Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pediatric Ophthalmology for Primary Care 3rd edition_Wright, Farzavandi_2008

Meibomian glands, 18 dysfunction of, 177–181, 178f

Melanoma malignant, 187 uveal, 306

MELAS syndrome, 111 Meningitis, 62 MERRF syndrome, 111

Metabolic diseases, 349–360 alkaptonuria, 357 cystinosis, 356–357 diabetes, 357–360, 358f, 359f Fabry disease, 356

Farber disease, 354 gangliosidosis, 352–353, 354t, 355t

metachromatic leukodystrophy, 354, 354t mucolipidosis, 352, 353t mucopolysaccharidoses, 349, 350t,

351–352 Niemann Pick disease, 353 sialidosis, 354 tyrosinemia, 352

Wilson disease, 354, 356 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 354 Metastatic neuroblastoma, 226t Metastatic tumors of the orbit, 234 Microcornea, 5, 207 Microphthalmia, 207 Microspherophakia, 256

Miosis, 135 pupillary, 254

Miotic drops for accommodative esotropia, 55 Möbius syndrome, 51–52, 63, 65

Molluscum contagiosum, 181, 181f Monocular cataracts, 299

Monocular elevation deficit syndrome, 68 Monocular movements, 15t Morning glory disc anomaly, 119–120, 120f Motility and eye alignment, 42–43, 42f, 43f Motor nystagmus, 364

Mucolipidosis, 352, 353t Mucopolysaccharidosis, features of, 350t, 353t Mucormycosis, 237–238

Müller muscle, 17–18 Myasthenia gravis, 55

Mydriasis, pupillary, 7 Mydriatic drops, use of, 42

Myelinated retinal nerve fibers, 121, 121f Myoclonus syndrome, 354

Myopia, 73–74, 74f, 257 lenticular, 254

Myopic anisometropia, 31

N

Nanophthalmos, 207 Nasolacrimal duct, 18

management of, 147–148 medical, 148

surgical, 148–149, 149f, 150f obstruction of, 18, 146–151, 147f, 159

Nasolacrimal sac, 18 Near reflex, 135 Near response, 71

Nearsightedness, 73. See also Myopia Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 109, 110 Neonatal blindness, causes of, 78

Neonatal conjunctivitis, 159–166, 160t, 161t, 163f, 164f, 165f

Neonatal hypoxia, 77 Neuritis, optic, 90–92 Neuroblastoma, 234, 235f

metastatic, 226t

Neurodegenerative disorders associated with vision loss, 103, 104–108t

Neurofibroma, plexiform, 225t Neurofibromatosis, 333–336 Neurofibromatosis 1, 334–336, 334t,

335f, 335t Neurofibromatosis 2, 336, 336t Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 103, 109 Neuropathy

radiation optic, 328 traumatic optic, 325–326

Neuroretinitis, macular stellate, 92, 92f Neurotropic ulcers, 219–220, 219f, 220t Nevus of Ota, 282

Niemann Pick disease, 353

Night blindness, congenital stationary, 98–99 No light perception, 40, 317

Normal immature retina, 264

Norrie disease, 83, 271 Null point, 114, 115f, 132 Nyctalopia, 96 Nystagmus, 51, 113–117

acquired, 92, 116–117, 117t congenital, 114–116 defined, 113

jerk, 113, 113f latent, 51, 114 motor, 114–115, 364

notation for, 113, 113f

ocular torticollis and, 131f, 132–133 pendular, 113

see saw, 92

sensory, 29, 77–78, 115–116, 116t

O

Occlusion therapy

for amblyopia, 31, 33 for cataracts, 298

Ochronosis, 357

Ocular albinism, 81–82, 280–281, 280t Ocular alignment, 42

Ocular anatomy and physiology, 1–19, 1f, 2f, 3f

cornea, 4–6, 5f

corneal endothelium, 6–7, 6f extraocular muscles, 13–17, 13t, 14f, 15f,

15t, 16f eyeball growth, 4, 4t eyelids, 17–18, 17f fundus, 9–13, 10f lacrimal system, 18, 19f lens, 8, 8f

uvea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, 7 vitreous, 9

Ocular dominance, correcting, 30 Ocular examination. See Vision screening Ocular motility, 63

