Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies 5th edition_Evans_2007

A

Acquired optical aniseikonia, 165

A-syndrome, 316, 321

Acquired pendular nystagmus, 325, 327

Abducens nerve see Sixth cranial nerve

Active position, 3

Aberrant regeneration of nerve fibres, 308

Active therapy for amblyopia, 212–216

Abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC)

visual stimulation, 212

see Retinal correspondence

Acuity see Visual acuity

AC/A (accommodative convergence/

Advancement, 321

accommodation) ratio, 36–37

After-image

effect of eye exercises, 105

biofeedback, 334

esophoria, 112–113

in free space, 244

heterophoria, 101, 103

transfer method, 215

strabismus, 247

eccentric fixation, 195

Accommodation, 29–32, 31, 32

Age

anomalies, 60

amblyopia, 198

in children, 46

exophoria, 119

excessive effort, 112

old, 61

function, 120

see also Children

inert, 149

Alcohol, 61

jump, 31

amblyopia, 182

relative exercises, 139–149

Alignment error, 75

tests, 128–129

Aligning prism, 75

Accommodation–convergence

Aligning sphere, 76

relationship, 100–101

Alphabet patterns, 316

exercises, 149–151

Alternate day squint, 8

Accommodative convergence, 3, 126

Alternate/inverse occlusion, 210

see also AC/A ratio

Alternating sursumduction, 136

Accommodative esophoria, 67

Amblyopia, 17, 181–192, 196–218

Accommodative esotropia, 249,

active therapy, 334–335

255–257, 255

anisometropic, 200

infantile, 254

in children, 55

Accommodative fatigue, 149

classification, 182–183

Accommodative function, 189

definition, 181–182

Accommodative infacility, 149

detection, 183–187, 184–185

Accommodative insufficiency, 120, 126,

development, 187–188

149, 257

diagnosis, 196–198, 197

associated with convergence

ex anopsia, 182

insufficiency, 131

flowchart, 351

Accommodative strabismus, 10

functional, 182

Aching eyes, 63

investigation, 189–192

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

microtropia, 265

(AIDS), 110

organic, 182

Acquired jerk nystagmus, 325, 327

prevalence, 4, 183

Amblyopia (contd)

prevention, 187

prognosis, 198–199

refractive correction, 199–200

residual, 182

in strabismus, 179

treatment, 199, 201–212, 212–216,

216–218, 217

types of, 184–185

visual function in, 188–189

worksheet, 350

Ames eikonometer, 166

Amsler charts, 221, 267

eccentric fixation, 195

Anaglyph techniques, 140–141

Anatomical aniseikonia, 169

Anatomy, 2–3, 2

convergence insufficiency, 126

convergence weakness exophoria,

118–119

cranial nerves, 279, 280

divergence weakness esophoria, 110

Aneurysms, 299

Angle of anomaly, 174

Angular acuity, 191–192, 192

Aniseikonia, 96, 165–169, 169–170

acquired optical, 165

anatomical, 169

astigmatic corrections, 168–169

investigation, 165–166

management, 166–169, 167

physiological, 165

Anisometropia, 36, 163–170

aniseikonia, 165–169, 169–170

in children, 43

heterophoria, 101

hyperphoria, 134

microtropia, 263, 264

prismatic effects, 163, 164–165

Anisometropic amblyopia, 182, 188–189,

200

Anisometropic esotropia, 17

Anomalous foveal localization, 196

Anomalous head postures (AHPs), 34,

282–283

Anomalous retinal correspondence

(ARC), 174, 176, 223, 264

see also Harmonious anomalous

retinal correspondence (HARC)

Anxiety, 60–61, 113

Arnold–Chiari malformations, 307, 325

Associated heterophoria, 75

Asthenopia, 16, 281

Astigmatism

against-the-rule, 200

in children, 41–43, 187

INDEX

Brown’s syndrome, 280, 282, 308, 311,

vision development, 40–46, 42–43

312, 316

worksheet, 342–344

Bruckner’s test, 51

Ciliary muscle, 281

hyperaemia, 283

C

paresis of, 307

CAM disc method, 215

City University Hess screen test, 289,

Cambridge Crowding Cards, 48, 49

292–293

Cantonnet’s test, 92

Classification

Cardiff acuity cards, 47, 48

amblyopia, 182–183

Case studies

comitancy, 4–5, 5

children, 115, 130

convergence insufficiency, 127

convergence excess esophoria, 115

divergence excess, 123, 123

convergence insufficiency, 130

dominant eye, 37–38, 38

convergence weakness exophoria, 121

esophoria, 109

heterophoria eye exercises, 161

exophoria, 117–118

incomitant deviations, 318

heterophoria, 6–8

Institute Free-space Stereogram (IFS)

