Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology_Tsai, Denniston, Murray_2011

INDEX 737

Preseptal cellulitis, 472–3, 623–4

Preservative keratopathy, 215

Primary acquired melanosis (PAM), 154

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), 273–4

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 269–70

Prism cover test, 31 Probing, 38 Progressive bifocal

chorioretinal atrophy, 461

Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), 347, 348

Progressive supranuclear palsy, 546

Propranolol, 541–2 Proptosis, 615 Propylthiouracil, 482 Prostaglandin analogues,

292, 293 Protozoan uveitis

microsporidiosis, 363 toxoplasmosis, 361–3 Pseudo-esotropia, causes

of, 582 Pseudoexfoliation (PXF)

syndrome, 275 Pseudoexotropia, 587

causes of, 583 Pseudoflashes, 654

Pseudomonas, 621–2 Pseudoptosis, 122

causes, 122 Pseudotrichiasis, 108 Pseudotumor. See Idiopathic

orbital inflammatory disease

Pseudotumor cerebri, 533 Psoriatic arthritis, 330 Pterygium, 152–3

Ptosis

acquired, 121–2 involutional ptosis, 121 mechanical ptosis, 122 myasthenic ptosis, 122 myopathic ptosis, 122 neurogenic ptosis, 121

congenital, 123 blepharophimosis

syndrome, 123 isolated congenital

ptosis, 123

Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome, 123

examination, 34–5

738 INDEX

Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), 371

Pupil

abnormally large, diagnostic agents for, 28

abnormally small, diagnostic agents for, 28

ophthalmic signs, 670 Pupillary examination, 2

anatomy and physiology, 27

clinical examination, 27 pharmacological testing,

28

Purified protein derivative (PPD) test, 351

Pyogenic granuloma, 114, 156

Pyrazinamide, 351, 355 Pyridostigmine, 563 Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine/

folinic acid, 362

Q

QuantiFERON-TB Gold,

354–5

R

Racemose hemangioma, 508

Radiation retinopathy, 455 Radioactive iodine, 482 Raised episcleral venous

pressure, 287 Ranibizumab, 415, 431 Reactive arthritis, 329–30 Recognition tests for older

children, 9 Recurrent erosion

syndrome (RES), 180 Red cell glaucoma, 286 Red desaturation, 11 Red eye, 613

in contact lens wearer, 215

Rednisone, 335 Refraction, 40–1, 161

examination, 40 history, 40

practical hints, 42–3 retinoscopy, hints on, 42 spectacle intolerance,

causes of, 43 subjective refraction, 41

hints on, 42–3 Refractive contact lenses,

213–14

Refractive esotropia, 584

Refractive surgery, 209–10 laser stromal in situ

keratomilieusis, 209 laser subepithelial

keratomilieusis, 209–10 photorefractive

keratectomy, 209 Reis–Buckler dystrophy, 185 Reiter syndrome, 329–30 Relapsing polychondritis,

332

Reliability indices, 53 Restriction syndromes,

590–2 Retention cyst, 153 Retina, 602

abnormalities in, 636 Retinal artery occlusion,

443–5

branch retinal arteriolar occlusion, 446

central retinal artery occlusion, 443–5

cilioretinal artery occlusion, 446

hollenhorst plaque, 447 Retinal chart, 25

Retinal detachment (RD), assessment of, 375, 376

Retinal dialysis, 93 Retinal dysplasia, 634 Retinal hemangiomas

capillary hemangioma, 507 cavernous hemangioma,

508

racemose hemangioma, 508

Retinal hemorrhages, 610 Retinal microvasculopathy,

353

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 406, 407

tumors

combined hamartoma of RPE and retina, 510–1

congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium, 510

Retinal telangiectasias, 452 Retinal traction, 654 Retinal vasculitis, 335, 336 Retinal vein occlusion,

439–40

branch retinal vein occlusion, 442

central retinal vein occlusion, 439–40, 441

hemispheric BVO, 442 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP),

456, 457

Retinitis sclopetaria, 93 Retinoblastoma (Rb), 505–6 Retinochoroidal disorders,

634

Retinopathy, hypertensive. See Hypertensive retinopathy

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 632–3

classification, 632, 633 -like syndromes, 634 risk factors, 632 screening, 633 treatment, 633

