Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Progress in Brain Research Visual Perception, Part I Fundamentals of Vision Low and Mid-Level Processes in Perception_2006

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point out the striking influence of familiarity on the perception of sex in faces.

Finally, although the recognition of other faces through touch is not a familiar task to most people, tactile perception of one’s own face is a common event. For example, we often feel our own faces for the purposes of grooming, yet our studies showed that despite this experience, recognition of one’s own face through touch is not as efficient as through vision. Taken together, these studies suggest that it is familiarity with the stimulus properties as well as the task that results in better performance. The benefits of familiarity, we would argue, are therefore likely to be task-specific.

In summary, familiarity with an object or event helps build a robust representation of that object in memory allowing for efficient recognition of objects on the basis of statistical likelihood of the appearance of that object in the natural environment. Some of our findings suggest that the benefit of familiarity with objects seems to be specific to the task at hand and does not generalize to different types of tasks. For example, despite a lifetime of experience with seeing and touching one’s own face, only visual recognition of our own face was possible. Without direct investigation of the interplay between task specificity and familiarity, this remains purely speculative. However, several recent studies suggest that the neural coding of objects is influenced by the task, or response contingencies, in that these neurons adapt according to the rules of the task (Duncan, 2001; Freedman et al., 2001). Consequently, it is possible that familiarity is indeed dependent on the task, and that the familiar properties of an object that benefit recognition performance may not influence other types of tasks.

Acknowledgments

This research was partly funded by the HEA: PRTLI fund to the Trinity College Institute of

Neuroscience of which FNN is a member. We thank Marty Banks for his comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

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action 135–136, 145–146, 155, 188, 211–214, 216–218, 230, 238

aftereffect 193, 196–199, 202 amblyopia 162–165

attention 33–56, 58–61, 63–66, 100–101, 115, 151–152, 154, 158, 170, 177, 179, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 215, 227, 241–243, 249, 274–275, 286–287

awareness 100, 151

bayesian inference 265, 269

biological motion 136, 145, 203, 315–318, 323 bursts 154–156, 165, 167–169, 179, 212, 214

calbindin 15, 19, 30

categorical perception 315, 319–320, 324 cholinergic neurons 211, 217

circuits 15, 24, 29, 75, 79–80, 87, 93–94, 100–101, 113, 122, 211, 242, 272

completion 227–228, 237, 242, 247, 255, 257, 267–268, 275–277, 281, 308

complex cell 73–85, 87, 283, 294

contour 6, 9, 94, 96, 125, 128, 133, 227–230, 233, 240, 255, 257, 265–269, 271–272, 274, 276–285, 287–288, 293, 296–305, 307–310

contour discontinuities 271–272, 280, 283, 285, 287–288

contrast sensitivity 5, 33–34, 36–38, 40–46, 48–49, 51–52, 58–59, 63–66, 97–98

cortical microcircuit 73, 75, 81, 83, 87

covert attention 33, 35–36, 38, 41–43, 45, 48–50, 52, 63–64, 177, 188, 190

curvature 266, 268–269, 271–272, 280–283, 285, 287, 293, 295–310

drift 129, 152–153, 157, 163–165, 170–171, 178–180, 186, 194, 216

dynamic objects 315, 317, 323

early vision 33, 37, 49, 61, 63 electrophysiology 293

extrastriate 34, 37–38, 52–53, 61, 63, 83, 93, 97–101, 103–105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 155–156, 234, 240–243, 260

eye movements 35, 49, 151–153, 155, 157, 160–162, 164–165, 169–172, 177–180, 182–186, 189–190, 193–198, 202–206, 211–216, 219–220, 235, 282

faces 56, 144, 276, 295, 315–316, 319–324

fading 151–152, 156–160, 162, 164–165, 171, 177, 186, 227, 298

familiarity 315, 317–324 filling-in 160, 227–243, 268, 277

fixation 38, 40, 46–50, 138, 151–153, 155, 157–158, 160–172, 177–178, 181, 183–184, 186, 188–190, 193–194, 196–198, 202, 204–205, 211–216, 222, 227–229, 231, 233–235, 237–242, 279, 286

fixational eye movements 151–152, 157, 161–162, 164–165, 170–172, 177–179, 182–186, 190, 193, 195, 198, 202, 205–206

form 15, 18–19, 21, 23, 25, 60, 81–82, 99, 108–109, 121–122, 135–142, 144–145, 168, 184–185, 188, 215, 227, 233, 251, 255, 265, 269, 271–274, 276–288, 293–296

form perception 293–294

GABA 15, 19, 103–104, 220 gabor filters 121, 125, 129, 309 geniculate see LGN

geniculocortical 83, 93, 97–98, 100, 102 glutamate receptors 211, 220

grating induction 247–249, 250–251, 255–256

haptic recognition 315

horizontal connections 93, 100–101, 108, 230

illusion 38, 160, 170, 193, 195–198, 202–203, 227–228, 233, 240, 247–249, 251, 253–261, 274

implied motion 135–136, 146, 273

inhibition 15, 56, 77–81, 83, 85–87, 99–100, 131, 187–190, 236–237, 241, 278

integration 66, 87, 94, 102–103, 106, 115–116, 135, 145, 201, 214–217, 278, 280–281, 309–310

interneurons 15–16, 18–19, 24, 30, 80, 87, 100, 111, 114–115

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lateral geniculate nucleus see LGN

