- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Contributors
- •1 History of the Electroretinogram
- •2 History of Electro-Oculography
- •12 Origins of the Electroretinogram
- •15 Origin of the Visual Evoked Potentials
- •IV EQUIPMENT
- •17 Electrodes for Visual Testing
- •V DATA ACQUISITION
- •20.2 EOG Standard
- •21 Multifocal Techniques
- •22 The Pattern Electroretinogram
- •28 Suppressive Rod-Cone Interaction
- •VI DATA ANALYSIS
- •31 Analytical Techniques
- •32 Reverse Correlation Methods
- •34 Kernel Analysis
- •VIII OTHER PROTOCOLS FOR RECORDING OF ERG AND SLOWER POTENTIALS, TECHNICAL ISSUES, AND AUXILIARY TESTING TECHNIQUES
- •40 Early Receptor Potential
- •42 Direct Current Electroretinogram
- •44 Flicker Electroretinography
- •48 Causes and Cures of Artifacts
- •IX PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION OF VISUAL DYSFUNCTION FROM DEVELOPMENTAL, TOXIC, AND ACQUIRED CAUSES
- •52 Developmental Amblyopia
- •53 Visual Evoked Potentials in Cortical Blindness
- •55 Mitochondrial Diseases
- •59 Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
- •61 Dominant Drusen
- •62 Stargardt Disease
- •64 Leber Congenital Amaurosis
- •65 Pattern Dystrophies
- •67 Sorsby’s Fundus Dystrophy
- •68 Choroideremia
- •69 Retinitis Pigmentosa
- •73 Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis
- •75 Quinine Retinopathy
- •XV ANIMAL TESTING
- •Index
CONTRIBUTORS
A -U , E |
Department of Ophthalmology, Chiba |
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University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan |
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R. |
Laboratory |
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Clinical Psy- |
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chophysics and Electrophysiology, Department of |
Ophthalmo- |
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logy and Visual Sciences, University |
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Illinois |
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Chicago, |
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Chicago, IL |
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A , A |
Department of |
Clinical Neurophysiology, |
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Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany |
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A , |
P. |
Department of Ophthalmology, University of |
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Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands |
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A , N |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Univer- |
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sity of Iowa, Iowa City, IA |
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A , G B. |
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Department of |
Optometry and Visual |
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Science, City University, London, United Kingdom |
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B , M |
Electrophysiological Laboratory, Department |
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of Ophthalmology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany |
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B , |
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Queen’s |
Medical |
Centre, |
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Nottingham, |
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United Kingdom |
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B , T |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Univer- |
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sity Eye Hospital, Munich, Germany |
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B , D G. |
Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, |
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TX, and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX |
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B , E E. |
Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, |
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TX, and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX |
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B -W , I |
Department of Ophthalmology, |
Mt. |
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Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY |
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B , L. J. |
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Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysio- |
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logy, Academic Medical Centre, University of |
Amsterdam, |
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Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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B , M |
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Pfizer Global Research and Development, |
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Chicago, IL |
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B , S E. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology, Mt. Sinai |
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School of Medicine, New York, NY |
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B , W J. |
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Department of Anatomy and Cellular |
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Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA |
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C , R E. |
Department of Ophthalmology, New York |
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University Medical Center, New York, NY |
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C , M P. |
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Department of |
Ophthalmology, Royal |
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Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom |
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C , T |
Department of Anatomy and Cellu- |
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lar Biology, |
Tufts |
University School |
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Medicine, |
Boston, |
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MA |
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C , |
B R. |
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Department |
of |
Neurobiology, |
Harvard |
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Medical School, Boston, MA |
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C , |
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School |
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Psychology, |
University |
of |
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Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
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R , A. F. Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
E , B Dever’s Eye Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, OR
E , O Department of Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
F , M Institute of Brain Research IV and the Unit for Human Neurobiology, Universität Bremen, Bremen,
Germany |
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F , G L. |
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Departments of |
Physiological Science and |
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Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los |
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Angeles, CA |
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F , G |
Biophysics Unit, Department of Physiology, |
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University College London, London, United Kingdom |
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F , G A. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology and |
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Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL |
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F , P J. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology, Oregon |
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Health and Science University, Portland, OR |
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F , L J. |
College of |
Optometry, University of |
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Houston, Houston, TX |
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F , T E. |
Retired, Colorado |
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F , A B. |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s |
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Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA |
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G , C A. |
Department |
of Ophthalmology, |
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University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL |
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G , P |
Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia |
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University, New York, NY |
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G , R (deceased) |
Nobel Laureate, Karolinska Insti- |
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tutet, Stockholm, Sweden |
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H , G S. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology and |
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Visual Services, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA |
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H , R . M. |
Department of Ophthalmology, Chil- |
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dren’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA |
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H , G F. A. |
Neurosciences Research Institute, |
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Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom |
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H , M |
Department of Ophthalmology, University |
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of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia |
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H , J R. |
Department of Ophthalmology and |
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Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, |
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Ann Arbor, MI |
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H , E |
Department of Ophthalmology, University of |
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Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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H , M B. |
Visual Processing Lab, Universitäts- |
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Augenklinik, Magdeburg, Germany |
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H , C |
Electrophysiology Department, Moorfields Eye |
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Hospital, London, United Kingdom |
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xxi
H , G E. |
Department of Electrophysiology, Moor- |
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fields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom |
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H , D C. |
Department of Psychology, Columbia Uni- |
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versity, New York, NY |
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H , D D. |
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Uni- |
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versity School of Medicine, Boston, MA |
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J , |
L V. |
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Center |
for the Study of Macular |
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Degeneration, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of |
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California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA |
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J , M A. |
Department of Ophthalmology, University |
