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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Pearls of Glaucoma Management_Giaconi, Law, Caprioli_2009.pdf
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- •Pearls of Glaucoma Management
- •Optic Nerve: The Glaucomatous Optic Nerve
- •1.1 Why is the Optic Nerve Important in the Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma?
- •1.1.1 The Optic Nerve Head (ONH) is the Principal Site of Glaucomatous Damage to the Visual System
- •1.1.3 The Clinical Appearance and Behavior of the ONH Holds Clues as to the Etiology of a Given Optic Neuropathy
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Optic Nerve: Clinical Examination
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •2.2 How Does One Establish the Borders of the Nerve and Follow the Neuroretinal Rim Contour?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •2.6 How Quickly Can I Expect Optic Nerve Change to Occur?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •2.7 If I See a Disc Hemorrhage on Healthy Appearing Neuroretinal Rim, How Soon Can I Expect to See a Change in the Rim?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Optic Nerve: Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
- •3.1 What Indices Should I Use to Help Me Interpret the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) Printout?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •3.2 How Big a Change is Meaningful in the Numbers on an HRT Printout?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •3.3.1 Trend Analysis
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Optic Nerve: Scanning Laser Polarimetry
- •4.1 What is the Physical Principle Behind Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP)?
- •4.1.1 How has Scanning Laser Polarimetry Evolved?
- •4.1.2 What is GDxVCC (Variable Corneal Compensation)?
- •4.1.3 What is GDxECC (Enhanced Corneal Compensation)?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •4.2 How is Image Quality and Artifact Assessed on the GDxVCC Printout?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •4.4.1 Detection of Progression with SLP
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Optic Nerve: Optical Coherence Tomography
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •5.2 What Indices Should I Use to Help Me Interpret the “RNFL Thickness Average Analysis Report” Printout?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •5.4 Can I Use OCT Clinically to Diagnose Glaucoma? How Certain Can I Be that the Diagnosis is Real?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Optic Nerve: Comparison of Technologies
- •6.1 Why Image the Optic Nerve?
- •6.1.3 Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP)
- •Summary for the clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •6.3 Is One Imaging Technique Easier to Use and Interpret than Another?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •7.1 Should Peripapillary Atrophy (PPA) Concern Me? Should it Be Followed for Enlargement?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •7.2 In Examining Tilted Optic Discs, How Do I Distinguish Tilt vs. Glaucoma?
- •7.2.1 What are the Characteristics of a Tilted Disc?
- •7.2.5 What Management Strategy Can I Use in Equivocal Cases of Tilt vs. Glaucoma?
- •Summary for Clinicians
- •7.3 With Optic Nerve Head Drusen (OND), How Do I Tell If Visual Field Changes are due to Drusen vs. Glaucoma?
- •7.3.1 Description of Drusen
- •7.3.2 What are the Characteristics of Field Defects in OND?
- •7.3.3 Are There Other Signs that Can Help Me Distinguish Between OND and Glaucoma?
- •7.3.4 Can Imaging Help Me to Distinguish Between OND and Glaucoma?
- •7.3.5 What Management Strategy Can I Use in Equivocal Cases of OND vs. Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •7.4.1 What is the Significance of Disc Cupping?
- •7.4.3 What is the Significance of Optic Disc Pallor?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •8.1 Why is Intraocular Pressure Important in Diagnosing and Treating Glaucoma?
- •8.1.3 Non-IOP Factors May also Be Involved in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma
- •8.1.4 The Decision to Initiate Treatment by Lowering IOP
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •IOP: Instruments to Measure IOP
- •9.2.1 Maklakov Tonometer
- •9.2.2 Shiøtz Tonometry
- •9.2.3 Goldmann Tonometry
- •9.2.4 McKay-Marg and Tonopen
- •9.2.5 Air-Puff Tonometry
- •9.2.6 Dynamic Contour Tonometry
- •9.2.7 Trans-Palpebral Tonometers
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •9.5 In Cases of Prosthetic Corneas How Can I Measure the IOP?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •IOP: Central Corneal Thickness
- •10.1.1 Goldmann Tonometry
- •10.1.2 The Influence of CCT on Tonometry
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •10.2.1 CCT in Different Populations
- •10.2.2 CCT Over Time
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •10.3 Does CCT Predict Glaucoma?
