Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies 5th edition_Evans_2007

Motor deviation treatment, 246–250

botulinum toxin, 250

eye exercises, 246–247

pharmacological management, 249

prism relief, 249

refractive correction, 247–249, 248

surgery, 250

Motor function in HARC, 177–178, 178

Motor fusion in children, 51–52

Motor investigation, 18–33

cover tests, 18–26

motility test, 26–28

near triad, 28–33, 31, 32

Motor system, 2, 3

Multifocal lenses, 103

Multiple groove method, 68

Multiple neurogenic paresis, 308

Multiple sclerosis, 300

Muscles see Extraocular muscles

Myasthenia gravis, 283, 300, 308–309

Myectomy, 321

Myogenic disorders, 302, 308–310

Myopia, 66, 101, 113

children, 43–44, 103

pseudo-, 112

refractive correction, 120

unilateral high, 134

Myotonic dystrophy, 309

N

Near–far jump exercises, 151

Near phoria, 6

Near point of convergence, 29, 127–128

Near reflex spasm, 261–262

Near triad

accommodation, 29–32, 31, 32

convergence, 28–29

motor investigation, 28–33, 31, 32

pupil reflexes, 32–33

spasm of, 112

Near vision

exotropia, 260

tests, 128

Neonatal misalignments, 45, 253

Nerves

aberrant regeneration of fibres, 308

see also specific nerves

Neurogenic palsies, 300–308, 302

Neutral density filters, 192

‘Nodding test’, Turville’s, 135, 164

Nonius strips, 75–76, 81, 95–96, 148–149

Normal retinal correspondence (NRC),

265

comitant strabismus, 223, 232–233,

236, 241–242, 246–247, 249, 250

sensory changes, 172, 174–176, 178

INDEX

in children, 201–210

Paradoxical fixation disparity, 75

duration, 210–211

Parallel testing infinity balance, 73

efficacy and age, 201–207

Paralysis, 272

follow up, 211

Paresis, 272, 291, 295

full time/part time, 209–210

vertical, 295–297

penalization/fogging, 208–209

Parinaud’s syndrome, 315

recidivism, 211–212

Parkinson’s disease, 315, 326

types of, 207

Parks’ method, 295–296, 296

binocular instability, 94

Parks’ monofixational syndrome, 263

intractable diplopia, 228–230

Past pointing test, 294

maintenance, 212

eccentric fixation, 196

total, 207

Pathology

types of, 229

children, 40

Ocular flutter, 326

esophoria, 110

Ocular motor system see Motor

exophoria, 126–127

investigation

heterophoria, 58

Ocular myositis, 310

incomitant deviations, 298–300, 299

Oculomotor nerve see Third cranial

nystagmus, 325–328

nerve

Pattern deviations, 282, 316

Ophthalmoplegia, 307, 309

Pattern strabismus, 316

internuclear, 315

Penalization, 208–209

Ophthalmoscopy, 40

Pencil-to-nose exercises, 129, 138, 151

eccentric fixation, 194–195

Perceptual learning, 216

examination, 34

Percival’s criterion, 72, 86, 89, 95

fundus reflex, 53

Perimetry method, 195

incomitant deviations, 283

Peripheral fusion, 264

Opsoclonus, 326

Peripheral gaze, 27

Optic nerve hypoplasia, 190

Pharmacological agents, 61

Optokinetic nystagmus, 47

management, 249

Optotypes, 191–192

nystagmus, 337

Organic amblyopia, 182

‘Phi’ test, 25

Orthophoria, 4, 141

Phoria see Heterophoria

Orthoptics see Eye exercises

Photic stimulation, 334–335

Oscillopsia, 317

Photophobia, 16, 35

Otitis media infection, 280

Photorefraction, 54–55

OXO test see Mallett fixation disparity

Phylogenetic factors, 126

test

Physiological aniseikonia, 165

Physiological diplopia, 111, 125, 145

P

in esotropia, 36

Palsies, 276

free-space method, 244–246

cranial nerve, 300–301, 302, 303

Physiological exophoria, 7, 65

definition, 272–273

Physiological optokinetic nystagmus

fourth cranial nerve (superior oblique),

(OKN), 41

282, 287, 292, 301–305, 304,

Picture matching tests, 47

305–306, 316

Pigeon–Cantonnet stereoscope, 143

gaze, 315

Pilocarpine, 249

lateral rectus, 282, 301, 306–307

Pinhole test, 221

muscle sequelae, 297–298

Polarized duochrome, 35

myogenic, 302, 308–310

Polarized vectograms, 140–141

neurogenic, 300–308, 302

Position

nuclear, 279–280

of anatomical rest, 3

sixth cranial nerve (lateral rectus), 282,

of gaze, 284–285, 285, 286, 304

301, 306–307

of psychological rest, 3

superior rectus, 305, 308

Posterior fixation suture, 321

third cranial nerve, 283, 301, 307–308

Preferential looking, 41, 47, 53

Panum’s area, 3, 73, 78, 174, 193, 265

grating test, 48

Preliminary details, 14

Presbyopia, 112, 113

refractive correction, 120

Primary eye care see Routine

procedures

Primary microtropia, 263

Prism bars, 69, 69, 223

Prism flippers, 31, 32, 72–74, 148

Prism relief

comitant strabismus, 242–243

esophoria, 112, 116

exophoria, 122, 125, 131

heterophoria, 105–107, 106

hyperphoria, 136

incomitant deviations, 319

motor deviation, 249

nystagmus, 333

suppression, 240

Prismatic effects, 163, 164–165

diagnosis, 164

investigation/evaluation, 164–165

Prisms

adaptation test, 242, 250

pre-prescribing, 107

