Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Optical Coherence Tomography in Age-Related Macular Degeneration_Coscas_2009
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CHAPTER 3 – A. GIANI, M. CEREDA, G. STAURENGHI (Italy).................................................................................... |
35 |
SPECTRAL DOMAIN OCT – SPECTRALIS* HRA-OCT and CIRRUS* ZEISS |
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INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ |
37 |
SPECTRALIS* HRA-OCT............................................................................................................................ |
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Image Acquisition |
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Software |
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3D Visualization Mode |
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Thickness Measurement Mode |
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Follow-up |
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TruTrackTM |
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IMPROVEMENT OF RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL VISUALIZATION............................................. |
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CIRRUS* OCT............................................................................................................................................... |
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Technical Specifications of the Cirrus* Zeiss |
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Wavelength |
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Software and Image Acquisition |
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Raster Mode |
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Cube Acquisition |
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Retinal Thickness |
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Follow-up |
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Advantages of the Cirrus* |
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CHAPTER 4 – M.D. de SMET, M.E.J. van VELTHOVEN (The Netherlands and USA) ................................................. |
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COMBINED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND CONFOCAL OPHTHALMOSCOPY (OCT/SLO) |
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INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ |
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PRINCIPLE OF THE OCT/SLO SYSTEM................................................................................................ |
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C-SCAN AND B-SCAN ACQUISITION.................................................................................................. |
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OCT/SLO HARDWARE.............................................................................................................................. |
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CLINICAL USE OF OCT/SLO................................................................................................................... |
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EVALUATION OF THE NORMAL FUNDUS ......................................................................................... |
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OCT/SLO TOMOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................ |
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Follow-up |
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Overlay with Angiography |
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CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. |
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REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................... |
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CHAPTER 5 – T. WAKABAYASHI, Y. OSHIMA, F. GOMI, Y. TANO (Japan) .................................................................. |
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF MODERN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY |
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INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ |
69 |
First Generation of OCT |
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Recent Advancement in OCT Technology |
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BASIC CONCEPTS: TD-OCT and SD-OCT.......................................................................................... |
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Time-Domain OCT |
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Ultrahigh-Resolution OCT (UHR-OCT) |
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Spectral-Domain OCT or SD-OCT |
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Imaging Advancements in SD-OCT |
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Improved Imaging Quality |
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INTERPRETATION OF THE NORMAL MACULA ................................................................................ |
70 |
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3D Imaging |
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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF 3D SD-OCT......................................................................................... |
76 |
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Registration |
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Image Segmentation |
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Measuring and Mapping Retinal Thickness |
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Current Applications of SD-OCT in AMD |
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SD-OCT Imaging and 3D Analysis in Vitreoretinal Diseases |
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CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. |
78 |
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REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................... |
78 |
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CHAPTER 6 – B. LUMBROSO, R. ROSEN, M. RISPOLI (Rome and New York)............................................................ |
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85 |
SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OCT/cSLO |
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INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ |
87 |
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INTERPRETATION ...................................................................................................................................... |
87 |
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TECHNOLOGY............................................................................................................................................ |
87 |
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Time-Domain versus Spectral-Domain |
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Time-Domain Analysis |
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Spectral-Domain Analysis |
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THE SPECTRAL B-SCAN .......................................................................................................................... |
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Presentation of the Results |
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Retinal Mapping |
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3D Reconstruction |
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C-SCAN......................................................................................................................................................... |
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ADVANTAGES OF SD-OCT ..................................................................................................................... |
92 |
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Contrast |
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Artifacts |
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Microperimetry |
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CHAPTER 7 – G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris)....................... |
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OCT INTERPRETATION |
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Clinical Analysis and Interpretation of OCT Characteristics in AMD. |
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Comparison with Angiography. |
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INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ |
99 |
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Interpretation of an OCT Image |
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RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM........................................................................................................ |
101 |
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In the Normal Eye ................................................................................................................. |
101 |