- •10.3.1 Clinical Trials
- •10.3.2 CCT in Established Glaucoma
- •10.3.3 CCT as a Biological Risk Factor
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •10.4.1 Should IOP Be “Adjusted” for CCT?
- •10.4.4 Should I Measure CCT in All Patients?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •IOP: Corneal Hysteresis
- •11.1 What is Corneal Hysteresis and How Does it Influence IOP Measurement?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •11.3 What Is the Relationship Between CCT, IOP, and Corneal Hysteresis?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •11.4 Should I Invest in Newer Devices to Measure IOP that Claim Less Influence of CCT?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •IOP: Target Pressures
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •12.2 If I Decide to Set a Target IOP, How Should I Set it – Do I Use a Percent Reduction or Aim Toward an Absolute Number?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •IOP: Fluctuation
- •13.1 Why is IOP Fluctuation a Topic of Interest?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •13.5 What is the Significance of Measures of Long-Term IOP Fluctuation?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •13.6 What is the Impact of Medication on Short-Term and Long-Term IOP Fluctuation?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •13.7 What is the Impact of Surgery on Short-Term and Long-Term IOP Fluctuation?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Gonioscopy: Why Do Indentation?
- •14.1 Which Patients Should have Gonioscopy?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •14.2 Of What Use is the Van Herick Angle Examination?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •14.3 What Lens Should be Used for Gonioscopy?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •14.5 What Should I Look for in the Angle?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •14.7 How Narrow is too Narrow? What are the Indications for Laser Iridotomy in a Patient with No Symptoms of Angle-closure?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •14.8 What Should I Know about Plateau Iris?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Visual Fields: Visual Field Test Strategies
- •15.1.1 Automated vs. Manual
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •15.3 Is There a Visual Field Program of Choice at This Point in Time?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •15.5 What Program is Best for Use in a General Clinic to Screen for Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •15.6 How Can I Convert from One Visual Field Strategy to Another to Help Me Interpret and Compare Tests?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •15.7 What Can be Done to Obtain Visual Field Information in a Patient who Consistently Tests Unreliably?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Visual Fields: Fluctuation and Progression
- •16.1 How Do I Distinguish Between Fluctuation and True Progressive Change on Visual Field Printouts?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •16.4 What Automated Progression Analysis Software Is Available to Help with Visual Field Interpretation?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Visual Fields: Field Interpretation
- •17.1 How Is Information on a Single Field Printout of the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer Interpreted?
- •17.1.1 Part 1 of the Visual Field Printout
- •17.1.2 Part 2 of the Visual Field Printout
- •17.1.3 Part 3 of the Visual Field Printout
- •17.1.4 Part 4 of the Visual Field Printout
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •17.2 How Is the Information on the Glaucoma Progression Analysis Printout Interpreted?
- •17.2.1 Part 1 of the GPA Printout
- •17.2.2 Part 2 of the GPA Printout
- •17.2.3 Part 3 of the GPA Printout
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •17.3.2 Automatic Reliance on the Statistical Analysis
- •17.3.3 Visual Field Artifacts
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Other Tests in Glaucoma: Genetic Testing
- •18.1.1 Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
- •18.1.3 Congenital Glaucoma
- •18.1.4 Low-Tension Glaucoma
- •18.1.6 Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •18.2 Are Genetic Tests for Glaucoma of Practical Use in a Clinical Setting Today, or Are They More of Theoretical Use?
- •18.2.1 Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
- •18.2.3 Congenital Glaucoma
- •18.2.4 Low-Tension Glaucoma
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •18.3 How Do I Collect Samples and Where Do I Send Them for Analysis?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •18.4.1 Genetic Counseling
- •18.4.3 Juvenile-Open Angle Glaucoma
- •18.4.4 Congenital Glaucoma
- •18.4.5 Low-Tension Glaucoma
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •19.2 Is Abnormal Ocular Blood Flow Causal in Glaucoma and Glaucoma Progression, and Does It Correlate with Disease Severity?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •19.3.1.2 Patients with Vasospasm
- •19.3.1.3 Patients with Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dips
- •19.3.1.4 Diabetes
- •19.3.2 Patients Who Progress despite Reaching Target IOP or with Fluctuating IOP and Pulse Pressure
- •19.3.3 NTG Patients with Migraine and or Disc Hemorrhages
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •19.4 What are the Most Common Techniques to Measure Optic Nerve Blood Flow and what are Their Limitations?