Ocular motor apraxia, 77

Ocular pigmentation abnormalities, 279–283 albinism as, 279–282

nevus of Ota as, 282

Ocular torticollis, 131–133 nystagmus and, 131f, 132–133 ptosis and, 132

strabismus and, 132

Ocular toxocariasis, 197–198, 198f Ocular trauma, 311–332

chemical burns in, 326–327 child abuse in, 312–314

general approach, 311–312, 312t

lid laceration as, 317f, 328–329, 328f, 330f, 331f

non perforating anterior segment, 318–325

angle recession, 324

conjunctival and corneal foreign body, 318–319

corneal abrasion, 318 corneal hydrops, 319 hyphema, 319–324, 321f retinal trauma, 325

subconjunctival hemorrhage, 319 traumatic cataracts, 324 traumatic iritis, 324

optic nerve injury in, 325–326 orbital trauma, 329, 330f, 331f, 332 phthisis bulbi and, 318

radiation injury as, 327–328 ruptured globe in, 314–317, 315t,

316f, 317f Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, 344, 345f Oculocerebrorenal syndrome, 296–297 Oculocutaneous albinism, 81–82,

279–280, 280t Oculodigital sign, 80 Oguchi disease, 99

Oil drop cataracts, 292

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 159–166, 160t, 161t, 163f, 164f, 165f

Ophthalmic manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 204, 204f

Ophthalmoscopy, direct, 46 Optic atrophy

dominant, 90 recessive, 90

Optic cup, 11, 12f Optic disc

acquired abnormalities, 124–130 differentiating papilledema, papillitis,

and pseudopapilledema, 126 glaucoma, 130

optic disc atrophy, 129, 130f optic disc drusen, 128, 129f optic disc edema, 124–125, 124t

pseudotumor cerebri, 126–128, 127t spontaneous venous pulsations, 125

congenital anomalies, 119–124 congenital gray pigmented optic disc,

122–123

congenital tilted disc, 123–124, 123f morning glory disc anomaly, 119–

120, 120f

myelinated retinal nerve fibers, 121, 121f

optic nerve pit, 124 pseudopapilledema, 122, 122f, 123t

Optic nerve avulsion of, 326

colobomas, 77, 85–87, 85f, 86f disease of, 89–94

craniopharyngioma as, 94 devic neuromyelitis optica as, 92 dominant optic atrophy as, 90 juvenile onset glaucoma as, 89

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy as, 89–90, 90f, 91f

macular stellate neuroretinitis as, 92, 92f

optic nerve glioma as, 92–94, 93f, 225t, 335

optic neuritis as, 90–92 recessive optic atrophy as, 90

disorders of, 83–88

hereditary optic atrophy as, 88 optic nerve and macular colobomas,

85–87, 85f, 86f

optic nerve hypoplasia as, 83–85, 84f, 84t

systemic syndromes and colobomas as, 87

gliomas of, 92–94, 93f, 225t, 335 hypoplasia of, 77, 83–85, 84f, 84t injury to, 325–326

tumors of, 231 Optic nerve pit, 124 Optic neuritis, 90–92 unilateral, 91

Optical clarity, 4

Optokinetic nystagmus stimulus, 88 Orbicularis oculi muscle, 17

Orbit, masses of, 223–241

dermoid cysts, 229–230, 229f, 230f dermolipoma, 230, 231f fibro osseous tumors, 231–232, 232f Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 223f,

232–233 lymphangiomas, 228, 229f metastatic tumors, 234 optic nerve tumors, 231

orbital cellulitis, 225t, 236–238, 237f, 238f orbital pseudotumor, 238–240, 239f preseptal cellulitis, 234–236, 236f rhabdomyosarcomas, 233

viral papilloma, 240–241, 240f Orbital cellulitis, 225t, 236–238, 237f, 238f Orbital decompression surgery, 69 Orbital floor fracture, 329, 331f, 332 Orbital foreign body, 329