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In Clinical Practice................................................................................................................. |
104 |
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Main Abnormalities of the RPE Band............................................................................. |
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Interruptions of the RPE |
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POSTERIOR TO THE RPE BAND...................................................................................................... |
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Accumulation of Material Posterior to the RPE: Drusen......................................... |
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Accumulation of Material Posterior to the RPE: Drusenoid PED ......................... |
120 |
Posterior to the RPE: Serous and Fibrovascular PED................................................ |
126 |
Posterior to the RPE: Shadowing or Hyper-Reflectivity .......................................... |
134 |
ANTERIOR TO THE RPE BAND............................................................................................................. |
140 |
Fluid Accumulation Anterior to the RPE: |
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SUB-RETINAL DETACHMENTS (SRD)............................................................................... |
140 |
Features of SRD and its Evolution.................................................................. |
142 |
Cystoid Macular Edema..................................................................................... |
150 |
Bright Hyper-Reflective Spots and Dense Zones...................................................... |
159 |
External Limiting Membrane and IS/OS Interface |
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Bright Hyper-Reflective Spots |
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Hyper-Reflective Material |
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Response to Treatment |
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Retinal Hemorrhage............................................................................................................. |
167 |
CHAPTER 8 – Part 01 |
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G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris) .............................................................. |
171 |
CLINICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL HISTORY OF AMD |
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Part 01 . AGE-RELATED MACULOPATHY |
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INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... |
173 |
New OCT Techniques |
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Imaging Modalities |
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Correlations |
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Clinical Practice |
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AGE-RELATED MACULOPATHY................................................................................................................... |
174 |
Different types of Drusen ........................................................................................................... |
174 |
Diffuse Deposits |
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Hard Drusen |
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Soft Drusen |
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Natural History ............................................................................................................................... |
180 |
Atrophy |
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Drusenoid PED |
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Neovascular Complications |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 01, Mixed Drusen and CNV ........................................ |
184 |
Clinical Signs |
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Follow-up |
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CONCLUSION |
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Deposits ............................................................................................................................................ |
190 |
Biomicroscopy |
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Changes in the Outer Retinal Layers |
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Complications |
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Contents |
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CHAPTER 8 – Part 02 |
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G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris) ............................................................. |
195 |
CLINICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL HISTORY OF AMD |
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Part 02. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD): |
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Diagnosis, Observation, and Post Treatment Follow-up |
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INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ |
197 |
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION........................................................................................................ |
198 |
Clinical Features and Natural History on AMD.................................................................. |
198 |
Treatment........................................................................................................................................ |
198 |
OCCULT CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION |
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VASCULARIZED PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT .................................................... |
201 |
Contribution of OCT.................................................................................................................... |
201 |
Exudative Reactions.................................................................................................................... |
201 |
Imaging Modalities (TD-OCT; SD-OCT) ............................................................................... |
202 |
CLINICAL CASES OF OCCULT CNV .................................................................................. |
203 |
Table of Clinical Cases 204 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 01: Occult CNV – Initial Stage, Asymptomatic ..................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 02: Occult CNV – Initial Stage, Symptomatic........................................ |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 03: Occult CNV – Early, Small...................................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 04: Occult CNV – Moderately Large ......................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 05: Occult CNV – Minimally Classic .......................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 06: Occult CNV – Minimally Classic .......................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 07: Occult CNV, Large .................................................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 08: Mixed (Classic and Occult) CNV of Equal Dimensions ............... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 09: Progressive Proliferation of Occult CNV .......................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 10: Occult CNV with Serous PED ............................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 11: Occult CNV at the Edge of Serous PED............................................ |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 12: Large, Advanced Occult CNV............................................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 13: Hemorrhagic Complication of Occult CNV .................................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 14: Advanced CNV with Hemorrhagic Complications ...................... |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 15: Advanced Occult CNV............................................................................ |
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CONCLUSION ........... |
174 |
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CHAPTER 9 – G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris) ............... |
275 |
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CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSES |
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275 |
PATHOGENIC HYPOTHESES................................................................................................................. |
277 |
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CLINICAL FEATURES .............................................................................................................................. |
278 |
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Fluorescein Angiography |
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SLO-ICG Angiography |
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Spectral-Domain OCT |
