Index

Acquired immune response, 34 humoral responses, 34 cellular responses, 34

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 78

Actinomycetes-related organisms, 47

Active orbitopathy, 273 Acute-phase disease, 304 Adaptive immunity, 36 Adenocarcinomas, 107 Adenoid cystic carcinomas,

89, 107 Adenomas, 89 Adjuvant therapy, 92 Adult Still’s disease, 22 Adult-onset asthma, 10 Alloderm, 294 Amacrine cells, 189 American Rheumatism

Association, 16 Aminoglycosides, 53 Amusing anecdotes, 372

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas, 71

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase, 71 Anesthesia, 373

Aneurysms, 349

Angiogenesis, 40

Angiography, 118 Ankylosing spondylitis, 16

Antecedent lymphoproliferative disorder, 10

Anterior-superior orbit, 339 Anti-fibrotic agents, 291

pirfenidone, 291 Anti-G2s, 165

Anti-inflammatory cytokine, 291 Anti-interleukin 1 (anti-IL-1), 20 Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha

(anti-TNF), 16 Antineoplastic agents, 95 Antioxidants, 268 Apoptosis, 97 Architectural features, 65

Arteriovenous malformation, 345

382

Asepsis, 373 Atherosclerosis, 34 Autoimmune disease, 16

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, 289

Bacterial sepsis, 18

Basic fibroblast growth factor, 40 B-cell, 80

Bell’s phenomenon, 275 Benign lesions, 88 Bilateral drainage, 341 Bipolar cells, 189 Blastoid, 70 Blepharoplasty, 281 Bone decompression, 294 Bony orbital, 372

Broad-necked aneurysms, 349 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 10

C-arm angiography, 330 Carcinomas, 89, 96 Carotid-cavernous fistulas, 336 Cataract, 265

Cavernous sinus, 336 Cellular morphology, 65 Central nervous system, 79 Cerebrospinal fluid, 193 Check carotid angiogram, 341 Chemosis scores, 207 Chemosis, 256 Chemotherapy, 110

Chiasm, 136

Choroidal neovascularization, 191 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 98 Ciliary epithelium, 189

Circle of Willis, 343

Clinical activity score, 229, 253 Clump cells, 186

CNS morbidity, 136 Coagulase-negative

staphylococci, 47 Colchicine, 269

Index

Color Doppler ultrasonography, 357

Computed tomograms (CT), 286 Computed tomographic (CT)

scans, 29 Computed tomographic

scanning, 325 Corrective strabismus

surgery, 281 Cranial skeleton, 372 Cushingoid features, 264

Cyanoacrylate glue mixture, 347 Cyclosporine, 266

Cystoid macular edema, 185 Cytogenetic clonal evolution, 70 Cytokines, 19, 268

Dacryocystitis, 26 Degree of proptosis, 278 Degrees of duction, 209 Dermal fibroblasts, 174 Dextroscope, 358 Diplopia, 159, 206 Disease pathogenesis, 1

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 15

Distensible venous vascular malformations, 321

DNA array analysis, 100 Dotell, 365

Ductal carcinoma, 91 Dynamic phase, 237

Dysplastic venous networks, 324

Edematous stage, 244 Eicosanoids, 38

Electronic brain atlases, 360 Electronic orbital anatomy, 361 EMAb testing, 160 Embolization, 349

Endothelial cells, 35 Epidermal growth factor

receptor, 99 Epithelial cancers, 97

Index

Erdheim–Chester disease, 8 Euthyroidism, 215 Exophthalmos, 237, 276 Extranodal lymphomas, 72 Eye muscle antibody, 157 Eye muscle involvement, 164 Eye muscle surgery, 280 Eyelid edema, 207

EyeSi, 363

Farnesyl transferase, 100

Felty’s syndrome, 18

Fibroblastic activity, 175

Fibrocytes, 186

Fibroplasia, 8

Fibrosis, 150

Flavoprotein, 157

Fluoroquinolones, 55

Follicular lymphomas, 71

Ganglion cell layer, 184 Gastric carcinoma, 103 GenBank databases, 51 Genetic alterations, 70 Germ cells, 98 Gliomas, 130

Globe tenting, 276 Glucocorticoid therapy, 217 Glucocorticoids, 263 Glycosaminoglycans, 148, 174 Gram-negative bacteria, 46 Gram-positive bacilli, 46

Graves’ disease, 164, 170, 223, 305 Graves’ hyperthyroidism, 158, 223 Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 148, 223,

237

Graves’ orbital tissue, 152 Graves’ orbitopathy, 213, 261, 275,

285, 302

Guinea pig harderian gland, 289

Hemangiopericytomas, 347 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 103

383

High-dose glucocorticoids, 308 High-speed networks, 354 Homeostasis, 26

Human fibroblasts, 170 Hyaluronan, 174 Hydrocephalus, 131 Hyperthyroidism, 207 Hypopituitarism, 306 Hypothyroidism, 307

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 194

Image segmentation, 355 Imaging technology, 373 Immune response, 19 Immunoglobulins, 19 Immunophenotype, 68 Immunosuppression, 20, 239 Immunosuppressive

drug, 308

Inferior petrosal sinus, 337 Inferior rectus, 275

Inferior rectus recession, 278 Inferolateral orbit, 279 Inflammation, 33

Inflammatory activity of thyroid orbitopathy, 204

Inflammatory disorders, 15 Inner nuclear layer, 184 Inner plexiform layer, 184 Interferons, 36