Orbital pseudotumor, 226t, 238–240, 239f Orbital trauma, 329, 330f, 331f, 332 Orthotropia, 23, 44f

Oscillating eyes. See Nystagmus Oscillopsia, 116

Osteogenesis imperfecta, 349

P

Panretinal photocoagulation, 360 Panuveitis, 189

Papilledema, 124 characteristics of, 126t

Papillitis, 91, 92f, 125 characteristics of, 126t

Papilloma, viral, 240–241, 240f Partial trisomy 10Q syndrome, 122 Partially accommodative esotropia, 54

Patau syndrome, 362t

Pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 191–193, 192t, 193f

Pectus excavatum, 255

Pediatric conjunctivitis, 166–169, 167t, 168t causes of, 168t

evaluation and treatment of, 166–168, 169t Penalization, 30

Pendular nystagmus, 113 Peritrochlear scarring, 68 Peroxisomal disorders, 109–110

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, 288, 291f, 292

Peter anomaly, 79, 143, 212, 213f, 214, 214f, 215f

Pfeiffer syndrome, 342, 343 Phakomatoses, 333–342

Ataxia telangiectasia, 341 Klippel Trénaunay Weber syndrome, 341 neurofibromatosis, 333–336 Sturge Weber syndrome, 340–341, 340f tuberous sclerosis, 338–339, 338f, 338t von Hippel Lindau disease, 337–338, 337f Wyburn Mason syndrome, 341–342

Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 171 Phlyctenular conjunctivitis, 177, 179f Phoria, 57

Phospholine iodide for accommodative esotropia, 55

Photophobia, 57 Photoscreening, 47 Phthisis bulbi, 318

Pierre Robin sequence, 348 Pinealoblastoma, 304 Pinholes, 39

Pink eye, 159–187

allergic pediatric conjunctivitis in, 181– 184, 183f

bacterial conjunctivitis in, 169–170, 170f, 171t

blepharitis in, 176–181, 176f, 177f, 178f, 179f, 180f, 181f

conjunctivitis associated with systemic disease in, 184–186, 186f

neonatal conjunctivitis in, 159–166, 160t, 161t, 163f, 164f, 165f

pediatric conjunctivitis in, 166–169, 167t, 168t

viral conjunctivitis in, 171–176, 172f, 173f, 174f, 175f

Plexiform neurofibroma, 225t Plus disease, 265, 267f Positive angle kappa, 268 Posterior chamber, 2

Posterior embryotoxon, 211, 211f Posterior lenticonus, 288, 290f Posterior polymorphous dystrophy, 208 Post lumbar puncture, 62

Post viral sixth nerve palsy, 55 Prader Willi syndrome, 367 Preseptal cellulitis, 234–235, 236f

Preverbal children, visual acuity in, 37–38 Primary ocular herpes simplex virus type 1,

174, 174f Profound hypermetropia, 79

Prophylactic laser peripheral iridotomy, 256 Proptosis, differential diagnosis of, 225–226t Protozoan ulcers, 219

Pseudo Brown syndrome, 68 Pseudodendritic corneal lesions, 352 Pseudoesotropia, 52–53 Pseudomembrane, 162 Pseudopapilledema, 122, 122f, 123t

characteristics of, 126t Pseudophakia, 76 Pseudotumor, orbital, 226t Pseudotumor cerebri, 126–128

causes of, 27t

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, 348–349 Ptosis, 17, 243t

bilateral, 244

congenital, 243–246, 243t, 244f, 245f, 246f ocular torticollis and, 132

surgery for, 246 unilateral, 244 Punctal atresia, 151

Punctate keratopathy, 247 Pupillary miosis, 254 Pupillary mydriasis, 7

Pupils

abnormalities of, 135–141 abnormal reaction, 135

afferent pupillary, 135–137, 136f, 137f efferent pupillary

congenital Horner syndrome, 140 Horner syndrome, 138–140,

138f, 139f Argyll Robertson, 140–141 evaluation of, 43, 46 tonic, 140

Purtscher retinopathy, 313–314

R

Racemose angiomatosis, 341–342 Radiation cataracts, 327 Radiation injury, 327–328 Radiation keratopathy, 327 Radiation optic neuropathy, 328 Recessive optic atrophy, 90

Recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus, 174–175, 175f

Red reflex test

for neonatal conjunctivitis, 167

in vision screening, 36, 40, 41f, 42–43, 42t in well baby examination, 77, 79

Refractive errors, 71, 364 anisometropia, 75 aphakia, 75–76 astigmatism, 75, 75f correcting, 30, 76

cycloplegic drops in testing for, 76 hypermetropia, 72–73, 73f myopia, 73–74, 74f

Refsum disease, 109 Refsum syndrome, 101

Reiter syndrome, juvenile, 195 Renal retinal syndromes, 103 Restrictive strabismus, 132 Retina

detachment of, 257, 325 diseases of, 79–83, 95–96 achromatopsia as, 83

Alström syndrome as, 82–83

disorders of hereditary, 96–103

Best disease, 96–97, 97f cone dystrophy as, 99 congenital stationary night

blindness as, 98–99 retinitis pigmentosa as, 99–103 Stargardt disease fundus

flavimaculatus, 96

X linked retinoschisis as, 97–98, 98f

Leber amaurosis as, 80

macular toxoplasmosis as, 80–81, 81f, 82f

Norrie disease as, 83 ocular albinism as, 81–82

retinal toxicosis as, 95–96, 95f normal immature, 264

trauma of, 325 Retinal dysplasia, 83 Retinal dystrophies, 77

Retinal hemorrhages, 313–314, 313f Retinal neovascularization, 263, 359, 360f Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 9, 99 Retinal toxicosis, 95–96, 95f

Retinal vessels, 12–13

Retinitis pigmentosa, 80, 99–103 systemic diseases associated with,

100–103, 102t Retinoblastoma, 35, 40, 41f, 77, 300–305

clinical signs of, 300–301 genetics of, 301–303, 302f hereditary, 302–303 prognosis of, 305 sporadic, 303

staging of, 304–305 treatment of, 304 trilateral, 304

Retinopathy Purtscher, 313–314 radiation, 327 Terson, 313, 314

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 13, 259–272

active stages of, 262f, 265, 266f, 266t, 267f

cicatricial, 265, 268, 268f treatment of, 271

classification of, 262f, 264–268, 266f, 266t differential diagnosis of, 271–272 etiology and pathophysiology, 261, 261f,

262f, 263 history of, 259–261, 260f late complications of, 271 managing, 268–270 preventing severe, 268–269

risk factors of, 263–264, 263t, 264t screening for, 269–270, 270t treatment of active, 270

zones of, 264–265, 265f

Retrolental fibroplasia, blindness from, 259 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 226t, 233 Rhodopsin, 100

Rieger anomaly, 144, 207 Rods, 9, 10

Roth spots, 313f

Rubinstein Taybi syndrome, 87, 347 Ruptured globe, 314–317, 315t, 316f, 317f

S

Sandifer syndrome, 131 Sarcoidosis, 92, 195–199, 196f Schemm canal, 3, 3f Schirmer test, 157

Sclera, 1

blue, 282, 283t wound healing in, 315

Scleritis, 199–200 Sclerocornea, 212, 212f

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, 181–182 Second brachial arch defects, 343–346 Secondary pupillary block glaucoma, 256 See saw nystagmus, 92

Senior Loken syndrome, 103 Sensory esotropia, 56

Sensory nystagmus, 29, 77–78, 115–116, 116t causes of, 32

Septic optic dysplasia, 84f, 85 Shprintzen syndrome, 367 Shunt vessels, 263

Sialidosis, 354

Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, 322 Sixth nerve palsy, 51, 61–62, 61f Skeletal torticollis, 131

