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World Glaucoma Association

Progression of

Glaucoma

Robert N. Weinreb, David F. Garway-Heath, Christopher Leung,

Jonathan G. Crowston, Felipe A. Medeiros

Consensus Series - 8

Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

PROGRESSION OF GLAUCOMA

Robert N. Weinreb David F. Garway-Heath Christopher Leung

Jonathan G. Crowston

Felipe A. Medeiros

PROGRESSION OF

GLAUCOMA

The 8th Consensus Report of the

World Glaucoma Association

Editors

Robert N. Weinreb

David F. Garway-Heath

Christopher Leung

Jonathan G. Crowston

Felipe A. Medeiros

Kugler Publications/Amsterdam/The Netherlands

ISBN 13: 978-90-6299-231-7

Distributors:

For the USA and Canada:

Pathway Book Service

4 White Brook Road

Gilsum, NH 03448 U.S.A.

email: pbs@pathwaybook.com

For all other countries: Kugler Publications P.O. Box 20538

1001 NM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Telefax (+31.20) 68 45 700

website: www.kuglerpublications.com

© 2011 Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without prior written permission of the publisher. Kugler Publications is an imprint of SPB Academic Publishing bv, P.O. Box 20538

1001 NM Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Contents

v

 

 

This publication is the eighth of a series on

Consensus meetings in Glaucoma under the auspices of the World Glaucoma Association

WGA

vi

Consensus VIII Chairs, section leaders and participants.

Contents

Contents

vii

 

 

FACULTY

 

Consensus Initiative Chair

Gus de Moreas, USA

Robert N. Weinreb, USA

Murray Fingeret, USA

Section Leaders

Ivan Goldberg, Australia

Francisco Goni, Spain

Jonathan Crowston, Australia

David Greenfield, USA

David F. Garway-Heath, UK

Franz Grehn, Germany

Chris Leung, Hong Kong

Alon Harris, USA

Felipe A. Medeiros, USA

Curt Hartleben, Mexico

Rohit Varma, USA

Sharon Haymes, Australia

Co-leaders

Paul Healey, Australia

David Henson, UK

Joseph Caprioli, USA

Esther Hoffmann, Germany

Balwantray Chauhan, Canada

Aiko Iwase, Japan

Dave Friedman, USA

Nomdo Jansonius, The Netherlands

Chris Girkin, USA

Jost Jonas, Germany

Mingguang He, PR China

Malik Kahook, USA

Anders Heijl, Sweden

Michael Kass, USA

Chris Johnson, USA

Tae-Woo Kim, South Korea

S. Fabian Lerner, Argentina

Michael Kook, South Korea

Jeffrey M. Liebmann, USA

Steve Kymes, USA

Kuldev Singh, USA

Ecosse Lamaroux, Australia

Linda Zangwill, USA

Felix Li, Hong Kong

Thierry Zeyen, Belgium

Shan Lin, USA

Participants

Antonio Martinez Garcia, Spain

Eugenio Maul, Chile

Doug Anderson, USA

Roberta McKean-Cowdin, USA

Alfonso Anton, Spain

Andy McNaught, UK

Makoto Araie, Japan

Matthias Monhart, Switzerland

Paul Artes, UK

Winnie Nolan, UK

Tin Aung, Singapore

Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi, USA

Boel Bengtsson, Sweden

Ki Ho Park, South Korea

Augusto Blanco-Azuaro, UK

Rich Parrish, USA

Eytan Blumenthal, Israel

Mike Patella, USA

Andreas Boehm, Germany

Pradeep Ramulu, USA

Chris Bowd, USA

Harsha Rao, India

James Brandt, USA

Lisandro Sakata, Brasil

Paolo Brusini, Italy

Joel Schuman, USA

Donald Budenz, USA

Chandra Sekhar, India

Claude Burgoyne, USA

George Spaeth, USA

Jennifer Burr, UK

Paul Spry, UK

Anne Coleman, USA

Kyun Rim Sung, South Korea

Vital Costa, Brasil

Remo Susanna, Brasil

David Crabb, UK

William Swanson, USA

Tanuj Dada, India

John Thygesen, Denmark

viii

Faculty

Andrew Turpin, Australia

S. Fabian Lerner, Argentina

Ningli Wang, PR China

Chris Leung, Hong Kong

M. Roy Wilson, UK

Felipe A. Medeiros, USA

Gadi Wollstein, USA

Kuldev Singh, USA

Consensus Development Panel

Remo Susanna, Brasil

Ningli Wang, PR China

Jonathan Crowston, Australia

Robert N. Weinreb, USA

Murray Fingeret, USA

Recording Secretary

David F. Garway-Heath, UK

Chris Johnson, USA

Kaweh Mansouri, USA

Tae-Woo Kim, South Korea

 