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Complications |
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Prognosis |
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TREATMENT MODALITIES.................................................................................................................... |
280 |
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Laser Photocoagulation |
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Photodynamic Therapy |
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Anti-Angiogenic Therapy |
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Combined Therapy |
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Protection of the Fellow Eye |
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Table of Clinical Cases .......................................................................................................................... |
281 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 01: CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSIS ....................................................... |
282 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 02: CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSIS ....................................................... |
288 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 03: CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSIS ....................................................... |
292 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 04: CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSIS ....................................................... |
296 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 05: ADVANCED FORM.................................................................................... |
298 |
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CONCLUSION ........... |
300 |
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CHAPTER 10 – G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris)........... |
301 |
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POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY |
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302 |
Clinical Features...................................................................................................................................... |
302 |
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Polypoidal Formations |
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Abnormal Choroidal Vessels |
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Hyper-Fluorescent Plaque |
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Choroidal Neovascularization |
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Contribution of OCT.............................................................................................................................. |
304 |
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Natural History ........................................................................................................................................ |
304 |
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Treatment.................................................................................................................................................. |
304 |
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Table of Clinical Cases .......................................................................................................................... |
305 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 01: PCV with Serosanguineous PED......................................................... |
306 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 02: PCV with Fibrous Changes ................................................................... |
314 |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 03: PCV with Longstanding Course.......................................................... |
318 |
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CONCLUSION ........... |
322 |
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Contents |
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CHAPTER 11 – |
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G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI , C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris) |
.............................................................. 323 |
CLASSIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION |
325 |
CLINICAL FEATURES |
325 |
Initial Definitions
Current Classification
Frequency
CONTRIBUTION OF OCT....................................................................................................................... |
325 |
Imaging Modalities .................................................................................................................. |
326 |
CLINICAL CASES OF CLASSIC CNV |
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CLINICAL CASE No. 01: SMALL CLASSIC CNV ................................................................. |
328 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 02: LARGE CLASSIC CNV.................................................................. |
334 |
CONCLUSION ........... |
339 |
CHAPTER 12 – |
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G. COSCAS, F. COSCAS, S. VISMARA, A. ZOURDANI, C.I. Li CALZI (Créteil and Paris) .............................................................. |
341 |
ATROPHIC FORMS (DRY AMD) ....................................................................................................................... |
343 |
INTRODUCTION ...... |
343 |
Definitions |
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Complications |
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Biomicroscopy |
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Fluorescein Angiography |
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Indocyanine Green Angiography |
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CONTRIBUTION OF OCT....................................................................................................................... |
344 |
Time-Domain OCT |
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Spectral-Domain OCT |
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PROGNOSIS ............... |
344 |
TABLE OF CLINICAL CASES OF ATROPHIC AMD.......................................................................... |
346 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 01: DRY AMD: INITIAL STAGE........................................................ |
348 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 02: DRY AMD: EARLY EXTRAFOVEAL FORM............................ |
352 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 03: DRY AMD: ADVANCED FORM................................................ |
354 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 04: MACULAR ATROPHY FOLLOWING RPE TEAR................... |
356 |
CLINICAL CASE No. 05: MACULAR ATROPHY DUE TO VITELLIFORM |
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MACULAR DYSTROPHY.......................................................................................................... |
360 |
OCT AND DRY AMD............................................................................................................................... |
364 |
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CHAPTER 13 – G. COSCAS (France).................................................................................................................. |
365 |
THE CONTRIBUTION OF OCT |
366 |
RECENT ADVANCES ............................................................................................................................... |
366 |
Comparison of Fluorescein Angiography, ICG Angiography, and OCT ............................. |
367 |
CONTRIBUTION OF TIME-DOMAIN OCT......................................................................................... |
367 |
Different Types of Choroidal Neovascularization |
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Fluid Accumulation |
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Demonstration of retinal fluid |
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Criteria of Stabilization or Scarring |
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Limitations of TD-OCT |
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CONTRIBUTION OF SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OCT.............................................................................. |
369 |
Technological Progress |
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Clinical Applications |
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Outer Retinal Layers |
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Neovascularization |
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Inflammatory Reactions |
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Scarring, Fibrosis, and Atrophy |
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Correlations |
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CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... |
374 |
INTERPRETATION OF OCT EXAMINATIONS ................................................................................... |
376 |
OCT READING GRID/CHART OF EXUDATIVE AMD ..................................................................... |
377 |