Slitlamp examination, 189 Snellen letters, 36, 38 Spasmus nutans, 116–117 Spectacles, 76

for cataracts, 298 Spherophakia, 256–257, 256t Sphincter, 71

Spielmeyer Batten Vogt disease, 109 Spondyloarthropathies associated with

uveitis, 194–195, 194f Spontaneous hyphema, 319–320 Spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhage,

319

Spontaneous venous pulsations, 125 Sporadic retinoblastoma, 303 Squinting, 57

Staphylococcal blepharitis, 176–177, 176f, 177f

Stargardt disease fundus flavimaculatus, 96 Stereopsis, 27

Stereoscopic vision, 21

Stevens Johnson syndrome, 157, 184–185 Stickler syndrome, 348

Still disease, 190 Storage diseases

alkaptonuria, 357 cystinosis, 356–357 diabetes, 357–360, 358f, 359f Fabry disease, 356

Farber disease, 354 gangliosidosis, 352–353, 354t, 355t

metachromatic leukodystrophy, 354, 354t mucolipidosis, 352, 353t mucopolysaccharidoses, 349, 350t,

351–352 Niemann Pick disease, 353 sialidosis, 354 tyrosinemia, 352

Wilson disease, 354, 356 Strabismic amblyopia, 25, 31

Strabismus, 22, 23, 24–26, 24f, 25f, 40, 49–70 acquired, 29, 49

comitant, 49, 50–59

Strabismus (continued) incomitant, 49, 59–70 ocular torticollis and, 132 red flags for dangerous, 50t restrictive, 132

surgery for, 31 vertical, 51

Striate cortex, 21 Stroma, corneal, 5–6

Sturge Weber syndrome, 340–341, 340f Stye, 18

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 169, 319 spontaneous, 319

Subluxated lens, 253–258 bilateral, 253

causes of, 253t

clinical evaluation of, 254t isolated ocular causes of, 258 systemic associations and, 254–257

homocystinuria, 257 Marfan syndrome, 254–256

sulfite oxidase deficiency, 257 Weill Marchesani syndrome, 256–257, 256t

Sulfite oxidase deficiency, 257 Superior oblique, 13, 13t, 14f, 15–16

Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome, 68 Superior rectus, 13, 13t, 14f

Suppression, 24, 49 cortical, 24, 25 diplopia and, 49

Surgery

for cataracts, 297

eye muscle, for intermittent exotropia, 58–59

Kestenbaum eye muscle, 115, 115f, 116 orbital decompression, 69

for ptosis, 246 for strabismus, 31 vitreoretinal, 27

Swinging flashlight test, 43, 46, 136–137, 137f Symblepharon, congenital, 251

Sympathetic ophthalmia, 317 Syphilis, congenital, 215–216

Systemic diseases cataracts and, 294–295t colobomas and, 87

conjunctivitis associated with, 184–186, 186f

T

Tarsal plates, 18 Tarsorrhaphy, 220 Tearing, 145–157, 146f

causes of, 145t

congenital glaucoma in, 151–156, 153f dry eye in, 156–157

nasolacrimal duct obstruction in, 146–151, 147f

Telecanthus, 342

Terson retinopathy, 313, 314 Third nerve palsy, 17, 65, 65f Thumb sign, 255

Thyroid myopathy, 70f Tolosa Hunt syndrome, 239–240 Tonic pupil, 140

TORCH titers, 295, 296 Torticollis, 131, 131f

ocular, 131–133 skeletal, 131

Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 185

Toxocara canis, 197

Toxocariasis, ocular, 197–198, 198f Toxoplasmosis, 92

congenital, 80 macular, 80–81, 81f, 82f

Toxoplasmosis cysts, 81 Trabecular meshwork, 3, 3f Trabeculectomy, 155 Trabeculotomy ab externum, 155

