Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pediatric Ophthalmology for Primary Care 3rd edition_Wright, Farzavandi_2008

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; page numbers followed by t indicate tables.

A

Abduction, 13 Abetalipoproteinemia, 101 Abnormal pupillary reaction, 135 Accommodation, 71, 135 Accommodative esotropia

clinical features of, 54–55 differential diagnosis of, 55 prognosis for binocular fusion, 56 treatment of, 55–56

Achromatopsia, 83 Acid burns, 327

Acquired Brown syndrome, 68

Acquired cloudy cornea, 215–220, 217f, 218f, 219f, 220f

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ophthalmic manifestations of, 204, 204f

Acquired media opacity, 29

Acquired nystagmus, 92, 116–117, 117t spasmus nutans, 116–117

Acquired optic disc abnormalities, 124–130 differentiating papilledema, papillitis, and

pseudopapilledema, 126 glaucoma, 130

optic disc atrophy, 129, 130f optic disc drusen, 128, 129f optic disc edema, 124–125, 124t

pseudotumor cerebri, 126–128, 127t spontaneous venous pulsations, 125

Acquired strabismus, 29, 49 Acquired visual loss in childhood

hereditary retinal disorders in, 96–103 mitochondrial diseases in, 110–111

neurodegenerative disorders in, 103, 104–108t, 109–110

optic nerve diseases in, 89–94 retinal disease in, 95–96

Acute hypoxia, 88

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome, 202–204, 203f

Adduction, 13

Adenoviral conjunctivitis, 173 Adie syndrome, 140 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 109

neonatal, 110 X linked, 110

Afferent pupillary abnormalities, 135–137, 136f, 137f

Agonist antagonist muscles, 15, 15t Aicardi syndrome, 123, 346 Alagille syndrome, 211, 365–366 Albinism, 279–282

classification of, 279–282 ocular, 81–82, 280–281, 280t

oculocutaneous, 81–82, 279–280, 280t Alkaline burns, 326–327

Alkaptonuria, 357 Allen figures, 38

Allergic pediatric conjunctivitis, 181–184, 183f

Alport syndrome, 287–288 Alström syndrome, 82–83 Amblyopia, 21, 26–33, 227

amblyogenic period, 29, 29t anisometropic, 30, 31–32, 73 bilateral, 29, 32–33, 79 classification of, 28t defined, 27

diagnosing, 38 hypermetropic, 31

Amblyopia (continued) pathology of, 27f, 28f pathophysiology of, 26 strabismic, 25, 31 treatment of, 30 unilateral, 29

Amniotocele, 149–150, 151f, 152f Aneuploidy syndromes, 363t Angioid streaks, 348

Angle closure glaucoma, 300 Angle recession, 324 Aniridia, 142–143, 143f, 362t Anisocoria, 135 Anisometropia, 40, 41f, 75

hypermetropic, 31–32 myopic, 31

Anisometropic amblyopia, 31–32, 73 treating, 30

Ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile, 194, 194f Anterior chamber, 2

Anterior lenticonus, 287

Anterior segment dysgenesis, 209t, 210–211 Anterior segment ischemia, 17

Apert syndrome, 207, 342, 343 Aphakia, 75–76

treating, 76 Aqueous humor, 2–3, 3f Arachnodactyly, 255

Argyll Robertson pupil, 140–141 Arnold Chiari malformation, 55 Aspergillus, 237

Astigmatism, 75, 75f Ataxia telangiectasia, 341 Atopic conjunctivitis, 184

Atropine drops in treating amblyopia, 30 Automated refractors, 47

Automated vision screening, 47 Autosomal dominant keratitis, 143 Axenfeld syndrome, 211–212

B

Bacterial conjunctivitis, 169–170, 170f, 171t Bacterial ulcers, 217–218

Band keratopathy, 192, 193f Bardet Biedl syndrome, 82, 102 Basal cell nevus syndrome, 87

Basal tear production, 146–147 Bassen Kornzweig syndrome, 101 Batten disease, 103