- •19.4.1 Color Doppler Imaging (CDI)
- •19.4.4 Angiography
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •20.1 What Evidence Is There that Vascular Alterations Play a Role in Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •20.3.1 Color Doppler Imaging (CDI)
- •20.3.4 Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF)
- •20.3.5 Retinal Vessel Analyzer (RVA)
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •20.4.1 Color Doppler Imaging
- •20.4.2 Heidelberg Retinal Flowmeter
- •20.4.4 Laser Doppler Flowmetry
- •20.4.5 Retinal Vessel Analyzer
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •20.5.1 Color Doppler Imaging
- •20.5.2 Heidelberg Retinal Flowmeter
- •20.5.3 Canon Laser Blood Flowmetry
- •20.5.4 Laser Doppler Flowmetry
- •20.5.5 Retinal Vessel Analyzer
- •Summary for the Clinician:
- •20.6 How Can the Data from Ocular Hemodynamic Studies Be Used in Clinical Practice?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •21.1.1 The Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •21.3 Is the mfVEP a Useful Test in Glaucoma?
- •21.3.1 The mfVEP Is Not Ready for Routine Screening of Glaucoma Patients
- •21.3.2 The mfVEP Can Provide Clinically Useful Information
- •21.3.2.2 Unreliable Visual Fields
- •21.3.2.3 Inconsistent Visual Fields
- •21.3.2.3 Visual Fields that Need Confirmation
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Risk Factors
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •22.2 What are the Main Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma?
- •22.2.2 Demographic Factors
- •22.2.4 Central Corneal Thickness
- •22.2.5 Systemic Factors
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Risk Factors: The Risk Calculator
- •23.1 Is a Risk Calculator Useful?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •23.2 How Should I Use a Risk Calculator?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •23.3 Can I Screen for Glaucoma with a Risk Calculator?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •23.4 What Does It Mean to Me and My Patient If the Risk Score Is High?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •24.1 Should Beta Blockers Still Be Used as a First-Line Agent?
- •24.1.1 What is the Topical Beta Blocker Mechanism of Action?
- •24.1.2 What Magnitude of IOP Decrease Is Seen with Beta Blockers?
- •24.1.3 How Should Beta Blockers Be Initiated?
- •24.1.4 What Are the Differences Between Individual Beta Blockers?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •24.4 Should Miotics Still Be Used?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •25.2 What Medications Are Safe to Use in a Nursing Mother?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •26.2 How Should Oral CAIs Be Dosed?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •26.4 Can CAIs Be Used in Pregnant Women or Pediatric Patients?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •26.5 Can CAIs Be Used in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Medical Treatment: Osmotic Agents
- •27.1 When Using Hyperosmotics Agents, What Is a Typical Dose for Acutely Elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP)?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •27.3 Should Hyperosmotic Agents Be Used to Lower IOP Prior to Surgery?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Medical Treatment: Neuroprotection
- •28.1 What Exactly Is Neuroprotection?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •28.3.1 Memantine
- •28.3.2 Brimonidine
- •28.3.3 Betaxolol
- •28.3.4 Calcium Channel Blockers
- •23.3.5 Other Possible Treatments
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •29.2 What Is the Natural History of Treated and Untreated Glaucoma?
- •29.2.1 Olmsted County, MN
- •29.2.2 St. Lucia Study
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •30.1.1 What Is Adherence?
- •30.1.2 What Is Persistence?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •30.2 How Can One Help Patients to Be More Compliant with Treatment?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •31.2.1 Exercise
- •31.2.2 Smoking
- •31.2.3 Alcohol Consumption
- •31.2.4 Diet
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •31.3.1 Marijuana Use
- •31.3.2 Gingko Biloba
- •31.3.3 Bilberry
- •31.3.4 Acupunture
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •32.1.2 Does Trabeculoplasty benefit Compliance?
- •32.1.3 How well does Trabeculoplasty control the Diurnal IOP curve?
- •32.1.4 What are the Side Effects/Risks of Trabeculoplasty?
- •32.1.5 What are the Economic Issues Involved with Trabeculoplasty?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •32.2.1 What is the Efficacy of ALT Versus SLT?
- •32.2.2 What are the Complications of ALT Versus SLT?
- •32.2.3 How does Retreatment compare between ALT and SLT?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •32.3 When Should SLT or ALT not Be Performed?