Transillumination defects of the iris, 279–280 Traumatic cataracts, 324

Traumatic iritis, 324

Traumatic optic neuropathy, 325–326 Traumatic retinal breaks, 325

Treacher Collins syndrome, 343, 345–346 Trichiasis, 247

Trilateral retinoblastoma, 304 Trisomy syndrome, 362t

Trisomy 13 syndrome, 86, 87, 362t Trisomy 13 15 syndrome, 207 Trisomy 18 syndrome, 362t Trisomy 21 syndrome, 362t Trochlear inflammation, 68 Tropia, 57

True congenital Brown syndrome, 66 Tuberous sclerosis, 338–339, 339f, 339t Tumors

fibro osseous, 231–232, 232f intracranial, 55, 62 lymphoid, of the orbit, 234 metastatic, of the orbit, 234 optic nerve, 231

Wilms, 143 Turner syndrome, 363t Tyrosinemia, 352

U

Ulcers

bacterial, 217–218

corneal, 216–220, 217f, 218f, 219f, 220t fungal, 218, 218f

neurotropic, 219–220, 219f, 220t protozoan, 219

Unilateral cataracts, 292, 295, 296t Unilateral conjunctivitis, 168 Unilateral optic neuritis, 91 Usher syndrome, 100, 100f

Uvea, 2f, 3f, 7

Uveal melanoma, 306 Uveitis, 189

anterior, 189

cells and flare in, 189 diseases associated with, 191t intermediate, 189

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and, 190–193, 192t, 193f

posterior, 189

spondyloarthropathies associated with, 194–195, 194f

V

Varicella zoster virus, 175–176

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 12–13, 261, 262f, 263

Velocardiofacial syndrome, 367 Verbal children, visual acuity in, 38 Vernal conjunctivitis, 182–184, 183f Vertical strabismus, 51

Viral conjunctivitis, 171–176, 172f, 173f, 174f, 175f

Viral papilloma, 240–241, 240f Visceral larva migrans, 197 Vision

amblyopic, 27, 29

neurodegenerative disorders associated with loss of, 103, 104–108t

stereoscopic, 21

Vision screening, 35–47, 35t acuity in, 37–38, 38f automated, 47

cover test in, 43, 45f criterion for referral, 40 fluorescein staining in, 46 fundus examination in, 46 inspection in, 36–37, 37f measuring poor vision, 39–40

motility and eye alignment in, 42–43, 42f, 43f

mydriatic drops in, 42 pinholes in, 39

pupil evaluation in, 43, 46

red reflex test in, 36, 40, 41f, 42–43, 42t Vision therapy, 31

Visual acuity, 21, 37 measuring, 23, 23t, 39–40 milestones in, 38t

in preverbal children, 37–38 in verbal children, 38

Visual development, 21–22, 22f, 23t amblyopia and, 29t

critical period of, 21 milestones in, 23–24, 23t

Visual maturation, delayed, 79 Vitelliform macular lesions, 97, 97f

Vitreoretinal surgery, in treating cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity, 271

Vitreous, 9 Vitreous cavity, 2, 2f

Vitreous humor, 2, 2f

Von Hippel Lindau disease, 337–338, 337f Von Recklinghausen disease, 333–336

X

Xanthogranuloma, juvenile, 320 X linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 110 X linked recessive trait, 114 X linked retinoschisis, 97–98, 98f

Y

Y sutures, 8, 286

W

Waardenburg syndrome, 282 Weill Marchesani syndrome, 207, 256–257 White pupil. See Leukocoria

Wilms tumor, 143, 362t Wilson disease, 354, 356

Wolf Hirschhorn syndrome, 362t Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, 90 Wright figures, 36, 36f, 38

Wright silicone tendon expander procedure, 67, 67f

Wrist sign, 255

Wyburn Mason syndrome, 341–342

Z

Zeis gland, 18

Zellweger syndrome, 109

Zones of retinopathy of prematurity, 264–265 Zonules, 2, 7