- •Pediatric Retina
- •Preface
- •1: Development of the Retina
- •1.1 To suppose that the eye . . . could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd . . .1
- •1.2 Good order is the foundation of all things2
- •1.3 All that you touch you Change. All that Change Changes you3
- •1.4 Men are born with two eyes, but only one tongue, in order that they should see twice as much as they say4
- •1.7 More than Meets the Optic Vesicle6
- •1.9 Focusing on the Fovea: A Marvel of Development
- •1.10 Nature and Books belong to the eyes that see them7
- •References
- •2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Anatomy of the Retina
- •2.2.2 Cellular Organization of the Retina
- •2.2.2.1 Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •2.2.2.2 Photoreceptors
- •2.2.2.3 Interneuron Cells
- •2.2.2.4 Ganglion Cells
- •2.2.2.5 Glial Cells
- •2.2.3.1 Bruch’s Membrane
- •2.2.3.2 Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •2.2.3.3 Photoreceptor Layer
- •2.2.3.4 External Limiting Membrane
- •2.2.3.5 Outer Nuclear Layer
- •2.2.3.6 Outer Plexiform Layer
- •2.2.3.7 Inner Nuclear Layer
- •2.2.3.8 Inner Plexiform Layer
- •2.2.3.9 Ganglion Cell Layer
- •2.2.3.10 Nerve Fiber Layer
- •2.2.5 Blood Supply of the Retina
- •2.2.5.1 Choroidal Circulation
- •2.2.5.2 Hyaloid Circulation
- •2.2.5.3 Retinal Circulation
- •2.2.5.5 Regulation of Blood Flow to the Retina
- •2.2.6 Optic Nerve
- •2.2.6.1 Physiology and Development
- •2.3 Physiology of the Retina
- •2.3.1 The Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •2.3.3 Image-Forming Visual System
- •2.3.3.1 Detection of Photons by Visual Pigment in the Photoreceptor Cell
- •2.3.3.2 Light Activation of the Photopigment
- •2.3.4 Nonimage-Forming Visual System
- •2.3.5 Targets of Retinal Projections
- •2.4 Retinal Development
- •2.4.2 Foveal Development
- •References
- •3.1 Full-Field ERG
- •3.1.1.1 Rod Response
- •3.1.1.2 Standard Combined Response
- •3.1.1.3 Oscillatory Potentials
- •3.1.1.4 Single-Flash Cone Response
- •3.1.1.5 Light-Adapted Flicker Response
- •3.1.2 Repeat Variability
- •3.1.4 Clinical Uses of the Full-Field ERG
- •3.1.4.2 Stationary Night Blindness
- •3.1.4.3 Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome
- •3.1.4.4 Leber Congenital Amaurosis
- •3.2 Focal and Multifocal ERG
- •References
- •4: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 History
- •4.3 Classification
- •4.4 Incidence
- •4.5 Natural History and Prognosis
- •Disease with Little or No Risk
- •Disease with Moderate Risk
- •Disease with High Risk
- •4.6 Pathogenesis
- •4.7 Screening
- •4.8 Management
- •4.9 Prevention
- •4.10 Interdiction
- •4.11 Corrective Therapy
- •4.12 Mitigation
- •4.13 Medicolegal Considerations
- •4.14 Conclusion
- •References
- •5: Optic Nerve Malformations
- •5.1 Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
- •5.1.1 Overview/Clinical Significance
- •5.1.2 Classification
- •5.1.3 Genetics
- •5.1.4 Pathophysiology
- •5.1.5 Natural History
- •5.1.6 Diagnosis
- •5.1.7 Treatment
- •5.2 Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
- •5.2.1 Overview/Clinical Significance
- •5.2.2 Classification
- •5.2.3 Genetics
- •5.2.4 Pathophysiology
- •5.2.5 Natural History
- •5.2.6 Diagnosis
- •5.2.7 Treatment
- •5.2.8 Associations and Complications
- •5.3 Optic Nerve Head Pits
- •5.3.1 Introduction
- •5.3.2 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •5.3.3 Classification
- •5.3.4 Genetics
- •5.3.5 Pathophysiology
