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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pediatric Clinical Ophthalmology A Color Handbook_Olitsky, Nelson_2012.pdf
X
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Abbreviations
- •Introduction
- •Orbit and external eye
- •Extraocular muscles
- •Anterior segment
- •Posterior segment
- •Introduction
- •Ocular examination
- •The ‘red reflex’
- •Assessment of vision and visual acuity
- •Cover test for strabismus
- •Light reflex testing
- •Color vision testing
- •Assessment of stereoacuity
- •Ophthalmoscopy
- •Vision screening
- •Photoscreening
- •Autorefraction
- •Visual evoked potential
- •Strabismus
- •Comitant strabismus
- •Congenital esotropia
- •Accommodative esotropia
- •Congenital exotropia
- •Intermittent exotropia
- •Incomitant strabismus
- •Third cranial nerve palsy
- •Fourth nerve palsy
- •Sixth nerve palsy
- •Strabismus syndromes
- •Duane’s syndrome
- •Brown’s syndrome
- •Monocular elevation deficiency (MED)
- •Möbius syndrome
- •Introduction
- •Conjunctivitis
- •Bacterial conjunctivitis
- •Viral conjunctivitis
- •Herpes conjunctivitis
- •Giant papillary conjunctivitis
- •Allergic conjunctivitis
- •Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
- •Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (phlyctenulosis)
- •Ophthalmia neonatorum
- •Introduction
- •Congenital corneal opacity
- •Embryology
- •Peters anomaly
- •Sclerocornea
- •Congenital dermoid
- •Birth trauma
- •Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
- •Congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy
- •Posterior polymorphous membrane dystrophy
- •Metabolic diseases
- •Mucopolysaccharidosis
- •Hurler’s syndrome (MPS I-H)
- •Scheie’s syndrome (MPS I-S)
- •Hunter’s syndrome (MPS II)
- •Sly’s syndrome (MPS VII)
- •Mucolipidosis
- •Sialidosis (ML I)
- •I-Cell disease (ML II)
- •Pseudo-Hurler dystrophy (ML III)
- •Miscellaneous metabolic diseases
- •Fabry’s disease
- •Cystinosis
- •Tyrosinemia
- •Infectious diseases
- •Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- •Congenital syphilis
- •Rubella
- •Introduction
- •Structural lens abnormalities
- •Aphakia
- •Spherophakia (microspherophakia)
- •Coloboma
- •Subluxation (ectopia lentis)
- •Lenticonus
- •Persistant fetal vasculature
- •Cataracts
- •Nuclear cataracts
- •Lamellar cataracts
- •Anterior polar cataracts
- •Posterior polar cataracts
- •Sutural cataracts
- •Anterior subcapsular cataracts
- •Posterior subcapsular cataracts
- •Cerulean (blue-dot) cataracts
- •Complete cataracts
- •Etiology of cataracts
- •Genetic and metabolic diseases
- •Trauma
- •Medication and toxicity
- •Maternal infection
- •Diagnosis of cataracts
- •Management/treatment of cataracts
- •Visual significance
- •Surgery
- •Aphakia
- •Pseudophakia
- •Amblyopia
- •Cataract prognosis
- •Introduction
- •Diagnosis of pediatric glaucoma
- •Ocular examination
- •Differential diagnosis of pediatric glaucoma
- •Primary infantile glaucoma
- •Juvenile open-angle glaucoma
- •Primary pediatric glaucoma associated with systemic disease
- •Lowe’s syndrome
- •Sturge–Weber syndrome
- •Neurofibromatosis
- •Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome
- •Aniridia
- •Peters anomaly
- •Secondary childhood glaucoma
- •Trauma
- •Neoplasia
- •Glaucoma following pediatric cataract surgery
- •Other causes of secondary glaucoma in children
- •Treatment of pediatric glaucoma
- •Drug treatment
- •Surgical management
- •Summary
- •Introduction
- •Coats’ disease
- •Leber’s congenital amaurosis
- •X-linked congenital stationary night blindness
- •Achromatopsia
- •Stargardt disease
- •Best’s disease
- •Persistent fetal vasculature
- •X-linked juvenile retinoschisis
- •Albinism
- •Retinal dystrophies with systemic disorders (ciliopathies)
- •Introduction
- •Common clinical features
- •Classification
- •Anterior uveitis
- •Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- •Juvenile spondyloarthropathies
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Herpetic iridocyclitis
- •Intermediate uveitis
- •Posterior uveitis
- •Toxoplasmosis
- •Toxocariasis
- •Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
- •Sympathetic ophthalmia
- •Masquerade syndromes
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Leukemia
- •Introduction
- •Optic nerve hypoplasia
- •Morning glory disc anomaly
- •Optic disc coloboma
- •Peripapillary staphyloma
- •Congenital tilted disc
- •Optic pit
- •Myelinated retinal nerve fibers
- •Papilledema
- •Pseudopapilledema
- •Optic disc drusen
- •Introduction