Huber’s, 310

exercises, 161

importance, 10

intractable diplopia, 227, 228, 230

incomitant deviations, 279–280

specific learning difficulties, 65

microtropia, 263

Cast, 4

strabismus, 8–10, 9

CD-ROM, 366

Cogan’s sign, 309

Central suppression exercises, 151–156

College of Optometrists, professional

physiological diplopia, 152–153

examinations, 360–365

red and green filters, 155–156

Comitancy, 4–5

stereoscope cards, 152

classification, 5

Chiari malformation, 311

motility test, 27

Chiastopic fusion, 146

Comitant intermittent exotropia, 250

Children, 39–55

Comitant strabismus, 219–250

abuse of, 17

differential diagnosis, 251–252, 252

amblyopia, 186–187, 190

diplopia, 220–231, 221, 222, 226

active therapy, 212–213

HARC, 241–246, 243

anisometropia, 43, 163

motor deviation, 246–250

anisometropic amblyopia, 183

previous, 282

astigmatism, 41–43, 187

sensory adaptations, 231–241, 231

case studies, 115, 130

suppression, 238–241

Down’s syndrome, 17

when to treat, 219–220

examination, 46–55, 48

Compensation, 7–8, 23

methods and equipment, 47–55

factors affecting, 58–61, 59, 87

fusional reserves, 69

tests, 90, 120, 135

incomitant deviations, 317–318

Complete oculomotor palsy, 307

management, 55

Computer

myopia, 103

displays, 126

near point of convergence, 29

test charts, 191

norms, 343–344

Conditioned reflexes, 104

nystagmus, 323, 327–328, 330

Confusion, 220

objectives, 39

diplopia, 172, 173

occlusion, 183

in visual perception, 172

pathology, 40

Congenital amblyopia, 182

prism bar measurements, 70

Congenital nystagmus (CN), 283,

refractive correction, 247

323–330, 332–334, 337

single letter acuity, 192

features, 331–332

sixth nerve palsy, 306

idiopathic, 324–325, 328, 336–337

stereoacuity in, 33–34

Consecutive exotropia, 261

torticollis in, 283

Constancy, strabismus, 8–9, 19

virtual reality systems, 216

Contact lenses, 168, 200

Contrast sensitivity, 335

Convergence

–accommodation relationship,

100–101, 149–151

accommodative, 3, 126

in children, 51–52

excess, 257

near point of, 29

near triad, 28–29

paralysis, 127

spasm, 261

tests, 127–128

Convergence excess esophoria, 7, 109,

112–116

aetiology, 112–113

case study, 115

investigation, 113–114

management, 114–116

Convergence insufficiency, 7, 125–131

accommodative insufficiency, 131

case study, 130

classification, 127

differential diagnosis, 118

investigation, 127–129

management, 129–131

Convergence weakness exophoria, 7, 117,

118–122

aetiology, 118–119

case study, 121

differential diagnosis, 118

investigation, 119–120

management, 120–122

Corresponding retinal points see Retinal

correspondence

Corticosteroids, 216

Counselling, 337–338

Cover tests, 14

alternating, 24

for children, 49–50

convergence weakness exophoria,

119–120

cover/uncover, 24

decompensated heterophoria, 65–66,

114

divergence excess, 124

heterophoria, 20–23, 22, 23, 65–66

incomitant deviations, 286

