- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Acknowledgments
- •Abbreviations
- •Introduction
- •1: Diagnosis of Keratoconus
- •1.1 Clinical Findings
- •1.1.1 External Signs
- •1.1.2 Retinoscopy Signs
- •1.1.3 Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy Signs
- •1.2 Corneal Hysteresis
- •1.2.1 Principles
- •1.3 Confocal Microscopy
- •1.4 Specular Microscopy
- •1.5 Corneal Topography
- •1.5.1 Instruments Measuring Corneal Surface
- •1.5.1.1 Curvature-Based Instruments
- •1.5.1.2 Elevation Based Topographers
- •Bibliography
- •2.1 Morphological Patterns
- •2.2 Topographical Patterns
- •2.2.3.1 The Normal Cornea
- •2.2.4 Summary of Topographic Criteria of Keratoconus
- •2.4 Forme Fruste Keratoconus
- •2.5.1 Clinical Findings
- •2.5.2 Topographical Findings
- •2.5.3 Complications
- •2.5.4 Differential Diagnosis
- •Bibliography
- •3: Management of Keratoconus
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Management Modalities
- •3.2.1 Noninterventional Managements
- •3.2.1.1 Spectacle Correction
- •3.2.1.2 Contact Lenses
- •3.2.2 Interventional Procedures
- •3.2.2.1 Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)
- •3.2.2.2 Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •3.2.2.3 Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK)
- •3.2.2.4 Intracorneal Rings (ICRs)
- •Mechanism of Actions
- •Conditions to Use ICRs
- •Guidelines
- •Factors for Poor Visual Outcome
- •Contraindications
- •Relative Contraindications
- •Considerations
- •Complications
- •Practical Notes in Using the Rings
- •3.2.2.5 Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Conditions
- •Contraindications
- •Expected Changes After CxL
- •Typical Final Clinical Outcomes
- •Complications
- •3.2.2.6 Intraocular Refractive Lenses
- •Indications
- •Conditions
- •Contraindications
- •Considerations
- •Ophthalmic Examination
- •Basic Concepts
- •Complications
- •3.2.3 Combination Between Treatment Modalities
- •3.3 Management Parameters
- •3.3.1 Introduction
- •3.3.2 Management Parameters
- •3.3.2.3 Environment
- •3.3.2.4 Progression
- •3.3.2.5 Corneal Thickness
- •3.3.2.7 Refractive Errors and the Visual Acuity
- •3.3.2.8 Corneal Transparency and Stress Lines
- •Bibliography
- •4: Case Study
- •Introduction
- •Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •Step 2: Management Suggestion Step
- •Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.1 Case 1
- •4.1.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.1.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.1.3 Step 3: Discussion
- •4.2 Case 2
- •4.2.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.2.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.2.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.3 Case 3
- •4.3.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.3.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.3.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.4 Case 4
- •4.4.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.4.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.4.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.5 Case 5
- •4.5.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.5.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.5.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.6 Case 6
- •4.6.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.6.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.6.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.7 Case 7
- •4.7.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.7.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.7.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.8 Case 8
- •4.8.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.8.2 Step 2: Management Suggestions
- •4.8.3 Step 3: Discussion Step
- •4.9 Case 9
- •4.9.1 Step 1: Analyzing Step
- •4.9.2 Step 2: Management Suggestion
- •4.9.3 Step3: Discussion
- •Index
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2 Classifications and Patterns of Keratoconus and Keratectasia |
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