- •Dacryocele
- •Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
- •Lacrimal sac fistula
- •Decreased tear production
- •Dacryoadenitis
- •Introduction
- •Cryptophthalmos and ankyloblepharon
- •Coloboma of the eyelid
- •Blepharoptosis
- •Epicanthal folds and euryblepharon
- •Lagophthalmos
- •Lid retraction
- •Ectropion, entropion, and epiblepharon
- •Blepharospasm
- •Blepharitis
- •Hordeolum
- •Chalazion
- •Tumors of the eyelid
- •Preseptal and orbital cellulitis
- •Herpes simplex, molluscum contagiosum, and verruca vulgaris
- •Allergic conjunctivitis
- •Trauma
- •Summary
- •Introduction
- •Cystinosis
- •Marfan’s syndrome
- •Homocystinuria
- •Wilson’s disease
- •Fabry disease
- •Osteogenesis imperfecta
- •The mucopolysaccharidoses
- •Sickle cell disease
- •Albinism
- •Congenital rubella
- •Introduction
- •Genetics
- •Malignant potential
- •Formes frustes
- •Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s syndrome)
- •Retinocerebellar hemangioblastomatosis (von Hippel–Lindau syndrome)
- •Racemose hemangiomatosis (Wyburn-Mason syndrome)
- •Encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis (Sturge–Weber syndrome)
- •Oculoneurocutaneous cavernous hemangiomatosis
- •Organoid nevus syndrome
- •Introduction
- •Cortical visual impairment
- •Migraine headache
- •Spasmus nutans
- •Opsoclonus
- •Horner’s syndrome
- •Congenital ocular motor apraxia
- •Myasthenia gravis
- •Introduction
- •Eyelid and conjunctiva
- •Intraocular tumors
- •Orbital tumors
- •Diagnostic approaches
- •Eyelid and conjunctiva
- •Intraocular tumors
- •Orbital tumors
- •Therapeutic approaches
- •Eyelid and conjunctiva
- •Intraocular tumors
- •Orbital tumors
- •Eyelid tumors
- •Capillary hemangioma
- •Facial nevus flammeus
- •Kaposi’s sarcoma
- •Basal cell carcinoma
- •Melanocytic nevus
- •Neurofibroma
- •Neurilemoma (schwannoma)
- •Conjunctival tumors
- •Introduction
- •Choristomatous conjunctival tumors
- •Epithelial conjunctival tumors
- •Melanocytic conjunctival tumors
- •Vascular conjunctival tumors
- •Xanthomatous conjunctival tumors
- •Lymphoid/leukemic conjunctival tumors
- •Non-neoplastic lesions that simulate conjunctival tumors
- •Conclusions
- •Intraocular tumors
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Retinal capillary hemangioma
- •Retinal cavernous hemangioma
- •Retinal racemose hemangioma
- •Astrocytic hamartoma of the retina
- •Melanocytoma of the optic nerve
- •Intraocular medulloepithelioma
- •Choroidal hemangioma
- •Choroidal osteoma
- •Uveal nevus
- •Uveal melanoma
- •Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium
- •Leukemia
- •Orbital tumors
- •Dermoid cyst
- •Teratoma
- •Capillary hemangioma
- •Lymphangioma
- •Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma
- •Rhabdomyosarcoma
- •Granulocytic sarcoma (‘chloroma’)
- •Lymphoma
- •Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
- •Metastatic neuroblastoma
- •Introduction
- •Eyelid
- •Open globe
- •Ocular surface injury
- •Intraocular trauma
- •Iridodialysis
- •Cataract
- •Retina
- •Optic nerve injury
- •Orbital fracture
- •Other orbital injury
- •Child abuse
- •Shaking injury
- •Index
Pediatric glaucoma associated with ocular anomalies 125
Peters anomaly
ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS
Peters anomaly consists of central corneal opacification associated with the lack of Descemet’s membrane presenting in the newborn infant (159, 160). Defects in the PAX6 gene lead to the development of Peters anomaly. Iris strands to the cornea are often noted and cataract commonly coexists. It may be unilateral or bilateral and generally occurs sporadically.
159
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Many patients will require corneal transplantation for the corneal opacification. If glaucoma occurs, it generally requires surgical intervention. Approximately 50% of patients who undergo corneal transplantation develop glaucoma. The glaucoma in these patients is difficult to treat and often requires multiple surgeries. Glaucoma can increase the risk of corneal transplant failure. These issues have led to a debate regarding the benefit of corneal transplantation in children with unilateral disease.
160
159 Peters anomaly with cataract in the right |
160 Mild Peters anomaly.Note |
eye of a child with multiple congenital systemic |
corneolenticular adhesions. |
anomalies.Lensectomy was required,corneal |
|
transplantation was not.The patient died of |
|
cardiac complications unrelated to eye surgery. |
|
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