Battered child syndrome, 312–314 Behr syndrome, 88

Benign intracranial hypertension, 126 Berlin edema, 325

Best disease, 96–97, 97f Bifoveal fusion, 57

Bilateral amblyopia, 32–33, 79 Bilateral cataracts, 295–296, 296t Bilateral choroidal colobomas, 32 Bilateral neonatal blindness, 77 Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia, 32 Bilateral photophobia, 352 Binocular cataracts, 299–300 Binocular fusion, 21, 25, 27

prognosis for, 56 Birth trauma, 319

Bitemporal hemianopsia, 92 Blepharitis, 176–181, 178f, 179f, 180f,

181f, 364 staphylococcal, 176–177, 176f, 177f

Blepharophimosis syndrome, 243t, 250, 250f Blindness

bilateral neonatal, 77

congenital stationary night, 98–99 cortical, 77, 88

neonatal, 78

from retrolental fibroplasia, 259 Blue sclera, 282, 283t

Blurred retinal image, 79

Bourneville disease, 338–339, 339f, 339t Bowman probe, 148

Brachial arch defects, 343–346 Brown syndrome, 66–68, 66f, 67f, 132

acquired, 68 pseudo , 68

true congenital, 66

Bruch membrane, break in, 325 Bruckner test, 40, 41f, 42 Brushfield spots, 364

Burns

acid, 327 alkaline, 326–327

chemical, 326–327

C

Calcification, 300–301 Canalicular lacerations, 19

repairing, 330f

Capillary hemangioma, 224, 224f, 227–228, 227f

Cat scratch disease, 92

Cataracts, pediatric, 8, 29, 109, 286–300 anterior, 287–288, 289f

polar, 287, 289f subcapsular, 287

bilateral, 293t, 295–296, 296t binocular, 299–300 Christmas tree, 292 congenital, 35

etiology of, 293t cortical, 286

infant glaucoma and, 296 infantile

etiology of, 292, 293t, 294–295t, 295–297

morphology of, 286–292, 286f, 287f, 288f

juvenile, 364 lamellar, 286 monocular, 299 oil drop, 292

posterior, 288, 290f, 292 subcapsular, 292

radiation, 327

systemic syndromes and diseases associated with, 294–295t

traumatic, 324 treatment of, 297–300

unilateral, 292, 293t, 295, 296t visual prognosis of, 299–300

Catarrhal conjunctivitis, 171 Cat’s eye syndrome, 86, 87, 363t Cellulitis

orbital, 225t, 236–238, 237f, 238f preseptal, 234–235, 236f

Central fixation, 38, 39f Chalazion, 18, 176, 179, 180f CHARGE association, 86–87

Chédiak Higashi syndrome, 281–282 Chemical burns, 326–327

Cherry red spot, 354 differential diagnosis of, 354t

Child abuse, 312–314

Chlamydial conjunctivitis, 162, 164f Chloroma, 226t

Chloroquine for retinal toxicosis, 95 Choriocapillaris, 7, 9, 12 Chorioretinitis, 80

Choroid, 7, 9 rupture of, 325

Christmas tree cataracts, 292 Chromosomal anomalies, 361, 364–367

Alagille syndrome, 365–366 Down syndrome, 361, 364–365 features of, 362–363t Prader Willi syndrome, 367 velocardiofacial syndrome, 367

Chromosome 17 abnormality, 123 Cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity, 265,

268, 268f treatment of, 271

Ciliary body, 2, 7, 71 Circumferential traction, 268, 268t Cloudy cornea, 207–220

acquired, 215–220, 217f, 218f, 219f, 220f congenital and neonatal onset of, 208,

209t, 210–215, 210t, 211f Coats disease, 301, 307, 307f, 308f Cockayne syndrome, 346–347 Collagen matrix, hydration of, 4 Collagen type 2, 9

Collarettes, 176 Colobomas

bilateral choroidal, 32 eyelid, 243t, 249–250, 249f iris, 141–142, 141f macular, 85–87, 85f, 86f

optic nerve, 77, 85–87, 85f, 86f systemic syndromes and, 87

Comitant strabismus, 49, 50–59 accommodative esotropia, 53–56, 54f infantile esotropia, 50–53, 50f intermittent exotropia, 57–59, 58f sensory esotropia, 56

Commotio retinae, 325 Cone dystrophy, 99

Cones, 9

Congenital cataracts, 35, 115 etiology of, 293t treating, 30

Congenital esotropia, 50–53, 50f Congenital fibrosis syndrome, 68 Congenital glaucoma, 5, 35, 151–156, 153f,