Retinoschisis

vs. rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 376

Retrochiasmal disorders, 539–40

Retroillumination, 18 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 491 Rhegmatogenous retinal

detachment (RRD), 375, 376, 383–4

and choroidal detachments, 391, 392

clinical features, 383 epiretinal membranes, 393 exudative retinal

detachment, 386 hereditary vitreoretinal

degenerations, 389–90 investigation, 383 macular hole, 395 retinoschisis, 387

vs. chronic RRD, 388 retinal tears

cryopexy for, 397–8 laser retinopexy for, 397

scleral buckling procedures, 399–400

tractional retinal detachment, 385

treatment, 383–4

uveal effusion syndrome, 391

vitrectomy, 401–2 Rheumatoid arthritis,

corneal complications of, 196

Rifampin, 351, 355

Rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses, 211

Rosacea associated keratitis, 198

Rosiglitazone, 424 Rundle’s curve, 478

S

Saccades, 543–5 Saccadic intrusions, 561

Saccadic oscillations, 561 SAFE strategy, 144–5 Salzmann nodular

degeneration, 183–4 Sarcoidosis, 337–9 clinical features, 337–8

investigations, 338 treatment, 338

Scanning laser polarimetry (SLP), 66–7

contraindications, 67 indications, 67 interpretation, 67 method, 67

results, 67 Scanning-slit

videokeratography, 68 Scheimpflug camera, 69 Schematic example, 6 Schirmer’s test, 18 Schnyder’s crystalline

dystrophy, 189 Schwannoma, 488 Schwartz syndrome, 328 Sclera, 600

anatomy, 218 anterior

diffuse non-necrotizing scleritis, 221

necrotizing, 223 nodular non-necrotizing

scleritis, 222 episcleritis, 220 ophthalmic signs, 668 physiology, 218 posterior, 225

Scleral scatter, 18 Scotoma, 48 Screening

definition, 425

for diabetic eye disease, 425

Seasonal and perennial allergic

rhinoconjunctivitis, 146 Sebaceous gland carcinoma,

115–16

Seborrheic blepharitis, 111 Seborrheic keratosis, 114 Secondary closed-angle

glaucomas, 288–9 Secondary open-angle

glaucomas, 286–7 Seesaw nystagmus, 559 Seidel’s test, 18 Selective laser

trabeculoplasty (SLT), 269–70, 295–6

Selective loss of pursuits, 545

Selective loss of saccades, 545

Septum, 106

Serpiginous choroidopathy, 370

Serum angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE), 338

Shaffer classification, 20 Shaken baby syndrome

(SBS), 610 Shallow AC after

trabeculectomy, 304 Sheridan-Gardiner test, 9 Short-distance falls, 610 Short-term fluctuation

(SF), 54

Short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), 56

Sickle hemoglobinopathies, 450

Siderosis, 96

Silicone hydrogel lenses, 212 Sinus pain, 656

Sixth nerve, 516 disorders, 552, 553

Skin and eyelashes, 104 Slit lamp (biomicroscope),

13–14

additional techniques, 15 examination, 15

with key features identified, 16

method, 23

optical and mechanical features, 13–14, 22–3

fixation lamp, 14 illumination, 14 magnification, 13 stereovariator, 14

set-up, 15 use of, 15–16

Snellen charts, 6 Social history (SH), 4 Sodium ascorbate, 86 Sodium cromoglycate,

146, 147

Sodium fluorescein, 60–2 Sodium valproate, 541–2 Sonsken–Silver test, 9 Sorsby’s macular dystrophy,