- •32.3.1 Types of Glaucoma
- •32.3.2 IOP Reduction
- •32.3.3 Maximal Medical Therapy
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •32.4.1 Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
- •32.4.2 Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •32.7 What is the Mechanism of Action of ALT and SLT?
- •32.7.1 Mechanical Theory
- •32.7.2 Biologic Theory
- •32.7.3 Repopulation Theory
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •33.1 When Can or Should Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) Be Used?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •33.2 Should ECP Be Used as a Primary Surgery for Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •33.3 Is Burning the Ciliary Processes a Safe Thing to Do?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •33.6 What Are Complications that May Be Encountered and How Are They Specifically Managed?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •33.8 What Is the Long Term Safety Data on this Procedure?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •34.1 What is Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation (TCP)?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •34.2 When Should I Use TCP? Should it be Used as a Primary Surgery for Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •34.3 Technically, How is TCP Performed?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Procedural Treatments: Trabeculectomy
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •35.2 Should Antimetabolites be Used in All Cases of Trabeculectomy?
- •35.3 Do You Adjust Antimetabolite Usage and Dose Based on Patient Age or Race?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Procedural Treatments: Bleb Needling
- •37.1.1 Slit Lamp Bleb Needling
- •37.1.3 Antimetabolite Use with Needling
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •37.2 Is It Ever Too Early or Too Late to Needle a Bleb?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •37.5 Is It Better to Needle or Reoperate on a Failing Bleb?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •38.1 Is One Tube Shunt Design Better than Another at Lowering IOP?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •39.1.1 Aqueous Shunts for Glaucoma (Supporting Evidence Level I/1c)
- •39.1.2 Cyclodestruction with Diode G-Probe (Supporting Evidence Level III/4)
- •39.1.3 Cyclodestruction with Diode Endocyclophotocoagulation (Supporting Evidence Level I/1c)
- •39.1.8 iScience (Canaloplasty) (Supporting Evidence III/4)
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •40.2 What Is the Ex-PRESS Mini-Shunt and How Does It Work?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •40.6 What Complications Are Specific to the Ex-PRESS Shunt Procedure?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •41.1.1 When to Add a Trabeculectomy to Cataract Surgery
- •41.1.2 When to Add Phacoemulsification to a Trabeculectomy
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •41.2.1 Glaucoma as the Primary Problem
- •41.2.2 Cataract as the Primary Problem
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •41.3 How Is the Postoperative Course of a Phacotrabeculectomy Different than that After the Individual Surgeries?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •42.1 What Is End-Stage Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •42.2 Should I Operate on a Patient with End-Stage Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •42.4 How Do Specific Complications of Surgery in End-Stage Glaucoma Lead to Vision Loss?
- •42.4.1 Hypotony Maculopathy
- •42.4.2 Retinal Detachment
- •42.4.3 Endophthalmitis
- •42.4.4 Malignant Glaucoma and others
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •42.5 What Can Be Done to Minimize Potential Vision Loss Due to Surgery in End-Stage Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •43.3 What Is the Treatment of Choice in Normal-Tension Glaucoma – Medication, Laser, or Surgery?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •43.4.1 Risk Factors for Progression in NTG
- •43.4.2 Disc Hemorrhage in NTG
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Glaucomas: Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
- •44.1 Is There a Gene for Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •44.3 What Is the Risk of Developing Glaucoma Once PXF Material Is Observed in the Eye?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •44.4.2 Cataract Extraction Technique
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •45.2 Is PDG Managed Differently than Primary Open Angle Glaucoma?
- •45.2.1 Medical Treatment
- •45.2.2 Trabeculoplasty
- •45.2.3 Trabeculectomy
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •45.6.1 Medical Therapy
- •45.6.2 Laser and Incisional Surgery
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Glaucomas: Sturge Weber Syndrome
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Glaucomas: Glaucoma and the Cornea
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •47.3 What Effect Does Laser Glaucoma Surgery Have on the Cornea?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Glaucomas: Uveitic Glaucoma
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •48.2 Is There a Way to Distinguish Between Elevated IOP Due to a Steroid Response vs. Uveitis?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •48.3 How Do Inflammation and Steroids Cause an Increase in IOP?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •48.5 Is There a Preferred Surgery for Uveitic Glaucoma (Trabeculectomy vs. Tube vs. Laser)?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •48.6 Is One Tube Preferred over Another in Uveitic Glaucoma?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Glaucomas: Neovascular Glaucoma
- •49.1.1 IOP Lowering Agents
- •49.1.3 Cycloplegics/Mydriatics
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •50.1 What Is the Best Way to Measure IOP in the Pediatric Patient?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •51.1.1 Which Medications Can Be Used as First Line Agents in Children?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •52.1 How Do I Perform Goniosurgery?