diagnostic, 85

in free space, 148

measurement, 24–25

rotary, 223

variable stereoscopes, 141

Procedures see Routine procedures

Proprioreception, 294

Proximal convergence, excessive, 113

Pseudobinocular vision, 176, 177, 219,

241

Pseudofovea, 176

Pseudofusional reserves, 264

Pseudoheterophoria, 264–265

Pseudomyopia, 112

Pseudoptosis, 283

Psychogenic amblyopia, 183

Ptosis, 34, 283, 309

Pupil reflexes, 32–33

Pursuit convergence (near point), 29,

127–128

Pursuit eye movements, 26–27, 44–45

Push-up exercises, 149, 150

R

Ramp stimulus, 138, 138, 140, 151

Reading muscle, 305

Recession, 321

Recidivism, 211–212

Recovery quality, 66

Red filter method, 155–156, 237

Referral

for children, 55

refractive correction, 14

Spasm of near triad, 112

retinoscopy/subjective refraction,

Spasmus nutans, 326

35–36

Specific learning difficulties

sensory, 33–34

case study, 65

vision tests, 13–14

flow chart, 347

Specific reading difficulties, 16, 28, 64

S

Spectacles

Saccadic eye movements, 27, 28

eye exercises, 103, 132, 249

in children, 44–45

magnification, 165–169, 167

nystagmus, 326

tilted, 134

tests, 27, 28

Square wave jerks, 326

Saladin Fixation Disparity Card, 81

Squint, 4

Scars, 34, 283

alternate day, 8

Sclera, 34

Step stimulus, 138, 140

Scobee’s method, 296–297, 297

Stereoacuity tests, 33–34, 74, 84–86

Scotopic sensitivity syndrome see

children, 52–53, 52

Meares–Irlen syndrome

random dot, 52, 52, 53, 237, 267

Screening programmes

strabismus, 177

amblyopia, 186

Stereograms, free-space, 147–148, 147

children, 39

Stereopsis, 15, 85

Secondary microtropia, 263

amblyopia, 192

Sensory defect nystagmus, 324

decompensated heterophoria, 63

Sensory fusion disruption syndrome,

development, 45–46

226–227, 227

microtropia, 267–268

Sensory system, 2, 3

Stereoscope devices, 141–143

changes, 172–180

suppression, 152, 239

binocular, 172–179

Stimulus deprivation amblyopia, 182

comitant strabismus, 231–241, 231

Strabismic amblyopia, 182, 188–189

factors, 220

Strabismus, 4

monocular, 179

accommodative state, 10

investigation, 33–34

alternating, 9–10

Sensory theory, 193

birth trauma, 16

Septum test, 154, 154

classification, 8–10, 9

Sheard’s criterion, 72, 87–89, 95–96, 105

comitant see Comitant strabismus

Sheedy Disparometer, 76–78, 78, 79, 81

constant/intermittent, 8–9, 19

Sheridan–Gardiner test, 49, 191

convergence insufficiency, 126

Sherrington’s law, 272–278

cover test, 19–20, 20, 21

‘SILO’ perception of size, 147

deviation, 9, 9, 19, 20

Simultaneous prism cover test, 25

eye preference, 9–10, 19

Single letter acuity, 191–192, 192

fully adapted, 264, 268

Single mirror haploscope, 244

habitual angle of, 25, 177–178

Sixth cranial nerve, 279, 280

incomitant see Incomitant deviations

palsy (lateral rectus), 282, 301, 306–307

management, 251–262

Size lens, 169–170

monocular eyelid closure, 16

Skeffington model, 85–86

near reflex spasm, 261–262

Skew deviation, 315–316

non-refractive, 257–261

Snellen letters

objective angle of, 177–178

amblyopia, 189, 192, 216

onset, 15, 253–262

cover test, 19, 20

after first year, 255–262

decompensated heterophoria, 67

in first year, 253–254

eccentric fixation, 191, 195

pattern, 316

measurements, 41

prevalence, 4

nystagmus, 328

refractive, 255–257

principles, 49

sensory changes in, 172–180

Sore eyes, 63

binocular, 172–179

Space eikonometer, 166

monocular, 179

Strabismus (contd)

subjective angle of, 177–178

total angle of, 177–178

unilateral, 9

vertical, 261

worksheet, 348–349

Strabismus fixus, 314

Strengthening procedures (surgical), 321

Stress

on visual system, 59–60

on well-being, 60–61

visual stress see under Meares–Irlen

syndrome

Subjective angle of strabismus, 177–178

Subjective refraction, 35–36

Superior oblique muscle

action, 273, 274, 277, 279

myokymia, 317

palsy see under Fourth cranial nerve

pareses, 296

tendon sheath syndrome, 311, 312

Superior rectus muscle

action, 273–274, 273, 275, 276,

284, 296

palsy, 305, 308

Suppression, 36

of binocular field, 172–173

central see Central suppression, see also

Foveal suppression

comitant strabismus, 238–241

depth, 237

differential diagnosis, 232–237

diplopia, 220–221

evaluation, 238

extrinsic, 119

eye exercises for, 239

foveal, 74, 82–84, 83, 84

harmonious anomalous retinal

correspondence (HARC), 238–240

investigation techniques, 237–238

management, 238–234

scotoma, 237–238

strabismus, 231, 232

treatment, 214, 240–241

Supranuclear disorders, 315–316

Surgery

diplopia, 225, 226

incomitant deviations, 319–322

motor deviation, 250

nystagmus, 336–337

refractive, 168, 200

techniques, 321–322

Swinging flashlight test, 33

Symptoms

alleviating, 99

convergence insufficiency, 127