microtropia, 23–24, 266

motor investigation, 18–26

peripheral gaze, 27

recovery in heterophoria, 23

strabismus, 19–20, 20, 21

subjective, 25

value of, 25–26

Cranial nerves, 18, 28, 279

palsies, 300–301, 302, 303

incomitant deviations, 281, 319

microtropia, 264

intermittent, 15

motor theory, 193

intractable, 223

sensory theory, 193

case studies, 227, 228, 230

Snellen letters, 191

causes, 225–227

Efferent copy, 294

management, 227–231

Elevator muscles, 274, 275, 276, 284, 296

monocular, 221–222

Emergent textual contours, 334

motility test, 27

Emmetropization

physiological, 144–145, 150–153,

children, 111

214–215, 240

process, 43

Direction of gaze, 9–10

Emotional problems, 61

Dissociated horizontal deviations, 254

Entoptic phenomena, 195

Dissociated position, 3

Epicanthus, 34

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD),

Equalizing technique, 35

136–137, 254

Equipment

Dissociation tests, 67–69, 73

haploscopic, 141–143

Distance phoria, 6

suppliers, 358–359

Distorted vision, 63

Esophoria, 6, 100–101, 109–116

Disuse of eye, 126

accommodative, 67, 109

Divergence excess, 117, 122–125, 123,

basic (or mixed), 7

259–260

classification, 109

aetiology, 123

convergence excess, 7, 112–116

classification, 123, 123

cover tests, 20–22, 22

investigation, 123–124

decompensated, 100, 111, 114

management, 124–125

divergence weakness, 7, 109–112

Divergence excess exophoria, 7

management, 10

Divergence paralysis, 258

non-accommodative, 109

Divergence weakness esophoria, 7,

refractive correction, 100–101

109–112

Esotropia

aetiology, 109–110

anisometropic, 17

investigation, 110

congenital, 50

management, 111–112

divergence weakness, 258

Divergence weakness esotropia, 258

hypermetropic accommodative, 17

Dizziness, 16, 281

hypoaccommodative, 257

Dominant eye, 37–38, 38

infantile accommodative, 254

Double Maddox rod test, 286–288

infantile esotropia syndrome, 17,

Double vision, 15, 58, 69, 221

253–254, 254

Down’s syndrome, 17

non-refractive, 258–259

Dragged fovea syndrome, 223

physiological diplopia, 36

Driving advice, 230–231

premature birth, 16

Drugs see Pharmacological agents

refractive (accommodative), 249,

Dual fixation disparity test, 76

255–257, 255

Duane–White classification, 7, 109, 117

Euthyscope, 215

Duane’s retraction syndrome, 8, 282–283,

Examinations, professional, 360–365

306, 310–311, 316

Excyclophoria, 6

Duochrome test, 74

Excyclotropia, 306

Dyslexia, 16, 28, 64, 93

Exercises see Eye exercises

flow chart, 347

Exophoria, 6, 7, 106, 117–132

basic (or mixed), 7

E

classification, 117–118

E-cube test, 191

convergence insufficiency, 7, 118,

Early acquired esotropia see Infantile

125–131

esotropia syndrome

convergence weakness, 7, 117, 118–122

Eccentric fixation, 179, 194

decompensated, 10, 101, 105

amblyopia, 190–191

divergence excess, 7, 117, 122–125, 123

investigation, 193–196

management, 10, 131–132

Exophoria (contd)