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of Maryland, Baltimore, MD |
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K , |
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Professor |
Emeritus, |
University |
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Kanazawa, Japan |
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K , D |
Department of Cardiovascular and Medical |
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Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, |
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Scotland, United Kingdom |
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K , N W. |
Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, |
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Ann Arbor, MI |
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K. |
Department |
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Ophthalmology, |
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Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, |
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Quebec, Canada |
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K , H |
Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School |
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of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT |
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K , |
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Department |
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Nagoya |
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University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan |
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L C , P |
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Department of Ophthalmology, McGill |
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University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
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L , |
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Department |
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Neurobiology, |
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Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA |
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M D , I M. |
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Department of Medical Genetics, Uni- |
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versity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
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M , C |
Eye Clinic, New York, NY |
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M , M K. |
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Department of Anatomy and Cellular |
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Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA |
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M , |
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F. |
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Department |
of |
Ophthalmology, |
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Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA |
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M , |
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Elektrophysiologisches Labor, Universitäts- |
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Augenklinik, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany |
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M , K W. |
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Regional Medical Physics Department, |
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University |
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Newcastle |
upon |
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Tyne, |
Newcastle upon Tyne, |
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United Kingdom |
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M , Y |
Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya Uni- |
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versity School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan |
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M -F , F |
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Department of |
Small Animal |
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Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State |
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University, East Lansing, MI |
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M , F |
Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Division |
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Autonome de Génétique Médicale, Lausanne, Switzerland |
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N , |
K |
Department |
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Veterinary |
Medicine |
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and Surgery, |
College |
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Veterinary |
Medicine, |
University |
of |
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Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO |
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N , N J. |
Departments of |
Ophthalmology, Neuro- |
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logy, and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
N , S E G. Department of Ophthalmology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
N , S Visual Physiology Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA
O , J. |
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West Virginia University Eye Institute, |
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Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences |
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of West |
Virginia, |
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Morgantown, WV |
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O , |
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Department |
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Ophthalmology, Keio |
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University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan |
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P , S |
Eye Department, Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, |
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United Kingdom |
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P , D R. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology and |
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Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of |
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Illinois at |
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Chicago, Chicago, IL |
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P -J , S |
Department of Small Animal Clinical |
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Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, |
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East Lansing, MI |
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R , |
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Basic and Visual Science Department, |
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Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA |
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S , |
M C. |
Department |
of |
Molecular |
Biology, |
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Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Imperial |
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College London, London, United Kingdom |
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S , A B. H. |
Department of |
Ophthalmology, Emory |
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University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA |
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S , |
M W. |
University |
Eye |
Hospital, |
Tübingen, |
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Germany |
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S , Y |
Department of Ophthalmology, University of |
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Kanazawa, Japan |
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S , R |
Institute of Biological Science, University of |
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Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan |
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S , P A. |
National Eye Institute, National |
Institutes |
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of Health, Bethesda, MD |
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S , W. C |
Department of |
Ophthalmology, University |
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of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL |
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S , O |
Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, |
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Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany |
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T , |
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Department |
of |
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Ophthalmology, |
School |
of |
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Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan |
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T , D |
Electrophysiology Department, Hospital |
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for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom |
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T , A |
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Dipartimento |
di Neuroscienze/ |
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Clinica Oculistica, University of Padova, Padova, Italy |
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T , G L. |
Eye Care Services, Henry Ford Health |
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System, Detroit, MI |
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T , |
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College |
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Veterinary |
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Medicine, |
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Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
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School of Optometry and Vision Science, University |
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of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
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L. H (deceased) Laboratory of |
Medical |
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Physics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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W , K |
Department of Ophthalmology, Univer- |
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sity of Kanazawa, Japan |
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W , |
R G. |
Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health |
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and Science University, Portland, OR |
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W , |
C |
Unit |
of |
Ophthalmology, Department |
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of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom |
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W , D J. |
Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye |
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Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR |
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Y , |
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Sakura |
Hospital, |
Toho |
University, |
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Sakura, Japan |
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Z , |
E |
Department |
for |
Pathophysiology |
of |
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Vision and Neuro-Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital of
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
xxii
IHISTORY AND BACKGROUND TO MODERN TESTING
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