorphism, 76, 77 RVO risk factor, 73

SNPs and STRs, 76 thrombophilia, 73 translation, 75

Glacet-Bernard, A., 185 Gold, D., 255

Gregori, N.Z., 299, 301, 315

Gutierrez, J.C.M., 299, 301

H

Hansen, L.L., 287 Hasselbach, H.C., 351 Hayreh, M.S., 179, 189

Hayreh, S.S., 96, 99, 101, 130, 134, 145, 164, 179, 183, 185, 189, 224, 228, 231–233, 258, 261

Hazard ratio, 109

Hemicentral retinal vein occlusion (HCRVO), 25, 27 age, 116

ASNV, 261 bilaterality, 120 clinical signs, 186–188 ERG, 214

failed and unadopted treatments, 355 gender, 117

hyphema, 364

nonischemic to ischemic conversion capillary perfusion, 366

patient history, 365, 366 SCORE BRVO study, 367

patient history, 362, 364 prevalence, 111

PSNV, 245–246 visual acuity, 188–189

vitreous hemorrhage, 364 Hoeh, A.E., 299, 315

Hsu, J., 299

Hyperlipidemia, 125, 335, 336 Hyphema, 251, 253, 364

I

Indocyanine green angiography (ICG), 214–215 Internal limiting membrane peeling (ILMP), 289, 309,

310, 318 Intraocular neovascularization

intravitreal injection, anti-VEGF drugs, 320 laser panretinal photocoagulation, 319–320

sector panretinal laser photocoagulation, 318–319 vitrectomy, 319

Intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI), 300–301 Ischemia, 101–103

BRVO

atrophy, 224

conversion rate, 224–225 fluorescein angiography, 224–226 fluorescein leakage, 224, 226, 227 inconsistency, 224

macular ischemia, 224 treatment, 233

CRVO

conversion rates, 232–233 initial visual acuity, 228 nonischemic type, 231

ocular neovascularization, 225, 228 outcomes, 233

RAPD, 232 treatment, 234–236 visual acuity, 231

ocular neovascularization, 223 vascular endothelial growth factor, 223

Ischemic index, 96 Ischemic ocular syndrome

diagnosis, 368, 370

patient history, 367, 369–370 Isovolumic hemodilution, 286–288

J

Jaissle, J.B., 299, 305

Jensen, 170

Johnson, M.A., 213

K

Kawaji, T., 307

Kearns, T.P., 370

Kohner, E.M., 286

Kondo, M., 299

Kuo, J.Z.C., 342

L

Laatikainen, L., 179

Laplace’s Law, 40–41

Laser chorioretinal venous anastomosis (LCRVA), 346 Laser Doppler blood-flow metry (LDBFM), 216–217 Laser interferometry, 218

Lattanzio, R., 140

Little, H.L., 255

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 285 Luckie, A.P., 287

M

Macular edema (ME), 166, 228 BRVO

argon laser grid photocoagulation, 269 BDES, 266

bevacizumab, 266 blood flow velocity, 266

intravitreal triamcinolone, 266 ranibizumab, 269

vitreous status, 266 CRVO

BDES, 269

collateral vessels development, 273 CVOS, 269

cystic spaces, 269, 270, 275 ischemia, 269, 275 nonischemic, 269

OCT, 269, 271–273 visual acuity, 270–271

cytotoxic, 265 definition, 265

failed and unadopted treatments anastomosis, 348

chorioretinal venous anastomosis, 349 choroidovitreal neovascularization, 349 LCRVA, 346

preretinal fibrosis, 349, 350 treatment

AVS, 289 corticosteroids, 291

intravitreal injection, anti-VEGF drugs, 289, 290 isovolumic hemodilution, 293

laser photocoagulation, 289, 291 plasmin, 293

retinal oxygenation, 289 TPA, 293 vasoconstriction, 291 vitrectomy, 289, 291, 292

vasogenic, 265

Macular retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, 179, 182 Magargal, L.E., 189