LGN 3–11, 73, 76–77, 79, 80, 87, 97–103, 105, 111, 115–116, 155–158, 172, 177, 199, 229

macaque 15, 18–20, 24–25, 57, 93, 95, 97–99, 101, 106–109, 111, 135, 137, 153, 155–156, 276, 282, 284, 294

microsaccades 151–172, 177–190, 194–195 minicolumns 15, 21, 24–26, 28, 30

monkey 5, 15, 18–19, 23–25, 30, 34–35, 52–54, 65, 75, 78, 83, 94–95, 99–100, 103, 105, 109, 135–137, 146, 153, 155, 157, 163, 205, 229, 234–236, 238, 240, 293–294, 297, 311

motion 42, 56, 65, 81, 83, 87, 104, 121–125, 127–130, 132–133, 135–137, 139, 144–146, 151–152, 160, 162, 165, 169, 177–178, 185–186, 193–200, 202–206, 238–239, 241, 247–248, 260, 271–288, 315–318, 323

motion detection 193, 203–205

motion perception 193, 205, 272–273, 280, 284 muscarinic receptors 211, 219–222

neocortex 15, 18, 24–25, 28, 30 neon color spreading 247, 257–259 neural code 155

neuroimaging 33–34, 37, 59–60, 63, 65–66 neurophysiology 33, 66, 190, 272, 278 nystagmus 164–167, 169–171, 197–198, 219–220

object recognition 136, 240, 277, 293–294, 315–316 object-centered position 293, 305, 308

oculomotor system 153, 162, 177, 182, 195, 216 optical imaging 106, 121–122, 130–131 orientation columns 121

orientation selectivity 73, 75–77, 80, 83, 86

perceptual stability 193–194, 196, 203, 206–207 perceptual transparency 247, 249–251, 253, 256, 260 persistent activity 211, 218–219, 221

population activity 121, 124–125, 127, 132–133 prepositus hypoglossi 211–212, 214, 223 primary visual cortex see V1

primate see monkey

psychophysics 33–34, 48, 63, 66, 202, 255, 297

random walk 177, 185–186, 194

receptive field 3–11, 38, 52–53, 55, 57–60, 63, 73–81, 83–87, 93–94, 101, 111, 116, 121, 127–130, 132–133, 155, 172, 199, 229, 272–273, 280, 283, 293–294

response latency 3, 5, 7–10, 138–139, 163 retina 3–5, 9–11, 73, 76, 97, 152–153, 158, 193,

198, 202–203, 206, 228–229, 233, 242–243, 278, 280, 293

saccade 165, 168, 170, 182, 187, 189–190, 194, 212–213, 215, 218

saccadic intrusions 152, 164–168 saccadic oscillations 165–168

shape 44, 51, 56, 73, 75, 115, 129, 170, 193, 265–276, 278, 282, 284–288, 293–297, 299–301, 304–311, 315, 318–320

short-term potentiation 211, 223 simple cell 73–87, 294 simultaneous recording 3, 5–6, 10 small eye movement 193–197, 202

spatial frequency 38, 41–43, 50, 64, 77, 87, 102, 121–122, 125–127, 129, 132, 199, 248, 254–255, 258, 285, 293–295, 299, 308

spatiotemporal energy 121 square-wave jerks 165–167 striate cortex see V1 surface completion 228, 247

surround modulation 93, 96, 99, 101, 103, 105, 111

temporal cortex 19, 21, 24, 135–136, 240, 293–294 thalamocortical 3, 75–77, 80, 83

thalamus 3, 73–76, 80, 83, 87, 97, 172, 189 three-dimensional perception 265

tremor 152–153, 157, 159, 178, 186 Troxler effect 227

V1 3, 37–38, 53, 57, 59–62, 73, 75–77, 79, 82, 84–86, 93–95, 97–109, 111, 113–116, 121–122, 124–125, 127–129, 132–133, 153–158, 163, 172, 179, 195, 199–202, 229–231, 234–235, 239–243, 260, 276–278, 282–284, 288, 293–295, 308–309

V4 37–38, 42, 52–54, 56, 58–59, 271, 276–277, 284, 287, 293–300, 304–311

vision 33, 37, 49, 61, 63, 65, 100, 151–153, 157, 159–160, 162, 164–165, 169–170, 172, 178, 194, 206–207, 227, 231, 247–248, 256, 271, 286, 293, 295, 321, 324

visual attention 33–35, 63, 66, 177, 179, 186, 190 visual cortex 3, 15–21, 26, 58–61, 63, 73, 75–76, 78–79,

82, 84–86, 93–94, 99–100, 121–122, 132–133, 172, 179, 229–230, 234, 239, 267, 293–294

visual jitter 193, 196–200, 202, 206

visual perception 151–152, 156–157, 168, 177, 182, 186–187, 190, 230, 265–266

visual phantoms 247–257, 260–261

X cell 3–6, 9, 73–85, 87, 283, 294

Y cell 3–7, 9–10, 74, 76, 80–81, 83, 86–87, 97, 100, 107, 139, 144, 299