461

Spaeth classification, 20 Specular reflection, 18

Sphincter pupillae, 314 Spiramycin, 362 Spirochetal and other

bacterial uveitis, 357–60 Lyme disease, 359–60 syphilis, 357, 358

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 115

Staphylococci, 472–3

INDEX 739

Staphylococcus aureus, 254–5, 621–2

Staphylococcus epidermidis, 254–5

Stargardt’s disease and fundus flavimaculatus, 459

Steele–Richardson– Olszewski syndrome, 546

Sterile keratitis, 215 Steroid-induced glaucoma,

281, 286 Stocker’s line, 162

Strabismic amblyopia, 576 Strabismus, 582–3

alphabet patterns, 593–4 A pattern, 593 λ–pattern, 594

V pattern, 593–4 X-pattern, 594 Y-pattern, 594

amblyopia, 576–7 assessment, 580–1 binocular single vision,

578–9 causes of, 594

comitant strabismus, 584–5

esotropia, 584–5 exotropia, 586–7

incominant strabismus, 588–9

mechanical, 588 myasthenic, 588–9 myopathic, 589 neurogenic, 588, 589

restriction syndromes, 590–2

Brown syndrome, 591 congenital fibrosis of

extraocular muscles, 592

Duane syndrome, 590–1 Möbius syndrome, 591 strabismus fixus, 592

surgery, 595 general, 595, 596 horizontal, 597

Strabismus fixus, 592

Streptococci spp, 472–3 Streptococcus pneumoniae,

621–2

Streptococcus species, 254–5

Stroma, 160

Stromal keratitis, 175–6 Sturge–Weber syndrome,

502, 631, 645

clinical features of, 645 Subacute and chronic angle closure glaucoma, 274

Tuberculin testing, 354–5 Tuberculosis, 354–5 Tuberous sclerosis (TS),

509, 644

clinical features of, 645 Tube versus trabeculectomy

(TVT) study, 308–9 Turner syndrome, 638 clinical features, 639

U

Ultrasound, diagnostic features on, 59

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study (UKPDS), 419

Upper lid entropion, 120 Uveal melanoma, 494 Uveitis

acute anterior uveitis, 325–6

causes, 326 HLA-B27-associated

AAU, 325

idiopathic acute anterior uveitis, 325

anatomy, 314 anterior uveitis

syndromes, 327–8 anterior segment

ischemia, 328 Fuchs heterochromic

iridocyclitis, 327 IgA nephropathy, 328 Kawasaki disease, 328 Posner–Schlossman

syndrome, 327 Schwartz syndrome, 328 TINU, 327–8

assessment, 319–20 Behçet’s disease, 340, 341 and cataract surgery, 250 in children, 628–9

causes of, 629 treatment, 628–9

classification anatomical, 316 clinical, 316 differential diagnosis,

318 pathological, 316–17

descriptors of, 317 white dot syndromes,

371–2

acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, 368–70

acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, 371–2

birdshot retinochoroidopathy, 370

multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis, 371

multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome, 371

punctate inner choroidopathy, 371

serpiginous choroidopathy, 370

etiological, 317 fungal uveitis

candidiasis, 366 aspergillosis, 366 histoplasmosis and

POHS, 367 grading of activity, 320 HIV-associated disease,

349–51

anterior uveitis, 351 CD4 level and typical diseases, 350

CMV retinitis, 352 conjunctival

microvasculopathy,

349

cryptococcus choroiditis, 353

HIV microvasculopathy, 353

immune recovery uveitis, 353

keratouveitis, 349 mycobacterium

tuberculosis, 351 ophthalmic

complications, 350

Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis, 352–3

syphilis choroiditis/ chorioretinitis, 353

toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, 352

with HLA-B27-related arthropathies, 329–30

ankylosing spondylitis, 329

inflammatory bowel disease, 330

psoriatic arthritis, 330 Reiter syndrome, 329–30

intermediate uveitis, 333 associations of, 334 clinical features, 333 treatment, 333