- •5.3.6 Incidence
- •5.3.8 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •5.3.9 Treatment
- •5.3.10 Complications and Associations
- •5.4 Optic Disc Coloboma
- •5.4.1 Introduction
- •5.4.2 Genetics
- •5.4.3 Pathophysiology
- •5.4.4 Natural History and Prognosis
- •5.4.5 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •5.4.6 Treatment
- •5.5 Optic Nerve Tumor
- •5.5.1 Glioma
- •5.5.1.1 Introduction
- •5.5.2 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •5.5.2.1 Optic Nerve Glioma
- •5.5.2.2 Optic Chiasmal Glioma
- •5.5.3 Pathophysiology
- •5.5.4 Incidence
- •5.5.6 Diagnosis
- •5.5.7 Treatment
- •5.5.8 Social and Family Impact
- •5.6.1 Introduction
- •5.6.3 Pathophysiology
- •5.6.4 Incidence
- •5.6.5 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •5.6.6 Treatment
- •5.7 Melanocytoma
- •5.7.1 Introduction
- •5.7.2 Pathophysiology
- •5.7.3 Natural History and Prognosis
- •5.7.4 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •5.7.5 Treatment
- •5.8 Metastatic Tumors: Leukemia
- •5.8.1 Introduction
- •5.8.2 Pathophysiology
- •5.8.3 Natural History and Prognosis
- •5.8.4 Treatment
- •5.8.4.1 Other Elevated Disc Anomalies
- •5.9 Drusen
- •5.9.1 Introduction
- •5.9.2 Pathophysiology
- •5.9.3 Natural History and Prognosis
- •5.9.4 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •5.10 Hyperopia
- •5.11 Persistence of the Hyaloid System
- •5.12 Tilted Disc
- •5.12.1 Introduction
- •5.12.2 Historical Context
- •5.12.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •5.12.4 Genetics
- •5.12.5 Pathophysiology
- •5.12.6 Incidence
- •5.13 Myelinated Nerve Fibers
- •5.13.1 Introduction
- •5.13.2 Genetics
- •5.13.3 Pathophysiology
- •5.13.4 Incidence
- •References
- •6.1.1 Albinism
- •6.1.1.1 Disorders Specific to Melanosomes
- •Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome
- •Chediak–Higashi Syndrome
- •Diagnosis and Treatment
- •6.1.2 Gyrate Atrophy
- •6.1.3 Cystinosis
- •6.1.3.1 Primary Hyperoxaluria
- •6.2.1 The Gangliosidoses
- •6.2.2 GM1 Gangliosidosis
- •6.2.3 GM2 Gangliosidosis
- •6.2.3.1 Tay–Sachs Disease
- •6.2.4 Sandhoff Disease
- •6.2.5 Niemann–Pick Disease
- •6.2.7 Type C Niemann–Pick Disease
- •6.2.8 Fabry Disease
- •6.2.9 Farber Lipogranulomatosis
- •6.2.10 The Mucopolysaccharidoses
- •6.2.10.1.1 MPS I H: Hurler Syndrome
- •6.2.10.1.2 MPS I S: Scheie Syndrome
- •6.2.10.1.3 MPS I H/S: Hurler–Scheie Syndrome
- •6.2.10.2 MPS II: Hunter Syndrome
- •6.2.10.3 MPS III: Sanfilippo Syndrome
- •6.2.10.4 MPS IV: Morquio Syndrome
- •6.2.10.5 MPS VI: Maroteaux–Lamy Syndrome
- •6.2.10.6 MPS VII: Sly Syndrome
- •6.3 Disorders of Glycoprotein
- •6.3.1 Sialidosis
- •6.4 Disorders of Peroxisomes
- •6.4.1 Refsum Disease
- •References
- •7: Phacomatoses
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Neurofibromatosis
- •7.2.1 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
- •7.2.1.1 Introduction
- •7.2.1.2 Historical Context
- •7.2.1.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.2.1.4 Genetics
- •7.2.1.5 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.2.1.6 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.2.2 Ocular Manifestations
- •7.2.2.1 Lisch Nodules
- •7.2.2.2 Optic Pathway Glioma
- •7.2.2.3 Neurofibroma of the Eyelid and Orbit
- •7.2.3 Systemic Manifestations
- •7.2.3.1 Café-au-lait Spot
- •7.2.3.2 Neurofibroma
- •7.2.3.3 CNS Abnormality
- •Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •Treatment
- •Social and Family Impact