160, 161

Congenital gray pigmented optic disc, 122–123

Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, 208, 211f

Congenital Horner syndrome, 140 Congenital motor nystagmus, 114–115 Congenital nasolacrimal duct fistula, 151 Congenital nystagmus, 114–116 Congenital optic disc anomalies, 119–124

congenital gray pigmented optic disc, 122–123

congenital tilted disc, 123–124, 123f morning glory disc anomaly, 119–120, 120f myelinated retinal nerve fibers, 121, 121f optic nerve pit, 124

pseudopapilledema, 122, 122f, 123t Congenital optic nerve atrophy, 115 Congenital ptosis, 243–246, 243t, 244f,

245f, 246f Congenital retinal disorders, 115 Congenital rubella syndrome, 297

Congenital stationary night blindness, 98–99 Congenital superior oblique palsy, 60–61, 61f Congenital symblepharon, 251

Congenital syphilis, 215–216 Congenital tilted disc, 123–124, 123f Congenital toxoplasmosis, 80 Conjunctival foreign body, 318–319 Conjunctival nevi, 186–187, 186f Conjunctivitis

adenoviral, 173

allergic pediatric, 181–184, 183f associated with systemic disease,

184–186, 186f

atopic, 184

bacterial, 169–170, 170f, 171t catarrhal, 171

chlamydial, 162, 164f giant papillary, 184 gonococcal, 162, 163f hemorrhagic, 168–169

neonatal, 159–166, 160t, 161t, 163f, 164f, 165f

pediatric, 166–169, 167t, 168t, 169t phlyctenular, 177, 179f

seasonal allergic, 181–182 unilateral, 168

vernal, 182–184, 183f

viral, 171–176, 172f, 173f, 174f, 175f Connective tissue disorders, 348–349

Ehlers Danlos syndrome, 348 Marfan syndrome, 348 osteogenesis imperfecta, 349

pseudoxanthoma elasticum, 348–349 Stickler syndrome, 348

Consensual pupillary response, 135, 137 Contact lenses, 76

for cataracts, 298

conjunctivitis associated with, 166–167 Convergence, 135

Convergence insufficiency, 59, 59f Cornea, 1, 2, 4–6, 5f, 71

abnormalities in, 207–220

cloudy cornea, 207–220, 209t, 210t, 211f, 212f, 213f, 214f, 215f, 217f, 218f, 219f, 220t

keratoconus as, 220–221 size of, 207

abrasion of, 318 wound healing in, 315

Corneal blood staining, 322, 323f Corneal clouding, 109, 351 Corneal dermoids, 214

Corneal dysgenesis, 209t, 210–211 Corneal dystrophy, 208, 209t Corneal edema, 6

Corneal endothelium, 6–7, 6f Corneal epithelium, 5, 46 Corneal foreign body, 318–319 Corneal hydrops, 319

Corneal light reflex, 40, 43f

Corneal opacity, 285 Corneal stroma, 5–6 Corneal transplantation, 208

Corneal ulcers, 216–220, 217f, 218f, 219f, 220t Cortical blindness, 77, 88

Cortical cataracts, 286 Cortical suppression, 24, 25 Cover test, 43, 45f

Cranial nerve palsies, 132 Craniofacial abnormalities, 342–347

Aicardi syndrome, 346 Apert syndrome, 343

Cockayne syndrome, 346–347 craniosynostosis, 342 Crouzon disease, 343

fetal alcohol syndrome, 347

first and second brachial arch defects, 343–346

Hallermann Streiff syndrome, 347 hypertelorism, 342 oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, 344, 345f Pfeiffer syndrome, 343

Rubinstein Taybi syndrome, 347 telecanthus, 342

Treacher Collins syndrome, 345–346 Craniofacial anomalies, 63 Craniopharyngioma, 94 Craniosynostosis, 129, 342

Cri du chat syndrome, 362t Crocodile tears, 156 Crouzon disease, 342, 343

Crowding phenomenon, 27, 29 Cryotherapy, 241

Cryptophthalmos, 243t, 251–252, 252f malformation syndrome with, 252

Cryptophthalmos syndactyly syndrome, 252 Cup to disc ratio, 11

Cycloplegic drops, in testing for refractive errors, 76

Cycloplegic refraction, 255 Cystinosis, 356–357

Cysts

dermoid, 226t, 229–230, 229f, 230f toxoplasmosis, 81

D

Dacryocystitis, 149, 161 Dacryocystocele, 149–150, 151f, 152f Delayed visual maturation, 79 Deletion syndromes, 362t