investigations in, 323, 324 mycobacterial disease,

354–6 leprosy, 355–6

tuberculosis, 354–5

INDEX 741

nematodal uveitis diffuse unilateral

subacute neuroretinitis, 365

onchocerciasis, 365 toxocariasis, 364

with other arthropathies juvenile idiopathic

arthritis, 331–2 relapsing polychondritis,

332 physiology, 315 protozoan uveitis

microsporidiosis, 363 toxoplasmosis, 361–3 retinal vasculitis, 335,

336 sarcoidosis, 337–9

clinical features, 337–8 investigations, 338 sarcoidosis syndromes,

339 treatment, 338

spirochetal and other bacterial uveitis, 357–60

Lyme disease, 359–60 other bacteria, 359 syphilis, 357, 358

sympathetic ophthalmia, 344

symptoms of systemic disease in, 321

viral uveitis

herpes simplex virus, 345

varicella zoster virus, 345 subacute sclerosing

panencephalitis, 346 human T-lymphotropic

virus type-1, 346 cytomegalovirus, 346 acute retinal necrosis,

347, 348

progressive outer retinal necrosis, 347, 348

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, 342, 343

V

Valacyclovir, 177 Vancomycin, 254–5 Varicella zoster virus (VZV),

177–8, 345 Vascular anomalies

Coats’ disease, 452 idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal

telangiectasia, 453 idiopathic polypoidal

choroidal vasculopathy, 453–4

742INDEX

Leber’s miliary aneurysms, 453

macroaneurysm, 453

retinal telangiectasias, 452

Vascular lesions, 492 arteriovenous fistula, 492 orbital varices, 492

Venous drainage, 107 Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

(VKC), 146–7 Verteporfin in

Photodynamic therapy (VIP), 417

Vertical gaze palsies, 546 Videokeratography, 194 Vigabatrin, 436

Viral conjunctivitis, 142–3 adenovirus, 142

herpes simplex, 143 molluscum contagiosum,

142–3 Viral uveitis

acute retinal necrosis, 347, 348

cytomegalovirus, 346 herpes simplex virus, 345 human T-lymphotropic

virus type-1, 346 progressive outer retinal necrosis, 347, 348

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 346

varicella zoster virus, 345 Vision

assessment of acuity, 5–6

clinical tests in children and tests of binocular status, 9–10

contrast and color, 11–12

gradual loss of vision, 651–2

central, 651–2 generalized, 651 peripheral/patchy, 652

poor vision, causes of, 612 sudden or recent loss of,

649–50 painful, 650 painless, 649–50

Vision in context

driving standards, 681–2 blepharospasm, 682 diplopia, 682 monocularity, 682 visual acuity, 681 visual fields, 681

low vision, 678–9 assessment, 678 management, 679

professional standards, 683–4

pilots, 683–4 visual impairment

registration, 680 Vistech chart, 11 Visual acuity (VA)

distance acuity, 5 LogMAR charts, 7 pinhole acuity, 7 Snellen charts, 6

low, testing, 8 measuring, 5

near (reading) acuity, 7 tests of, 5

Visual cortex, 515 Visual evoked potentials

(VEPs), 73–4 Visual fields, 323 defects, 675–6 examination, 33

testing, 48–50 Amsler grid, 48 caution, 48

confrontational visual fields, 48

indications, 48 kinetic perimetry, 50 static perimetry, 50

Vitreoretinal anatomy, 374 peripheral retinal

degenerations, 377–8 physiology, 374 posterior vitreous

detachment, 381, 382 retinal breaks, 379, 380 retinal detachment,

assessment of, 375, 376

Vitreous cavity, 602–3 abnormalities in, 635–7

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (VKH), 342, 343

Vogt’s limbal girdle, 181 Von Hippel–Lindau

syndrome (VHL), 507, 645

clinical features of, 645 Vortex keratopathy, 203 V pattern, 593–4

W

Watery eye, 614, 653 assessment, 130

causes, 131

decreased drainage, 653 increased tear production,

653

lacrimal pump failure, 653 systemic approach to

assess, 130 treatment, 132–3

decreased drainage, 133 increased production,

132

lacrimal pump failure, 132

Watzke–Allen test, 24 Wegener’s granulomatosis,

484

White dot syndromes, 371–2

acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, 368–70

acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, 371–2

birdshot retinochoroidopathy, 370

multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis, 371

multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome, 371

punctate inner choroidopathy, 371

serpiginous choroidopathy, 370

Wilson’s disease, 203 Wound closure, 245 Wounds

construction, 242

open wounds, treatment of, 82

Wyburn–Mason syndrome, 508, 645

clinical features of, 645

X

X-pattern exotropia, 594 X-ray orbits, 75–6

Y

Y-pattern exotropia, 594

Z

Zonular dehiscence, 251–2 Zygomatic arch, 88