c

photocoagulation of the live, motile larvae has been used, but can elicit a severe inflammatory reaction and should only be used with concomitant systemic corticosteroids [103]. Vitreoretinal surgical techniques are often employed for repair of tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, to remove vitreous cells, to remove epiretinal membranes, and to relieve macular heterotopia [104–106].

Complications that result in visual loss can be a direct result of retinal changes such as a macular scar, macular heterotopia, tractional or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, or epiretinal membrane formation. Loss of vision can also be secondary to the sequelae of inflammation, including cyclitic membrane, cataract, glaucoma, and CME [107]. Lastly, phthisis bulbi can result from severe intraocular inflammation and/or retinal detachment. Surgical intervention is often necessary in the case of cataract, glaucoma, or cyclitic membrane formation. Laser photocoagulation can be used to treat the rare occurrence of CNV.

19.5.3  Bartonella henselae

19.5.3.1  Historical Context/Pathophysiology

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a feline-associated zoonotic infectious disease with worldwide distribution principally caused by Bartonella henselae, a small fastidious, gram-negative rod. Speculation exists that other pathogens, including Afipia felis and

Bartonella clarridgeiae, produce a small proportion of cases [108]. The first description is credited to Parinaud, who presented three patients with follicular conjunctivitis, regional lymphadenopathy, and a low grade fever in the medical literature in 1889 [109]. In 1931, Debré was the first to recognize the association with intimate cat contact and scratches [110]. Intraocular inflammation attributable to CSD was first described by Sweeney and Drance in 1970 [111]. The causative organism of CSD was first identified as Rochalimaea henselae, and was later reclassified as Bartonella henselae [112].