De Morsier syndrome, 85 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 349 Dermoid cysts, 226t, 229–230, 229f, 230f Dermolipoma, 230, 231f

Devic neuromyelitis optica, 92 Diabetes, 357–360, 358f, 359f Diabetic retinopathy, 357–358 Direct hyperbilirubinemia, 365 Direct ophthalmoscopy, 46 Direct pupillary response, 135 Dissociated vertical deviation, 51 Dominant optic atrophy, 90 Double elevator palsy, 68, 132

Down syndrome, 51, 207, 361, 362t, 364–365 Dry eye, 156–157, 210t

causes of, 157t

Duane syndrome, 51–52, 62, 62f, 63f, 64f, 132 Duplication syndromes, 363t

Dyslexia, 275–277 Dysplasia, fibrous, 231 Dystrophy, corneal, 208, 209t

E

Eccentric fixation, 27, 29

Ectopia lentis, 257. See also Subluxated lens ocular treatment for, in Marfan syndrome,

255–256 Ectopia lentis et pupillae, 258 Ectropion, 243t, 248–249, 248f Edema

Berlin, 325 corneal, 6

optic disc, 124–125, 124t Edward syndrome, 362t

Efferent pupillary abnormalities, 138–141, 138f, 139f, 141f

E game, 36, 38

Ehlers Danlos syndrome, 207, 348 Electroretinogram (ERG), 80 Embryotoxon, posterior, 366

Emmetropia, 71, 72f

Endophthalmitis, 159–160, 161, 200–202, 201f Endothelium, corneal, 6–7, 6f Enophthalmos, 80

Entropion, 243t, 247–248, 248f Enucleation, 317

Eosinophilic granulomas, 232–233 Epiblepharon, 243t, 247, 247f

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, 172–173, 172f, 173f

Epiphora, 145–146 child onset, 145t neonatal, 145t

Episcleritis, 199–200, 199f Epithelium, corneal, 5

Erythema multiforme major, 184–185 Esodeviations, 51

Esotropia, 23, 24, 44f accommodative, 53–56, 54f infantile, 50–53, 50f intermittent, 57–59, 58f sensory, 56

Euryblepharon, 243t, 248, 251, 251f, 364 Exodeviation, 57

Exophorias, 57 Exophthalmos, 223 Exotropia, 24, 44f

intermittent, 43 External hordeolum, 18 Extorsion, 59

Extraocular muscles, 13–17, 13t, 14f, 15f, 15t, 16f

Eye exercises, 31 Eye muscle surgery

for intermittent exotropia, 58–59 Kestenbaum, 115, 115f, 116

Eyeballs, growth of, 4, 4t Eyebrows, 1f

Eyelids, 1f, 17–18, 17f disorders of, 243–252, 243t

blepharophimosis syndrome, 250, 250f colobomas, 249–250, 249f

congenital ptosis, 243–246, 243t, 244f, 245f, 246f

cryptophthalmos, 251–252, 252f ectropion, 248–249, 248f

entropion, 247–248, 248f epiblepharon, 247, 247f euryblepharon, 251, 251f laceration of, 317f, 328–329, 328f, 330f, 331f

masses of, capillary hemangioma, 224, 224f, 227–228, 227f

Eyes, 1

anatomy and physiology of, 1–19, 1f, 2f, 3f cornea, 4–6, 5f

corneal endothelium, 6–7, 6f extraocular muscles, 13–17, 13t, 14f,

15f, 15t, 16f eyeball growth, 4, 4t eyelids, 17–18, 17f fundus, 9–13, 10f lacrimal system, 18, 19f lens, 8, 8f

uvea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, 7 vitreous, 9

as optical system, 71, 72f proper alignment of, 22

F

Fabry disease, 356

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, 271 Farber disease, 354

Farsightedness, 72. See also Hypermetropia Fat adherence syndrome, 68

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 207, 347 Fetal hypoxia, 12

Fetal nucleus, 8, 8f Fibrillin, 254

Fibro osseous tumors, 231–232, 232f Fibrous dysplasia, 231

Field of action, 15, 15f

First brachial arch defects, 343–346 Fixation

central, 38, 39f eccentric, 27, 29

Fleurettes, 304 Flexner Winter Steiner rosettes, 304 Floaters, 9

Fluorescein staining, 46, 168

Foreign body conjunctival, 318–319 corneal, 318–319 orbital, 329

Fourth nerve palsy, 59–60 Fovea centralis, 10, 11, 11f Fraser syndrome, 252 Fukuhara disease, 111 Fundus, 9–13, 10f

examination of, 46 Fundus albipunctatus, 99 Fungal orbital cellulitis, 237 Fungal ulcers, 218, 218f