- •7.2.4 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
- •7.2.4.1 Introduction
- •7.2.4.2 Historical Context
- •7.2.4.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.2.4.4 Classification
- •7.2.4.5 Genetics
- •7.2.4.6 Incidence
- •7.2.4.7 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.2.4.8 Signs and Symptoms
- •Ocular Findings
- •Systemic Findings
- •Vestibular Schwannoma
- •Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •Treatment
- •Complications and Associations
- •Social and Family Impact
- •7.3 Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
- •7.3.1 Introduction
- •7.3.2 Historical Context
- •7.3.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.3.4 Classification
- •7.3.5 Genetics
- •7.3.6 Pathophysiology
- •7.3.7 Incidence
- •7.3.8 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.3.9 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.3.9.1 Ocular Manifestations
- •Retinal Capillary Hemangioma
- •7.3.9.2 Systemic Manifestations
- •CNS Hemangioma
- •Renal Cell Carcinoma
- •Pheochromocytoma
- •Pancreatic Cystadenoma and Islet Cell Tumors
- •Epididymis Cystadenoma
- •7.3.10 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •7.3.10.1 Coats’ Disease
- •7.3.10.2 Racemose Hemangioma
- •7.3.10.3 Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma
- •7.3.10.4 Retinal Macroaneurysm
- •7.3.10.5 Vasoproliferative Tumor
- •7.3.11 Fluorescein Angiography
- •7.3.12 Indocyanine Green Angiography
- •7.3.13 Ultrasonography
- •7.3.14 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •7.3.16 Treatment
- •7.3.17 Observation
- •7.3.18 Laser Photocoagulation
- •7.3.19 Cryotherapy
- •7.3.21 Plaque Radiotherapy
- •7.3.22 Proton Beam Radiotherapy
- •7.3.24 Enucleation
- •7.3.25 Social and Family Impact
- •7.4 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
- •7.4.1 Introduction
- •7.4.2 Historical Context
- •7.4.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.4.4 Classification
- •7.4.5 Genetics
- •7.4.6 Incidence
- •7.4.7 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.4.8 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.4.8.1 Ocular Findings
- •Retinal Astrocytic Hamartoma
- •7.4.8.2 Systemic Findings
- •Dermatologic Manifestations
- •Neurologic Manifestations
- •Visceral Manifestations
- •Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •Treatment
- •Social and Family Impact
- •7.5 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
- •7.5.1 Introduction
- •7.5.2 Historical Context
- •7.5.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.5.4 Incidence
- •7.5.5 Genetics
- •7.5.6 Pathophysiology
- •7.5.7 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.5.8 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.5.8.1 Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma
- •7.5.8.2 Glaucoma
- •7.5.8.3 Nevus Flammeus
- •7.5.8.4 Leptomeningeal Hemangiomatosis
- •7.5.8.5 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •7.5.8.6 Treatment
- •7.5.8.7 Social and Family Impact
- •7.6 Wyburn-Mason Syndrome
- •7.6.1 Introduction
- •7.6.2 Historical Context
- •7.6.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.6.4 Classification
- •7.6.5 Genetics
- •7.6.6 Pathophysiology
- •7.6.7 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.6.8 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.6.8.1 Ocular Findings
- •Retinal Arteriovenous Malformation
- •Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •Treatment
- •7.6.9 Ataxia Telangiectasia
