Oxford American Handbook of

Ophthalmology

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First published 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Oxford American handbook of ophthalmology / edited by James C. Tsai … [et al.]. p. ; cm.

Other title: Handbook of ophthalmology Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-19-539344-6

1. Ophthalmology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Tsai, James C. II. Title: Handbook of ophthalmology.

[DNLM: 1. Eye Diseases—Handbooks. WW 39] RE48.9.O94 2011

617.7—dc22

2010028006

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in China on acid-free paper

This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. Oxford University Press and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material, including without limitation that they make no representation or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material.

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Preface and

Acknowledgments

In this American edition of the popular Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology, the editors have attempted to retain the essence of the original handbook while incorporating recent advances, current practice patterns, and state-of-the-art concepts in the wide-ranging field of ophthalmic disease. In doing so, we hope that this Handbook provides the eye care provider with timely information that is readily accessible and easy to incorporate into the everyday management of patients. As a rapid reference guide for practicing clinicians, trainees, students, and other ancillary health care professionals, the Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology greatly benefits from the expertise of accomplished clinicians in the various subspecialties in ophthalmology.

The editors of the Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology would like to express our deepest gratitude to the contributing chapter authors, all of whom are exceptional faculty members practicing in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science at the Yale University School of Medicine. We also acknowledge and appreciate the advice and technical support of Andrea Seils and Staci Hou at Oxford University Press in New York, as well as Angela Luck for her anatomical illustrations. We are indebted to our mentors, colleagues, students, and patients for helping to shape and enhance our clinical and scholarly endeavors. We wish to thank Alastair Denniston and Philip Murray, the authors of the original UK edition of the Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology, and acknowledge the extraordinary work they did. Finally, we wish to thank our families and friends for their incredible support and encouragement throughout the entire editorial process.

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