Martinez-Jardon, C.S., 351 Martin, S.C., 140

May, D.R., 179 McIntosh, R.L., 179 Michels, R.G., 170 Microperimetry, 210–211 Moghimi, S., 140 Molecular signaling

antiangiogenic factor, 54, 55 bFGF, 57

BRVO, 57–58 CRVO, 58 EPO, 57 ICAM-1, 57

IL-6 and IL-8, 56–57 PGF, 57

proangiogenic factor, 54, 55 TGFa and PEGF, 54 VEGF

angiogenesis 56 forms of, 54–55

hypoxia-inducible factor, 56 intraocular neovascularization, 56 source of, 55–56

vasopermeability signaling pathway, 56

Moore, F., 170

Murakami, T., 347

N

Naka-Rushton function, 211 Narayanasamy, A., 140 Neovascular glaucoma (NVG)

BRVO, 254 CRVO, 258, 260 HCRVO, 261 younger patients

CRVO, 337, 342 Neovascularization elsewhere (NVE)

BRVO, 241, 242

CRVO, 242, 244 HCRVO, 245

Neovascularization of the angle (NVA) classification of, 253, 256

grading systems, 253, 255 Neovascularization of the disc (NVD)

BRVO, 241–243

CRVO, 242, 244 HCRVO, 245

Neovascularization of the iris (NVI) angle involvement, 254, 256 CRVO, 260

dilated state, 252

grading systems, 253, 255

iris fluorescein angiograms, 252, 254 pupillary margin, 254, 256 undilated state, 252

Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, 367

O

Ocular hypertension treatment study (OHTS), 144 Odds ratio, 108–109

Ohnishi, Y., 255 Ophthalmodynamometry, 217 Opremcak, E.M., 350, 351

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 173 analysis method, 209

artifacts, 203–208 CRVO, 173, 208

intravitreal injection, anti-VEGF drugs, 300 macular thickness, 203

ME, 269, 271–273

morphological characteristics, 203, 208 Osterloh, M.D., 309

P

Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), 257, 260–261 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 37 Perivenular ischemic retinal whitening (PIRW),

174–175 Pinna, A., 140 Poiseuille’s Law, 41–43

Population attributable risk (PAR), 109 Posterior segment neovascularization (PSNV)

BRVO

BDES, 241

new vessels, 242, 243

posterior vitreous detachment, 242 VH, 242

vitreous status, 242 CRVO, 242–243

average time, 244

posterior vitreous detachment, 243 preretinal/vitreous hemorrhage, 244–245 vitreous status, 243, 244

HCRVO, 245–246

intravitreal injection, anti-VEGF, 246 ischemia, 246

scatter laser photocoagulation, 246

Posterior subtenon’s triamcinolone injection (PSTI), 306–307

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) BRVO, 242

CRVO, 260 plasmin, 293 Prager, F., 299, 305

Priglinger, S.G., 299, 301, 305, 315 Puche, N., 299

Q

Quinlan, P., 185

R

Radial optic neurotomy (RON) central retinal vein, 350 Doppler ultrasound, 351–352 macular thickness results, 351

multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) b-wave amplitudes, 351

VA results, 351 Ranibizumab, 6 Recchia, F.M., 342

Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), 171–173, 232 Relative risk, 109

Retinal endovascular surgery (REVS) endovascular thrombolysis, 353 goal of, 352

Retinal neovascularization, 166–167 Retinal thickness analyzer (RTA), 210 Retinal vein occlusions (RVO)

anatomical risk factor, 95 anatomy and histology

axial length, 1, 2 macula and fovea, 2, 3

retina, stratified cellular nature, 2–4 scleral outlet vs. CRVO, 1–2 spectral domain OCT image, 2, 4

antithrombin deficiency, 88–89 blood-retina barrier, 3, 4 blood viscosity, 37–38

BMES and BDES, 109 BMI, 117–118

BRVO (see Branch retinal vein occlusion) classification of, 95, 96

clinical picture, 159 clinic-based study, 109–110 cotton wool spot, 27

CRVO (see Central retinal vein occlusion) 807C/T polymorphism, 83–84

economic considerations, 320–321 education, 118

ELM, 3, 4 epidemiology, 107 etiology, 97

factor II Leiden, 81, 83

factor V Leiden mutation, 81, 83 factor XII, 88

fibrinogen, 87–88 follow-up interval, 280–281 ganglion cell axon, 4, 5 G6PD, 89

GPIIb/IIIa, 81–83

202210G, prothrombin gene, 86 HCRVO

age, 116 bilaterality, 120 gender, 117 prevalence, 111

Henle’s layer, 4, 5 hemodynamics, 66–67 hospital-based control study, 89 ILM, 6

incidence, 108

intraocular neovascularization (see Intraocular neovascularization)

intraretinal crossing, 28 intravitreal injection therapy, 282 ischemic classification, 96 ischemic index, 96