- •7.6.9.1 Introduction
- •7.6.9.2 Historical Context
- •7.6.9.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.6.9.4 Classification
- •7.6.9.5 Genetics
- •7.6.9.6 Incidence
- •7.6.9.7 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.6.9.8 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.6.9.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •7.6.9.10 Treatment
- •7.6.9.11 Social and Family Impact
- •7.7 Retinal Caverous Hemangioma
- •7.7.1 Introduction
- •7.7.2 Historical Context
- •7.7.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •7.7.4 Genetics
- •7.7.5 Incidence
- •7.7.6 Natural History and Prognosis
- •7.7.7 Signs and Symptoms
- •7.7.7.1 Ocular Findings
- •7.7.7.2 Systemic Findings
- •Cutaneous Lesions
- •Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •Treatment
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Embryology
- •8.3 Clinical Findings
- •8.3.1 Primary anomalies
- •8.3.2 Secondary findings
- •8.3.3 Differential Diagnosis
- •8.3.3.1 Ancillary Tests
- •8.3.3.2 Prognosis
- •8.3.3.3 Treatment
- •8.4 Practical Surgical Issues
- •8.4.1 The Posterior Surgery
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Retinoblastoma Presentation SOP
- •9.2.1 Objective
- •9.2.2 Applicability
- •9.2.3 Scope
- •9.2.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.2.5 Procedures
- •9.2.6 Consequences
- •9.2.7 Related SOPs
- •9.3.1 Objectives
- •9.3.2 Applicability
- •9.3.3 Scope
- •9.3.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.3.5 Procedures
- •9.3.6 Consequences
- •9.3.7 Related SOPs
- •9.4 Genetics of Retinoblastoma SOP
- •9.4.1 Objective
- •9.4.2 Applicability
- •9.4.3 Scope
- •9.4.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.4.5 Procedure
- •9.4.6 Consequences
- •9.4.7 Related SOPs
- •9.5 Screening of Relatives SOP
- •9.5.1 Objective
- •9.5.2 Applicability
- •9.5.3 Scope
- •9.5.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.5.5 Procedure
- •9.5.6 Consequences
- •9.5.7 Related SOPs
- •9.6 Treatment SOP
- •9.7 Enucleation Indications SOP
- •9.7.1 Objective
- •9.7.2 Applicability
- •9.7.3 Scope
- •9.7.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.7.5 Procedure
- •9.7.6 Consequences
- •9.7.7 Related SOPs
- •9.8 Enucleation Technique SOP
- •9.8.1 Objectives
- •9.8.2 Applicability
- •9.8.3 Scope
- •9.8.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.8.5 Procedure
- •9.8.6 Consequences
- •9.8.7 Related SOPs
- •9.9.1 Objectives
- •9.9.2 Applicability
- •9.9.3 Scope
- •9.9.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.9.5 Procedure
- •9.9.6 Consequences
- •9.9.7 Related SOPs
- •9.10 Histopathology Analysis SOP
- •9.10.1 Objectives
- •9.10.2 Applicability
- •9.10.3 Scope
- •9.10.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.10.5 Procedure
- •9.10.6 Consequences
- •9.10.7 Related SOPs
- •9.11 Cryotherapy SOP
- •9.11.1 Objectives
- •9.11.2 Applicability
- •9.11.3 Scope
- •9.11.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.11.5 Procedure
- •9.11.6 Consequences
- •9.11.7 Related SOPs
- •9.12 Laser Therapy SOP
- •9.12.1 Objective
- •9.12.2 Applicability
- •9.12.3 Scope
- •9.12.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.12.5 Procedure
- •9.12.6 Consequences
- •9.12.7 Related SOPs
- •9.13 Local Chemotherapy SOP
- •9.13.1 Objectives
- •9.13.2 Applicability
- •9.13.3 Scope
- •9.13.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.13.5 Procedure
- •9.13.6 Consequences
- •9.13.7 Related SOPs