APPENDIX – G. COSCAS (France) ........................................................................................................................ |
379 |
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OCT EQUIPMENT |
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SPECTRALIS™ HRA-OCT Heidelberg Engineering/SanoTek.................................................................... |
380 |
TOPCON 3D OCT...................................................................................................................................................... |
382 |
RTVue, EBC MEDICAL............................................................................................................................................. |
384 |
Spectral OCT/SLO – Ophthalmic Technologies, Inc. OTI........................................................................... |
386 |
Cirrus™ HD-OCT-Carl Zeiss Meditec ................................................................................................................. |
388 |
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Author |
Gabriel COSCAS |
Professeur Emérite des Universités |
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Hôpital de Créteil. Département d’ophtalmologie de Créteil |
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Université Paris XII, Val de Marne |
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gabriel.coscas@gmail.com |
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Co-Authors |
Giuseppe CARELLA |
Professore dipartimento di oftalmologia e sciense |
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Scienze della visione (HSR) |
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Universita di Milano, Italia |
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g.carella@alice.it |
Gabriel CHONG |
Resident in Ophthalmology |
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Duke University Medical Center |
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Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
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gabriel.chong@duke.edu |
Florence COSCAS |
Praticien hospitalier |
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Hôpital de Créteil. Département d’ophtalmologie de Créteil |
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Université Paris XII, Val de Marne |
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Centre d’exploration ophtalmologique de l’Odéon |
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coscas.f@wanadoo.fr |
Marc De SMET |
Professeur d’ophtalmologie |
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Département d’ophtalmologie de l’Université d’Amsterdam |
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Département d’ophtalmologie, ZNA campus Middelheim |
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Anvers, Belgique |
Sina FARSIU |
Research Associate in Ophthalmology |
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Duke University Medical Center |
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Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
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sina.farsiu@duke.edu |
Andrea GIANI |
Fellow Eye Clinic |
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Department of Clinical Science Luigi Sacco |
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Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Italy |
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andreagiani@gmail.com |
Fumi GOMI |
Associate Professor |
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Department of Ophthalmology |
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Osaka University Medical School, Japan |
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fgomi@ophthal.med.osaka-u.ac.jp |
Aziz KHANIFAR |
Clinical Associate in Ophthalmology |
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Duke University Medical Center |
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Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
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azizkhanifar@gmail.com |
XX Co-Authors
C. Iole LI CALZI |
Ophthalmologista |
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Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Cliniche |
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Sezione di Oftalmologia (Prof G. Lodato) |
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Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italia |
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yole2123@yahoo.it |
Bruno LUMBROSO |
Professore Libero Docente, |
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Università di Roma |
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Rome Eye Hospital, Italy |
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bruno.lumbroso@libero.it |
Yusuke OSHIMA |
Assistant Professor |
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Department of Ophthalmology |
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Osaka University Medical School, Japan |
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oshima@ophthal.med.osaka-u.ac.jp |
Michael REGENBOGEN |
Département d’ophtalmologie de Tel-Aviv |
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Sourasky Medical Center |
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Université de Tel Aviv. Israel |
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michelr.007@hotmail.com |
Marco RISPOLI |
Dirigente Medico, |
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Reparto Oculistico |
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Ospedale Eastman, Rome, Italy |
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Email: rispolimarco@yahoo.it |
Richard ROSEN |
Associate Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, |
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New York Medical College, Dpt Ophthalmology, |
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Surgeon, Residency Program Director, |
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The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, N.Y. |
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rrosen@nyee.edu |
Gisèle SOUBRANE |
Professeur d’ophtalmologie, Chairperson |
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Département d’ophtalmologie de Créteil |
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Université de Créteil, Paris XII, Val de Marne |
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gisele.soubrane@chicreteil.fr |
Eric SOUÏED |
Professeur d’ophtalmologie |
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Département d’ophtalmologie de Créteil |
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Université de Créteil, Paris XII, Val de Marne |
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eric.souied@chicreteil.fr |
Giovanni STAURENGHI |
Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology |
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Director II School of Ophthalmology |
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Department of Clinical Science Luigi Sacco, |
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Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Italy |
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giovanni.staurenghi@unimi.it |
Yasuo TANO |
Professor and Chair |
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Department of Ophthalmology |
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Osaka University Medical School, Japan |
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tano@ophthal.med.osaka-u.ac.jp |
XXI
Co-Authors
Cynthia TOTH |
Professor of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering |
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Duke University Medical Center |
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Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
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toth0004@mc.duke.edu |
Joël UZZAN |
Praticien Attaché |
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Département d’ophtalmologie de Créteil |
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Université de Paris XII, Val de Marne |
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Département de rétine, Clinique Mathilde, Rouen |
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ophtalmo@uzzan.net |
Sabrina VISMARA |
Ancien Assistant Spécialiste d’Ophtalmologie |
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Praticien Attaché à la Fondation Rothschild, Paris |
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Praticien hospitalier, Montreuil |
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sabrinavismara@gmail.com |
Taku WAKABAYASHI |
Vitreoretinal Fellow |
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Department of Ophthalmology |
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Osaka University Medical School, Japan |
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twaka@ophthal.med.osaka-u.ac.jp |
Alain ZOURDANI |
Ancien Praticien Assistant-Hôpital de Créteil, Paris XII |
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Praticien Attaché-Hôpital universitaire St Roch de Nice |
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Centre d’Imagerie et Laser de Nice |
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alain.zourdani@yahoo.fr |