IS/OS junction, 3, 4 laterality, 117

life expectancy, 120 macular edema

macula center, 50 macular lipid star, 50 microaneurysm, 49

molecular signaling (see Molecular signaling) muller cells, 50

proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factor, 54, 55 RPE pumping mechanism, 51–52

salt and water egress, 49–50 Starling’s Law (see Starling’s Law)

vascular hyperpermeability vs. RPE pumping, 52–53

vasogenic edema, 53 water transport, 53

5,10-methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase, 84 MTHFR C677T mutation, 81, 82

Muller cell, 5 multidimensional grid, 107

neovascularization, 59, 60 nerve fiber layer, 6

nonischemic and ischemic form conversion, 104 nonresponders, 282

occulsion site, classification, 97, 98

OCT measurement, macular thickness, 284 oxygen exchange and autoregulation

cynomolgus monkey, preretinal oxygen tension, 45, 46

endothelin-1, 47 grid laser, 47–48

HCRVO, cotton wool spot, 48 hyperviscosity syndrome, 42, 47

nitric oxide, autoregulatory mediator, 46, 47 prostaglandins, 47

retinal oxygen tension, 46

transretinal oxygen partial pressure profile, 45, 46 venous occlusion, 45–46

watershed zone, 48 PAI-1, 86

pathophysiologic process, 33 photons, 3, 4

physical activity, 118 pooled RVO

age, 113, 114 bilaterality, 118–120 gender, 116 incidence, 111 prevalence, 111, 112

pooling methods, 95

predisposing and precipitating factor, 1 prevalence, 108

primary outcome, 280 protein C, 86–87 protein S, 87

quantifying risk, 108–109 race, 117

randomized controlled clinical trial, 281 RAPC and FVLM, 84–85

recurrence, 282

retinal vascular luminal diameter, 27 risk and protective factor, 108 robust population-based study, 110 RPE, 3, 4

secondary outcome, 280 side effect, 282

success rate, 282 thrombosis

antiphospholipid antibody, 36–37 antithrombin, 36

clotting cascade, 35, 36

coagulation biochemical pathway, 33, 35 factor VII, 37

factor XII, 37 fibrinolysis, 33, 35

platelet-platelet adhesion, 34

procoagulant and anticoagulant factor, 33, 35 PTT, 37

selectin, 34, 36 thrombomodulin-thrombin complex, 36

thrombospondin, 34 TPA, 36

Virchow’s triad, 33 VWF, 33–34

treatment

anticoagulation, 284–285 hyperhomocysteinemia, 288 isovolumic hemodilution, 286–288 plasmapheresis, 288

systemic thrombolytic therapy, 286 unsuspected risk factors, 288–289

type of, 1, 223

uncontrolled case series, 279 vascular anatomy, 18, 19

ADPase stained retinal vessel, 11, 13 arterial blood supply, 7 arteriovenous crossing, 20

Bjerrum scotomata, 11 blood supply, optic disc, 11

branch retinal artery occlusion, 15, 16 capillary bed, primate retina, 11, 13 central retinal artery, 10

circle of Zinn–Haller, 7–9 CRA and CRV, 10

CRV, 15–16

eye, venous drainage, 18, 19 FAZ, 13, 14

glaucomatous optic atrophy, 16, 18 inferotemporal BRVO, 14–15 mid-phase fluorescein angiogram, 19–20 ophthalmic artery, 7, 8

optic disc, 9, 10 optic nerve, 8, 9

peripapillary structure, 7–9 posterior ciliary artery, 7–9 prelaminar optic nerve, 8, 9

retinal arteries and vein relation, 18–19 retinal capillary, 11–12

retinal vein, 15, 18

right globe, arterial supply, 7, 8 RPCs, 11, 12

RPE-produced VEGF, 14 thromboxane A2 and angiotensin II, 12 trypsin digest, retina, 11, 14

vascular hemodynamics BRVO hemodynamics, 45

connections and intravascular pressure, 39 CRVO hemodynamics, 43–45

IOP, 38

Laplace’s Law (see Laplace’s Law) ocular perfusion pressure, 38 Poiseuille’s Law (see Poiseuille’s Law)

retinal venous physiology and hemodynamics, 38–39

VATR, 281

vessel wall abnormalities arteriosclerotic hypertrophy, 21

homocysteine metabolic pathway, 21–22 Virchow’s triad, 20

and vision loss measures, 107

Retinal vein occlusions (RVO) (cont.) visual acuity measurement, 283–284 visual impact, 121

vitreous and retina relation, 6–7 young (see Younger patients) zonula occludens, 5, 6