- •9.14 Systemic Chemotherapy SOP
- •9.14.1 Objectives
- •9.14.2 Applicability
- •9.14.3 Scope
- •9.14.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.14.5 Procedure
- •9.14.6 Consequences
- •9.14.7 Related SOPs
- •9.15 Radiation SOP
- •9.15.1 Objective
- •9.15.2 Applicability
- •9.15.3 Scope
- •9.15.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.15.5 Procedure
- •9.15.6 Consequences
- •9.15.7 Related SOPs
- •9.16.1 Objective
- •9.16.2 Applicability
- •9.16.3 Scope
- •9.16.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.16.5 Procedure
- •9.16.6 Consequences
- •9.16.7 Related SOPs
- •9.17 Follow-Up SOP
- •9.17.1 Objective
- •9.17.2 Applicability
- •9.17.3 Scope
- •9.17.4 Clinical Significance
- •9.17.5 Procedure
- •9.17.6 Consequences
- •9.17.7 Related SOPs
- •References
- •10: Coats’ Disease
- •10.1 Overview
- •10.3 Clinical Aspects
- •10.3.1 Demographics
- •10.3.2 Ocular Findings
- •10.4 Pathology and Pathophysiology
- •10.5 Genetics
- •10.6 Natural History
- •10.8 Management
- •10.9 Systemic Associations
- •10.10 Social and Family Impact
- •10.11 Future Treatment
- •References
- •11.1.1 Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
- •11.1.1.1 Clinical Features: STGD
- •11.1.1.2 Diagnostic Features: STGD
- •11.1.1.3 Differential Diagnosis: STGD
- •11.1.1.4 Inherited Forms: STGD
- •11.1.2 Best Macular Dystrophy
- •11.1.2.1 Clinical Features: BMD
- •11.1.2.2 Diagnostic Features: BMD
- •11.1.2.3 Differential Diagnosis: BMD
- •11.1.2.4 Inherited Forms: BMD
- •11.1.3 Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis
- •11.1.3.1 Clinical Features: JXRS
- •11.1.3.2 Diagnostic Features: JXRS
- •11.1.3.3 Differential Diagnosis: JXRS
- •11.1.3.4 Inherited Forms: JXRS
- •11.2.2 Molecular Genetic Testing
- •11.2.3.1 ABCR
- •11.2.3.2 ELOVL4
- •11.2.3.3 PROM1
- •11.2.3.4 BEST-1
- •11.3.1 STGD
- •11.3.3 JXRS
- •11.4.1 STGD Models
- •11.4.2 BMD Models
- •11.4.3 JXRS Models
- •11.5 Phenotypic Diversity
- •11.6 Potential Therapeutics for Juvenile Macular Degenerations
- •References
- •12: Generalized Inherited Retinal Dystrophies
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Historical Context
- •12.4.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa
- •12.4.1.1 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •12.4.1.2 Genetics
- •12.4.1.3 Pathophysiology
- •12.4.1.4 Prevalence
- •12.4.1.5 Patient History and Evaluation
- •12.4.1.6 Diagnostic Testing
- •12.4.1.7 Treatment
- •12.4.2 Congenital Leber Amaurosis
- •12.4.2.1 Genetics
- •12.4.2.2 Pathophysiology
- •12.4.2.3 Incidence/Prevalence
- •12.4.2.4 Natural History and Prognosis
- •12.4.2.5 Diagnostic Testing
- •12.4.2.6 Treatment
- •12.4.3.1 Genetics
- •12.4.3.2 Pathophysiology
- •12.4.3.3 Incidence
- •12.4.3.4 Natural History and Prognosis
- •12.4.3.5 Diagnostic Testing
- •12.4.3.6 Treatment
- •12.4.3.7 Achromatopsia
- •12.4.4.1 Genetics
- •12.4.4.2 Pathophysiology
- •12.4.4.3 Incidence
- •12.4.4.4 Evaluation and Prognosis
- •12.4.4.5 Diagnostic Testing
- •12.4.4.6 Treatment
- •12.4.4.7 Complications and Disease Associations
- •12.4.4.8 Social Considerations
- •References
- •13: Vitreoretinal Dystrophies
- •13.1 Stickler Syndrome
- •13.1.1 Introduction
- •13.1.2 Historical Context
- •13.1.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.1.4 Classification
- •13.1.5 Genetics
- •13.1.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.1.7 Incidence
- •13.1.8 Natural History and Prognosis of STK (Signs, Symptoms, Timing, etc.)