G

Galactosemia, 292 treatment of, 292

Gangliosidosis, 352–353, 354t, 355t Giant papillary conjunctivitis, 184 Glaucoma, 3, 109, 130

angle closure, 300

congenital, 5, 35, 151–156, 153f, 160, 161 defined, 89

infantile, cataracts and, 296 juvenile, 89, 153, 154f, 155 in Rieger anomaly, 144

Glioma, optic nerve, 92–94, 93f, 225t, 335 Globe, ruptured, 314–317, 315t, 316f, 317f Goldenhar syndrome, 63, 215, 343, 344, 345f Gonadoblastoma, 362t

Goniotomy, 155

Gonococcal conjunctivitis, 162, 163f Gradenigo syndrome, 62 Graft versus host disease, 186

Graves ophthalmopathy, 69–70, 69f, 70f

H

Haab striae, 152, 319 Hallermann Streiff syndrome, 347 Haltia Santavuori disease, 103 Hamartoma, 224 Hand Schüller Christian disease, 223f,

232, 233

Hasner valve, 145, 146, 147f, 148–149

Head nodding, 116–117 Hemangioma

capillary, 224, 224f, 227–228, 227f infantile, 225t

Hemianopsia, bitemporal, 92 Hemoglobinopathies, sickle cell, 322 Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 168–169 Hepatosplenomegaly, 195, 349 Hereditary optic atrophy, 88 Hereditary retinoblastoma, 302–303

Hermansky Pudlak syndrome, 281, 281f Herpes keratoconjunctivitis, 163 Herpes simplex virus type 2, 163–164,

165f, 166 Herpes zoster, 175–176 Heterochromia irides, 144, 144t Hirschberg reflex, 40 Hirschberg test, 42, 44f

HLA B27–related uveitis, 194–195, 194f Homocystinuria, 257

Hordeolum, 176 external, 177f, 180

Horner iris, 140 Horner pupil, 7, 138

Horner syndrome, 18, 138–140, 138f, 139f congenital, 140

Hurler Scheie syndrome, 349 Hydrocephalus, 55, 62, 80 Hydroxychloroquine, for retinal toxicosis, 95 Hyperbilirubinemia, direct, 365 Hypermetropia, 51, 72–73, 73f Hypermetropic amblyopia, 31 Hypermetropic anisometropia, 31–32 Hyperopia, 72–73, 73f

asymmetric, 73

as cause of pseudopapilledema, 122 unilateral, 73

Hypertelorism, 342 Hypertropia, 24, 59–60, 60f Hyphemas, 319–325, 321f

medical management of, 322–324 spontaneous, 319–320

surgical management of, 324 Hypoplastic iris, 254 Hypotropia, 24

Hypoxia acute, 88 fetal, 12

I

I ARM examination, 35, 35t, 36, 47, 166, 311 Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease,

238–240, 239f Incomitant strabismus, 49, 59–70

Brown syndrome, 66–68, 66f, 67f congenital fibrosis syndrome, 68 congenital superior oblique palsy, 60–61, 61f

double elevator palsy, 68

Duane syndrome, 62, 62f, 63f, 64f fourth nerve palsy, 59–60

Graves ophthalmopathy, 69–70, 69f, 70f Möbius syndrome, 63, 65

sixth nerve palsy, 61–62, 61f third nerve palsy, 65, 65f

Incontinentia pigmenti, 272

Infantile cataracts, 292, 293t, 294–295t, 295–297 Infantile esotropia, 50–53, 50f

differential diagnosis of, 51–52 timing of surgery for, 52 treatment of, 52

Infantile glaucoma, cataracts and, 296 Infantile hemangioma, 225t

Infantile myasthenia gravis, 51 Infectious keratitis, 210t Infectious keratopathy, 209t Inferior oblique, 13, 13t, 14f, 16

overaction, 51 Inferior rectus, 13, 13t, 14f

Inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile, 195 Intermittent exotropia, 43, 57–59, 58f

clinical manifestations of, 57–59 convergence insufficiency in, 59, 59f eye muscle surgery for, 58–59 treatment of, 58–59