Risard, S., 299 Roger, S., 112, 117 Roth, S.M., 251

Rubeosis iridis. See Neovascularization of the iris Russo, V., 299, 301

S

Sanborn, G.E., 189

Scanning laser Doppler flowmetry, 217 Scanning laser perimetry, 210

Schatz, H., 176, 342

Sector panretinal laser photocoagulation, 346 Serous retinal detachment (SRD), 165 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 76 Spontaneous venous pulsations (SVP), 60 Starling’s law, 50–51

Static perimetry, 210

Subhyaloid macular bleeding, 172 Systemic and ocular association alcohol consumption, 141

BDES, 126–127 BRVO and CRVO, 127 cardiovascular disease

BRVO, 132–133

carotid artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, 133–134

CRVO, 133 pooled RVO, 132 risk, 150

stroke, 133

case-control study, 125, 126 coagulation abnormalities

antiphospholipid antibodies, 136–137 classification of, 136

coagulation factors, 138 factor VII, 137

factor VIII, 137 lipoprotein a, 137–138 von Willebrand factor, 138

diabetes mellitus BRVO, 130–131 CRVO, 131 pooled RVO, 130

drugs, RVO, 142 epidemiologic study, 125 hyperhomocysteinemia

BRVO, 139

CRVO and HCRVO, 139–140 methionine loading test, 139 nongenetic factors, 138–139

plasma homocysteine concentration, 138 pooled RVO, 139

time vs. plasma homocysteine, 139

hyperlipidemia, 125 BRVO, 131 CRVO, 131–132 pooled Rvo, 131

hypertension BRVO, 129 CRVO, 129–130

pooled retinal vein occlusion, 128–129 and RVO, 128

ischemic and nonischemic CRVOs, 150 miscellaneous systemic association, 142–143 multiple systemic risk factor, 127

ocular association BRVO, 144–146

CRVO and HCRVO, 146–148 cup-to-disc ratio, 144

OHTS, 144

POAG, 144 pooled RVO, 144

POAG, 151 referral bias, 125

retrospective study, 126

rheologic and hematologic abnormalities erythrocyte aggregation, 134 prevalence and incidence, 134, 136 RVO association, 134–136

RVO, patient management, 134 serum B12, 141

serum folate, 140–141 smoking, 141

standard systemic workup, 149–150 systemic lupus erythematosus, 142 vascular risk factor, 143

venous thrombosis, 149

T

Tauber, J., 255

Teich, S.A., 255

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), 36 intravenous infusion, 346 intravitreal injection, 346–347, 353 REVS, 352–353

triamcinolone, 353–354

V

Virchow’s triad, 20

Visual acuity (VA) per thinning ratio (VATR), 280 Visual field testing, 210–211

Vitreous fluorophotometry, 218 Vitreous hemorrhage (VH), 242

von Willebrand factor (VWF), 33–34

W

Walsh, J.B., 255

Warfarin, 284–286

Weiss, D.I., 255

Wolf, S., 287

Wolf-Schnurrbusch, E.K., 196

Wroblewski, J.J., 299

Wu, L., 299, 301, 315

Y

Yaghoubi, G.H., 140 Younger patients

BRVO, 336 CRVO

capillary perfusion, 337 cessation of smoking, 337

cilioretinal arteriolar insufficiency, 337–338, 340, 341

elevated homocysteine, 337

ethnicity and environmental factors, 336–337 FVLM, 337

inflammatory etiology, 337

initial and follow-up visual acuities, 338, 342 intraocular neovascularization, 339, 342 ischemic, 339, 342

nonischemic, visual prognosis, 339, 342 optic disc edema, 337

prevalence of, 336 VA, 337

pooled RVO FVLM, 335

hypertension, 335

oral contraceptives, 336 prognosis, 336

Z

Zambarakji, H.J., 351

Zimmerman, B., 189