- •13.1.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.1.10 Treatment
- •13.1.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.1.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.2 Wagner Disease
- •13.2.1 Introduction
- •13.2.2 Historical Context
- •13.2.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.2.4 Classification
- •13.2.5 Genetics
- •13.2.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.2.7 Incidence
- •13.2.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.2.10 Treatment
- •13.2.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.2.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.3 Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis
- •13.3.1 Introduction
- •13.3.2 Historical Context
- •13.3.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.3.4 Classification
- •13.3.5 Genetics
- •13.3.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.3.7 Incidence
- •13.3.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.3.10 Treatment
- •13.3.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.3.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.4.1 Introduction
- •13.4.2 Historical Context
- •13.4.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.4.4 Classification
- •13.4.5 Genetics
- •13.4.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.4.7 Incidence
- •13.4.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.4.10 Treatment
- •13.4.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.4.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.5 Goldmann-Favre Syndrome
- •13.5.1 Introduction
- •13.5.2 Historical Context
- •13.5.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.5.4 Classification
- •13.5.5 Genetics
- •13.5.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.5.7 Incidence
- •13.5.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.5.10 Treatment
- •13.5.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.5.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.6 Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP)
- •13.6.1 Introduction
- •13.6.2 Historical Context
- •13.6.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •13.6.4 Classification
- •13.6.5 Genetics
- •13.6.6 Pathophysiology
- •13.6.7 Incidence
- •13.6.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.6.10 Treatment
- •13.6.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.6.12 Social and Family Impact
- •13.7.9 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
- •13.7.10 Treatment
- •13.7.11 Complications and Associations
- •13.7.12 Social and Family Impact
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Clinical Course
- •14.3 Differential Diagnosis
- •14.4 Pathology
- •14.5 Selected Conditions
- •14.6 Treatment
- •References
- •15: Proliferative Retinopathies in Children
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Historical Context
- •15.3 Overview with Clinical Significance
- •15.4 Classification
- •15.5 Genetics (table 15.1)
- •15.5.1 Pathophysiology
- •15.5.2 Natural History and Prognosis
- •15.5.3 Diabetes Mellitus
- •15.5.4 Sickle Cell Disease
- •15.5.5 Incontinentia Pigmenti
- •15.6 Complications and Associations
- •15.7 Social and Family Impact
- •References
- •16: Infectious Diseases of the Pediatric Retina
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Protozoal Diseases
- •16.2.1 Toxoplasma gondii
- •16.2.1.1 Life Cycle and Transmission
- •16.2.1.2 Epidemiology
- •16.2.1.3 Congenital Infection
- •16.2.1.4 Ocular Disease
- •16.2.1.5 Immunocompromised Patients
- •16.2.1.6 Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
- •16.2.1.7 Treatment
- •16.2.1.8 Treatment in Special Situations
- •16.3 Viral Diseases
- •16.3.1 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
- •16.3.1.1 Congenital CMV Infection
- •16.3.1.2 Ocular Manifestations
- •16.3.1.3 Acquired CMV Infection
- •16.3.1.4 Ocular Disease
- •16.3.1.5 Pathology
- •16.3.1.6 Diagnosis
- •16.3.1.7 Therapy
- •16.3.2 Varicella Zoster Virus
- •16.3.2.1 Ocular Manifestations
- •16.3.3 Herpes Simplex Virus
- •16.3.3.1 Ocular Disease
- •16.3.4 Acute Retinal Necrosis
- •16.3.4.1 Clinical Presentation
- •16.3.4.2 Diagnosis
- •16.3.4.3 Treatment
- •16.3.5 HIV Infection
- •16.3.5.1 Ocular Manifestations
- •16.3.5.2 Noninfectious HIV Microangiopathy
- •16.3.6 Measles
- •16.3.7 Rubella
- •16.3.7.1 Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- •16.4 Parasitic Infection