F

migraine, 64

Facial asymmetry, 282–283

physiological, 7, 65

Facility training, 148–149

Exophthalmos, 34, 283

accommodative, 148–149

Exotropia, 17, 249

vergence, 148

basic, 260–261

Faden procedure, 321

concomitant intermittent, 250

Family history, 17

congenital, 50

Fellow eye, 182

consecutive, 261

Ffooks tests, 47

infantile, 254

Fibrosis of extraocular muscles, 314

intermittent, 10, 16, 103, 259

Fifth nerve, 306

near vision, 260

Filters, 215, 234–235, 237

non-refractive, 259–261

coloured, 155–156, 239–240

External examination, 34, 283

neutral density, 192, 215

External ophthalmoplegia, 307

Fixation, 26

Extraocular muscles, 273–276, 273, 275,

distance, 6–7, 9

276, 280

reflex, 44

balance test, 166

Fixation disparity tests, 67, 73–82, 74, 80

disease, 283

binocular instability, 93–94

feedback, 294

esophoria, 114

fibrosis of, 314

facility training, 148

muscle pulleys, 276

see also Mallett fixation disparity test

pairs, 276–278, 277, 285

Fixation switch diplopia, 226

tucking, 321

‘Flip prisms’, 148

see also Palsies; specific muscles

Flippers, 31, 32, 72–74

Eye exercises, 103–105

exercises, 138

amblyopia, 198

Flutter, ocular, 326

children, 55

Focus change, 63

convergence excess esophoria,

Fogging, 35, 208–209, 229

116–117

Forced duction test, 320

convergence insufficiency, 129–131

Formulae, norms and, 356–357

convergence weakness exophoria,

Foster screen, 288

121–122

Four prism dioptre test, 266–267

divergence excess, 125

Fourth cranial nerve, 279, 280

divergence weakness esophoria,

palsy (superior oblique), 282, 287, 292,

111–112

301–305, 304, 316

heterophoria, 103–105, 138–162

bilateral, 305–306

accommodation–convergence

secondary sequelae, 305

relationship, 149–151

Foveal suppression tests, 74, 82–84, 83,

case study, 161

84

central suppression, 151–156

Foveation period, 327

fusional reserves/relative

Free-space techniques, 143–148,

accommodation, 139–149

244–246

Institute Free-space Stereogram (IFS),

after-images in, 244

156–161, 157

physiological diplopia, 144–145,

motor deviation, 246–247

244–246

nystagmus, 334–336

prisms, 148

primary hyperphoria, 136

stereograms, 130, 147–148, 147

spectacles for, 103, 132, 249

‘three cats’ exercise, 145–147, 146

for suppression, 239

Fresnel lenses, 207

‘three cats’, 145–147, 146

stick-on prisms, 249, 319

Eye preference, in strabismus, 9–10, 19

Frisby test, 52, 52

Eyelids

stereoacuity, 33

abnormalities, 34, 283

Functional amblyopia, 182

squinting, 16

Fundus photography, 283–284

vertical movement, 27

Fundus reflex, 53

INDEX

Fusion

Head postures (AHPs), anomalous, 34,

cards, 152

282–283

deficiency, 93

Headache, 15, 63, 307

development, 45–46

Health

lock, 73

general, 60–61, 126–127, 281

peripheral, 264

ocular in children, 53

slides, 143

Heavy eye syndrome, 134

Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus

Hering’s law, 22, 174, 276–278, 279, 297

syndrome, 325

Hess screen, 288–290, 289, 291, 292–293,

Fusional (disparity) vergence, 3

316

Fusional reserves, 69–72, 69, 71

plots, 279, 280, 297, 307

divergence excess, 123–124

Heterophoria, 4, 58–91

exercises, 139–149

alleviating symptoms, 99

low/imbalanced, 60

associated, 75

pseudo-, 264

classification, 6–8, 10

compensation, 7–8, 23

G

factors affecting, 58–61, 59

Gaze

cover tests, 20–23, 22, 23, 65–66

palsy, 315

deviation, 6, 23

peripheral, 27

dissociation tests, 67–69

positions of, 284–285, 285, 286, 304

fixation distance, 6–7

Gaze paretic nystagmus, 325

horizontal, 97, 133

Giant cell arteritis, 299–300, 309

management of, 99–108

Glasgow Acuity Cards, 48, 191

near vision tests, 128

Goldenhar’s syndrome, 311

pathological, 58

Gradenigo’s syndrome, 306

prism relief, 105–107, 106

Gradient test, 36, 114

pseudo-, 264–265

referral, 107

H

refractive correction, 100–103

Habitual angle of strabismus, 177–178

routine tests, 61

Haploscopic equipment, 141–143, 144

see also Decompensated heterophoria;

Lens (Holmes) stereoscope, 141–143,

Eye exercises

142

Heterotropia see Strabismus

single mirror, 244

Hirschberg’s method, 50–51, 51

synoptophore, 143

History and symptoms, 14–17

variable prism stereoscopes, 141

ambyopia, 190

Hardinger’s brushes, 195

incomitant deviations, 281–282

Harmonious anomalous retinal

nystagmus, 327–328

correspondence (HARC),

Hofstetter formulae, 30

174–179, 219, 231–232

Holmes stereoscope, 141–143, 142

after-image transfer, 195

Horror fusionis, 226–227

depth, 176

Howard–Dolman test, 177

detection and treatment, 176

Huber’s classification, 310

development, 175–176

Hummelsheim’s procedure, 322

differential diagnosis, 232–237

Humphriss immediate contrast (fogging)