Interstitial keratitis, 216 Intracranial calcifications, 80 Intracranial tumor, 55, 62

Ipsilateral pupillary constriction, 135 Irides, heterochromia, 144, 144t

Iridocyclitis, 189

Iridotomy, prophylactic laser peripheral, 256 Iris, 2, 7

abnormalities of, 141–144, 141f, 142f, 143f, 144t

aniridia, 142–143, 143f coloboma, 141–142, 141f heterochromia, 144, 144t Rieger anomaly, 144

hypoplastic, 254

transillumination defects of the, 279–280 Iritis, 189

traumatic, 324

J

Jansky Bielschowsky disease, 109 Jerk nystagmus, 113

notation for, 113f

Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, 194, 194f Juvenile cataracts, 364

Juvenile glaucoma, 89, 153, 154f, 155 Juvenile inflammatory bowel disease, 195 Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 92 Juvenile psoriatic arthritis, 195

Juvenile Reiter syndrome, 195 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 190–193

pauciarticular, 191–193, 192t, 193f Juvenile xanthogranuloma, 320

K

Kawasaki disease, 185 Kayser Fleischer ring, 354, 356 Kearns Sayre syndrome, 111 Keratic precipitates, 189, 190f, 192 Keratoconus, 80, 220–221, 365 Keratocytes, 6

Keratopathy punctate, 247 radiation, 327

Kestenbaum eye muscle surgery, 115, 115f, 116

Kestenbaum procedure, 133 Kissing lesions, 240 Klinefelter syndrome, 363t

Klippel Trénaunay Weber syndrome, 341

L

Lacrimal gland, 18, 327 Lacrimal system, 18, 19f components of, 146f Lamellar cataracts, 286

Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 223f, 226t, 232–233

Laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity, 270

Latent nystagmus, 51, 114

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 21, 26 Lateral rectus, 13, 13t, 16 Laurence Moon syndrome, 102 Laurence Moon Bardet Biedl syndrome,

102–103 Learning disabilities, 275–277 Leber amaurosis, 80

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, 89–90, 90f, 91f

Legal blindness, 40 Lens, 8, 8f

implantation of, for cataracts, 298 subluxated, 253–258

bilateral, 253 causes of, 253t

clinical evaluation of, 254t isolated ocular causes of, 258 systemic associations and, 254–257

homocystinuria, 257 Marfan syndrome, 254–256

sulfite oxidase deficiency, 257 Weill Marchesani syndrome,

256–257, 256t

Lenticonus anterior, 287

posterior, 288, 290f Lenticular myopia, 254 Lenz syndrome, 86, 87 Leptospirosis, 92

Letterer Siwe disease, 232, 233 Leukemia, 226t, 234, 306–307 Leukocoria, 207, 285–308

Coats disease and, 307, 307f, 308f differential diagnosis of, 285t leukemia and, 306–307 medulloepithelioma and, 305–306

pediatric cataracts and, 286–300 retinoblastoma and, 300–305 uveal melanoma and, 306

Levator muscles, 17, 243 Light perception, 39–40 Limbal dermoids, 214–215 Limbus, 1

Lisch nodules, 334 Louis Bar syndrome, 341 Lowe syndrome, 296–297 Lyell syndrome, 185 Lyme disease, 92, 198–199 Lymphadenopathy, 195

Lymphangioma, 225t, 228, 229f Lymphoid tumors of the orbit, 234

M

Macula, 10, 11, 79 Macula lutea, 11

Macular colobomas, 85–87, 85f, 86f Macular stellate neuroretinitis, 92, 92f Macular toxoplasmosis, 80–81, 81f, 82f Madarosis, 176

Maldino Mainzer syndrome, 103 Malformation syndrome with

cryptophthalmos, 252 Mandibulofacial dysostosis, 345–346 Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome,

244–245 Marcus Gunn pupil, 135–136

Marfan syndrome, 207, 253, 254–256, 348 management of, 255

ocular findings of, 254, 255f

ocular treatment for ectopia lentis in, 255–256

systemic findings of, 254–255 Mastoiditis, 55, 62

Measles, 216

Meckel Gruber syndrome, 86, 87 Media opacity, 32

Medial canthal area, 19, 19f Medial rectus, 13, 13t Medullated nerve fibers, 121 Medulloepithelioma, 305–306 Megalocornea, 5, 207