- •52.1.2 What Can I Do Technically to Perform a Better Trabeculotomy ?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •53.2 Is Trabeculectomy Preferred over Tube Shunt Surgery in Children?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •53.4 What Factors Help One Decide for or Against One Surgery over the Other?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •53.5.1 In Trabeculectomy
- •53.5.2 In Tube-Shunts
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •53.7 What Can Be Done Technically to Perform a Better Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery in Kids?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Risk Factors
- •54.1 Who Is at Risk for Acute Angle-Closure?
- •54.1.1 What are the Anatomical Risk Factors?
- •54.1.2 Age, Gender and Ethnicity
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Iridotomy
- •55.1.1 Settings for Argon LPI
- •55.1.2 Settings for Nd-YAG LPI
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •55.3 If It Is Difficult to Penetrate the Iris, What Adjustments Can Be Made to the Laser Settings?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •55.4.1 Visual Discomfort
- •55.4.2 Diplopia and/or Glare
- •55.4.3 Hemorrhage
- •55.4.4 Corneal Damage
- •55.4.5 Lens Damage
- •55.4.6 IOP Elevation
- •55.4.7 Progression of PAS Formation
- •55.4.8 Posterior Synechia
- •55.4.9 LPI Closure
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Imaging
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •56.2.1 Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
- •56.2.3 Scheimpflug Photography
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •56.3 When Should UBM and AS-OCT Be Ordered: Is One Device Considered Better than the Other?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •56.4.1 Qualitative Analysis
- •56.4.2 Quantitative Analysis
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Medical Therapy
- •57.1.1 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- •57.1.2 Beta-Blockers
- •57.1.3 Alpha-Agonists
- •57.1.4 Prostaglandin Analogs
- •57.1.5 Hyperosmotic Agents
- •57.1. 6 Miotics
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Complications: Hypotony
- •59.1 What are the Options in the Treatment of Early Postoperative Hypotony?
- •59.1.1 Compression Sutures
- •59.1.2 Anterior Chamber Reformation
- •59.1.3 Choroidal Drainage
- •59.1.4 Repairing Wound Leaks
- •59.1.5 Resuturing of Trabeculectomy Flap
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •59.2 If There Is Hypotony Maculopathy, What Should Be Done to Manage It?
- •59.2.1 Cataract Surgery and Hypotony
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •59.3 How Can I Manage Late Hypotony Due to a Scleral Melt?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Complications: Bleb Leaks
- •60.1.2 With a Large/Brisk, Early Postoperative Bleb Leak, What Options Are Available to Help It Heal?
- •60.1.3 What Can I Do If the Leak Continues to Persist?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •60.2.2 Autologous Blood Injection
- •60.2.3 Compression Sutures
- •60.2.4 Laser
- •60.2.5 Surgical Bleb Revision
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Complications: Blebitis
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •61.3 How Do I Manage a Patient After the Blebitis Is Resolved?
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Subject Index
194 |
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S. L. Mansberger |
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References |
glaucoma in individuals with ocular hypertension. |
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Ophthalmology 114:10–19. |
1. |
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Singh K, et al. (1991) A population- |
4. Mansberger SL, Cioffi GA (2006) The probability of glau- |
coma from ocular hypertension determined by ophthalmolo- |
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based evaluation of glaucoma screening: the Baltimore Eye |
gists in comparison to a risk calculator. J Glaucoma 15: |
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Survey. Am J Epidemiol 134:1102–1110. |
426–431. |
2. |
Mansberger SL (2004) A risk calculator to determine the |
5. Mansberger S, Patterson E (2006) Risk calculators: evidence- |
|
probability of glaucoma. J Glaucoma 13:345–347. |
based care of ocular hypertension and glaucoma patients. |
3. |
Gordon MO, Torri V, Miglior S, et al. (2007) Validated pre- |
Glaucoma. Essentials in Ophthalmology, pp 36–44. |
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diction model for the development of primary open-angle |
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