Glaucoma Societies/Sections of the following countries and regions have agreed to review the report:

Algeria, American Glaucoma Society, Argentina, Asian-Oceanic Glaucoma Society, Australian and New Zealand Glaucoma, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canadian Glaucoma Society, Chile, Chinese Glaucoma Society, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, European Glaucoma Society, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Glaucoma Society of India, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Interest Group, International Society for Glaucoma Surgery, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan Glaucoma Society, Korea, Latin-American Glaucoma Society, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Mexico, Middle East African Glaucoma Society, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Optometric Glaucoma Society, Pakistan, Pan American Glaucoma Society, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Republic, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South-East Asian Glaucoma Interest Group, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Zambia

Contents

ix

 

 

CONTENTS

 

Preface

xiii

Introduction

xv

1.  VISUAL FUNCTION PROGRESSION

 

David F. Garway-Heath, Andy McNaught, Nomdo Jansonius,

 

Anders Heijl, Boel Bengtsson, Douglas R. Anderson,

 

William H. Swanson

3

2.  STRUCTURE

 

Christopher Leung, Linda Zangwill, Chris Girkin, Bal Chauhan,

 

Makoto Araie, Chris Bowd, Harsha Rao, Claude Burgoyne,

 

Tae-Woo Kim, Tanuj Dada, Antonio Martinez Garcia, Michael Kook,

 

Jost Jonas, Ki-Ho Park, Kyung Rim Sung, Remo Susanna,

 

Andreas Boehm, Gadi Wollstein

45

3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

 

Felipe A. Medeiros, Gustavo de Moraes, Balwantray Chauhan,

 

Remo Susanna, Jeffrey M. Liebmann

91

4.RISK FACTORS

Jonathan G. Crowston, S. Fabian Lerner, Mingguang He,

Kuldev Singh, Paul Healey

101

5.GLAUCOMA AND ITS IMPACT ON PATIENT FUNCTION

Rohit Varma, Roberta McKean-Cowdin, Thierry Zeyen,

 

Pradeep Ramulu, David Friedman

119

Summary Consensus points

132

Disclosure codes definitions – Category code specific financial interests

149

Index of authors

154

Contents

xi

 

 

PREFACE

Progression of Glaucoma is the topic of the eighth World Glaucoma Association Consensus. There has been considerable attention to the diagnosis of glaucoma during the past twenty years. In fact, this was the topic of the inaugural WGA consensus report in 2003. During the past decade, however, numerous studies have been undertaken to also investigate the progression of glaucoma. With substantial improvement in existing diagnostic technologies and the rapid development of others, one can better determine whether there has been progressive disease. Hence, the results of this report will have broad and significant impact on clinical practice and glaucoma research. The global faculty, consisting of leading authorities on the clinical and scientific aspects of glaucoma progression, met in Paris on June 28, 2011, just prior to the World Glaucoma Congress, to discuss the reports and refine the consensus statements.

As with prior meetings, it was a daunting task to seek and obtain consensus on such a complicated and nuanced subject. It is unclear how each of us decides how we practice, and evidence to guide us often is sparse. Collection of patient data to study progression often takes years. Hence, this consensus, as with the others, is based not only on the published literature, but also on expert opinion. Although consensus does not replace and is not a surrogate for scientific investigation, it does provide considerable value, especially when the desired evidence is lacking. The goal of this consensus is to provide a foundation for identifying progression of glaucoma and how it can be best done in clinical practice. Identification of those areas for which we have little evidence and, therefore, the need for additional research always is a high priority. We hope that this consensus report will serve as a benchmark of our understanding. However, this consensus report, as with each of the others, is intended to be fluid. It is expected that it will be revised and improved with the emergence of new evidence.

Robert N. Weinreb, Chair

Co-Chairs:

Jonathan G. Crowston

David F. Garway-Heath

Christopher Leung

Felipe A. Medeiros

Rohit Varma

Robert N. Weinreb (Consensus Chair)