diplopia, 220–221, 225

method, 35, 66

evaluation, 241

Huntington’s chorea, 326

management, 241–246, 243

Hypermetropes, 10

microtropia, 264, 267

Hypermetropia

motor function in, 177–178, 178

amblyopia, 187

prisms, 249

in children, 43

sensory function, 176–177

esophoria, 66, 100, 109, 111, 112, 113

suppression, 173, 238–240

exophoria, 119, 120

unharmonious anomalous retinal

exotropia, 249

correspondence (UARC), 178–179

Hypermetropic accommodative

Head injuries, 226, 306

esotropia, 17

Hyperphoria, 133–137

convergence insufficiency, 126

definition, 6

migraine, 64

primary, 134–137

prism relief, 105

secondary, 133–134

Hypertropia, 295

Hypnosis, 230, 230

Hypoaccommodative esotropia, 257

Hypophoria, 133

Hypotropia, 295

Hysterical amblyopia, 183

I

Iatrogenic incomitancies, 314

Idiopathic amblyopia, 182

IFS see Institute Free-space Stereogram

(IFS) exercises

Incomitant deviations, 58, 133,

272–322

acquired, 272, 279–280

aetiology, 298–300, 300

case study, 318

classification, 279–280

congenital, 272, 279–280

cover test, 286

evaluation, 297–317

extraocular muscles, 273–276, 273,

275, 276, 280

eyelid signs, 283

facial asymmetry, 282–283

fundus photography, 283–284

head postures, 282–283

Hering’s law, 276–278

history and symptoms, 281–282

investigation, 280–296

localization disturbances, 291–294

Maddox rod tests, 286–288

management, 317–322

mechanical, 302, 310–315

motility test, 284–285, 285

muscle pairs, 276–278, 277, 285

muscle sequelae of palsies, 297–298

myogenic, 302, 308–310

neurogenic, 300–308, 302

ophthalmoscopy, 283–284

pathology, 298–300, 299

primary/secondary, 278–279, 278, 286

recent/longstanding onset, 298–300

screen tests, 288–291

Sherrington’s law, 276–278

supranuclear/internuclear, 315–316

vertical muscle paresis, 295–297

vestibular system, 294–295

worksheet, 352–354

INDEX

Lateral rectus muscle, 276, 279,

Mallett modified (large) OXO test, 36,

284, 293

224, 234, 235–236, 235, 267

palsies, 282, 301, 306–307

Marginal myotomy, 321

Lea symbols, 41, 48, 49, 192

Marlow occlusion, 94

Lees screen, 290–291, 290, 291, 316

Maxwell’s spot, 195

plots, 279

Meares–Irlen syndrome (visual stress), 16,

Lens

63–64, 94, 96, 97

flippers, 148–149

Mechanical incomitancies, 302, 310–315

form, 168

Medial recti muscles, 276, 284, 308, 310

(Holmes) stereoscope, 141–143, 142

Mental effort, 71

power, 167–168

Meridional amblyopia, 183

thickness, 168

Metamorphopsia, 223

Letter chart designs, 191

Microsaccadic opsoclonus, 326

Levodopa, 216

Microtropia (microsquint), 251, 263–269

Lids see Eyelids

amblyopia, 264, 265

Lights on–off test, 223

Amsler charts, 267

Lindblom 70 cm rod method, 295

angle size, 264

Line acuity, 191, 191

anisometropia, 264

Liquid crystal display (LCD) shutter

anomalous correspondence, 264

goggles, 236

classification, 263

Localization disturbances, 291–294

clinical characteristics, 263–265

LogMAR Crowded Test, 49

cover test, 23–24, 266

Loose prisms, 223

eccentric fixation, 264

four prism dioptre test, 266–267

M

HARC, 267

Maddox rod tests, 4, 14

investigation and diagnosis, 265–268,

cyclophoria, 137

266

heterophoria, 68, 73

management, 268

incomitant deviations, 286–288, 295,

peripheral fusion, 264

319

primary, 263

Maddox wing test, 37

pseudoheterophoria, 264–265

heterophoria, 68, 73

secondary, 263

instability, 92, 94, 95

stereopsis, 265, 267–268

Maintenance occlusion, 212

symptoms, 265

Makaton symbols, 49

with identity, 264

Mallett aligning prism, 89

Migraine, 64

Mallett fixation disparity (OXO) test, 14,

Miotics, 249

37

Mitochondrial abnormality, 310

accommodative facility testing,

Mixed esophoria, 7

148–149

Mixed exophoria, 7

anisometropia, 164

Moebius syndrome, 126, 308

cyclophoria, 137

Mohindra’s technique of retinoscopy, 54

diplopia, 224–225, 224, 248–249

Monocular comfort, 63

heterophoria, 74–76, 74, 77, 88–89

Monocular diplopia, 221–222

hyperphoria, 135

Monocular estimate method (MEM)

incomitant deviations, 319

retinoscopy, 31, 129

instability, 92

Monocular eye closing, 16

Mallett foveal suppression test, 34, 83,

Monocular markers, 141

84, 92, 265

Monocular motility, 27

Mallett IPS unit, 31, 32, 136

Monocular occlusion, 15–16

diplopia, 224

Morphoscopic acuity, 191, 191

eccentric fixation, 213–214, 213

Motility tests

heterophoria, 67, 75–76, 81–82, 87–88,

in children, 51

102, 105

confusing features, 341

eye exercises, 148

incomitant deviations, 135, 284–285, 285

nystagmus, 334–335

motor investigation, 26–28