- •16.4.1 Toxocariasis
- •16.4.1.1 Ocular Involvement
- •16.4.1.2 Diagnosis
- •16.4.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
- •16.4.1.4 Treatment
- •16.4.2 Onchocerciasis
- •16.4.2.1 Ocular Manifestations
- •16.4.2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment
- •16.5 Bacterial Diseases
- •16.5.1 Syphilis
- •16.5.1.1 Clinical Manifestations
- •16.5.1.2 Congenital Syphilis
- •16.5.1.3 Acquired Syphilis
- •16.5.1.4 Diagnosis
- •16.5.1.5 Syphilis and AIDS
- •16.5.1.6 Treatment
- •16.5.2 Tuberculosis
- •16.5.2.1 Ocular Manifestation
- •16.5.2.2 Diagnosis
- •16.5.2.3 Tuberculosis and AIDS
- •16.5.2.4 Treatment
- •16.6 Rare Childhood Bacterial Diseases
- •16.6.1 Brucellosis
- •16.6.2 Leptospirosis
- •16.6.3 Lyme Disease
- •16.6.4 Cat Scratch Disease
- •16.7 Fungal Disease
- •16.7.1 Histoplasmosis
- •16.7.1.1 Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS)
- •16.7.1.2 Diagnosis and Treatment
- •16.7.2 Fungal Endophthalmitis
- •16.7.2.1 Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
- •Candidiasis
- •Ocular Features
- •Diagnosis and Treatment
- •Rare Causes of Endogenous Endophthalmitis
- •Aspergillosis
- •Cryptococcosis
- •Histoplasmosis
- •Pneumocystis carinii
- •North American Blastomycosis
- •Coccidiomycosis
- •Other Fungal Infections
- •16.7.2.2 Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
- •16.8 Rickettsial Disease
- •References
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Age of Victims
- •17.4 Perpetrators
- •17.5 Brain Injury
- •17.6 Skeletal Injuries
- •17.7 Acute Ophthalmic Findings
- •17.8 Dating of Retinal Hemorrhages
- •17.9 Treatment of Retinal Hemorrhages
- •17.10 Late Ophthalmic Findings
- •17.13 The Role of the Ophthalmologist
- •References
- •18: Pediatric Retinal Trauma
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Epidemiology
- •18.3 Etiology of Trauma
- •18.3.1 Sports
- •18.3.2 Assault
- •18.3.3 Birth Trauma
- •18.3.4 Projectile Injury
- •18.3.5 Miscellaneous Causes
- •18.3.6 Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- •18.4 Closed Globe Injuries
- •18.4.1 Traumatic Macular Hole
- •18.4.2 Commotio Retinae
- •References
- •19: Pediatric Uveitis
- •19.1 General Introduction
- •19.2 Classification
- •19.3 Social and Family Impact
- •19.4 Noninfectious
- •19.4.1 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
- •19.4.1.1 Historical Context
- •19.4.1.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Subtypes of JRA (Table 19.2) .
- •Screening Guidelines
- •Pathophysiology
- •Diagnosis/Treatment
- •Genetics
- •Complications
- •19.4.2 HLA-B27-Associated Uveitis
- •19.4.2.1 Historical Context
- •19.4.2.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Pathophysiology/Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.4.3 Tub ulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis (TINU)
- •19.4.3.1 Historical Context
- •19.4.3.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Pathophysiology/Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.4.4 Sarcoidosis
- •19.4.4.1 Historical Context
- •19.4.4.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Pathophysiology
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.4.5 Pars Planitis
- •19.4.5.1 Historical Context
- •19.4.5.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Pathophysiology/Genetics
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Step 1
- •Step 2
- •Step 3
- •Step 4
- •Complications
- •19.5 Infectious
- •19.5.1 Toxoplasmosis
- •19.5.1.1 Historical Context/Pathophysiology
- •19.5.1.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.5.2 Toxocariasis
- •19.5.2.1 Historical Context/Pathophysiology
- •19.5.2.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.5.3 Bartonella henselae
- •19.5.3.1 Historical Context/Pathophysiology
- •19.5.3.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.5.4.1 Historical Context/Pathophysiology
- •19.5.4.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •19.5.5 Congenital Ocular Syphilis
- •19.5.5.1 Historical Context/Pathophysiology
- •19.5.5.2 Clinical Findings/Natural History
- •Genetics
- •Diagnosis/Treatment/Complications
- •References
- •Index
5 Optic Nerve Malformations |
141 |
|
|
5.13.6 Diagnosis and Diagnostic
Aids Treatment
Myelinated nerve fiber must be differentiated from intraocular neoplasms or remnants of Bergmeister’s papilla.
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