Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Quick Reference Dictionary of Eyecare Terminology 4th edition_Ledford, Hoffman_2005

IR = index of refraction; D = diopters; K = cornea

Reprinted with permission from Ledford J. Certified Ophthalmic Medical Technologist Exam Review Manual. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 1997: 153.

A P P E N D I X 6

Classifications of Nystagmus

I.Normal physiologic

A.Endpoint

B.Induced

1.Drugs

2.Optokinetic

3.Caloric

4.Rotational

II.Congenital

A.Motor (idiopathic)

B.Sensory (sensory vision)

C.Latent

III.Acquired

A.Convergence retraction

B.Cerebellar

1.Opsoclonus

2.Flutter

3.Dysmetria

C.Gaze—paretic

D.Vestibular

1.Rotary

2.Horizontal

3.Vertical

E.Spasmus nutans

F.Muscle—paretic

G.See-saw

H.Periodic alternating

Adapted from Cassin B, ed. Fundamentals for Ophthalmic Technical Personnel. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1995.

A P P E N D I X 8

The Subjective

Grading System

An important, but confusing, part of documenting abnormalities is the subjective grading system. Even the term subjective causes confusion because such grading occurs during the objective examination. Some clarification seems to be in order.

First, many of the patient’s symptoms are subjective. These are symptoms that the patient tells us about but we cannot see, such as pain. Other findings are objective. That is, they do not involve the patient’s ability to report them. We can see them ourselves when we examine the patient. Cell and flare in the anterior chamber is an objective finding; the patient did not (and cannot) tell us about it, but we can see it. Other findings fall into both realms. The patient may say, “My right eye is red,” which is subjective. We can also see the injection through the slit lamp (whether the patient has reported it or not), which is objective. The slit lamp exam is an objective test.

Grading pathology and other findings, although they are discovered during the objective examination, are subjective on the part of the examiner. By subjective we mean that the assignment of a rating to a finding is dependent on the observer’s opinion. You may look at the patient and grade her lid edema as 2+. Another clinician may rate the same finding (same patient, same day, and same time) as 1+ or 3+. The best we can advise you is that if you are auxiliary personnel, try to learn the grading system of your employer. As you examine more and more eyes, you will get a feel for how marked a finding is. If you are a physician, do your best to teach your grading philosophy to your staff.