Internal carotid artery, 336 Interventional neuroradiologic

techniques, 321 Interventional radiological techniques, 335 Intralesional injection, 323 Intraocular infections, 85 Intraocular lymphoma, 84

Intravenous immunoglobulins, 267

Intravenous vancomycin, 51 Intravitreal antibiotics, 51 Intravitreal vancomycin, 51 Irreversible fibrosis, 286

384

Joint inflammation, 16

Ketolides, 53

Lacrimal gland tumors, 88 Lacrimal gland, 3, 88, 107 Lagophthalmos, 262 Large cell lymphomas, 65

Lateral canthal incision, 279 Leg ulcers, 18

Length–tendon relationship, 295 Leukocyte extravasation, 35 Leukocytes, 35

Levator aponeurosis, 281 Lid edema, 256

Lid procedures, 281 Lid retraction, 210 Linear accelerator, 142 Lower lid elevation, 281

Lymphocytic lymphoma, 71 Lymphoid neoplasms, 65 Lymphoma, 107

Mu¨ llerectomy, 281

Magnetic resonance angiography, 357

Magnetic resonance imaging, 325 Malignancies, 96

Malignant lesions, 88 Malignant lymphoma, 82, 103 MALT lymphomas, 73 Maximum intensity projection,

355

Mayo Clinic, 302

Medial caruncular incision, 279 Mediastinum, 71

Medical therapy, 289 Medpor, 294 Melanomas, 107

Meningiomas, 29, 118, 139 Metastasis, 91

Metastatic cancer, 96 Methimazole, 229

Index

Methotrexate, 266 Micro-multileaf collimator, 143 Microsurgery, 360

Midfacial hypoplasia, 277 Minimal inhibitory

concentrations, 51 Mitogen-activated protein kinase,

37

Mitotic spindle, 97 Monoclonal antibodies, 290

Monoclonal antibody technology, 68

MR imaging, 136 mRNA stability, 173 Muller cells, 189 Mullerectomy, 279

Multimodality therapies, 316 Multiplanar reformatting, 355 Multiple sclerosis, 291 Muscle edema, 241

Muscle fibrosis, 242 Myeloid leukemia, 100 Myoepithelioma, 91 Myositis, 3

Nanomolar activity, 184 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 306 Necrotizing fasciitis, 30 Negative gram stain, 46

Nerve fiber layer, 184 Neural crest, 185

Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, 349

Neurofibromatosis, 118, 130 Neuropathy, 363

Neutron radiotherapy, 112 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 67 Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, 99 Normal lymphoid cell ontogeny, 66 Normal rectus muscle volume, 293 Nuclear factor kappaB, 37

Octreoscan, 193, 242

Ocular ductions, 257

Index

Ocular motility, 210

Ocular neovascularization, 40 Oncocytoma, 91 Ophthalmopathy, 159, 216, 262,

302 thyroid-associated

ophthalmopathy, 159 Optic canal meningioma, 119 Optic nerve edema, 119

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas, 118

Optic neuropathy, 204, 263, 273 Orbital apex syndrome, 275 Orbital configuration, 241 Orbital decompression, 293 Orbital echography, 241 Orbital fibroblasts, 172

Orbital images, 243

Orbital inflammatory disease, 1 Orbital radiotherapy, 243, 264,

292

Orbital soft-tissue expansion, 288 Orbital surgery, 353, 372

Orbital vascular lesions, 335 Orbitectomy, 111

Paracrine trophic factors, 191 Paraorbital sinuses, 286 Pathophysiology of disease, 372 Peptic ulcers, 103 Photophobia, 262 Plasmapheresis, 266 Pleomorphic adenoma, 89 Polymerase chain reaction, 48 Positive Gram stain, 46 Posttraumatic endophthalmitis,

45 Prednisone, 218 Preoperative Hertel

measurements, 293 Prognosis, 101 Prognostication, 371

Proinflammatory cytokines, 288 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy,

185

385

Proptosis, 210, 229, 238, 263 Pseudolymphoma, 73 Pseudotumor cerebri, 185 Psoriatic arthritis, 16 Pterygopalatine fossa, 322

Quinazoline compound ZD 1839, 99

Radiation retinopathy, 265 Radiation therapy, 110 Radioiodine therapy, 216 Radioiodine, 217, 231 Rappaport classification, 65 Reactive inflammatory cascade,

288

Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), 21

Reconvalescence, 238 Reflectivity, 241 Registration, 356

Retinal ganglion cells, 190 Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE),

185 Retrobulbar space, 148

Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 8 Reverse transcription polymerase

chain reaction (RT-PCR), 185

Rheumatoid arthritis, 15 Rheumatoid factor (RF), 17 Riedel’s thyroiditis, 150 Rituxamab, 291 Rituximab, 10

Salivary gland tumors, 88 Scanning, 325

Schlemm’s canal, 186 Scleroderma, 22 Sclerosing inflammation, 3 Secondary strabismus, 276

Selective immunomodulation, 290

386

Serum cytokines, 245 Single-modality therapy, 316 Somatic cells, 98 Somatostatin receptors, 242 Somatostatin, 183

Sphenoid wing meningiomas, 123 SST immunoreactive cells, 184 Stable orbitopathy, 276 Stable-phase patients, 303

Stage four Hodgkins disease, 17 Staphylococci, 46

Static phase, 237 Stem cells, 98

Stereotactic irradiation, 140 Stereotactic radiation therapy, 140 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 140 Strabismus surgery, 294 Strabismus, 257

Subperiosteal abscess, 27 beta-lactamase, 28

Superior ophthalmic vein, 337 Surface rendering, 355 Surgical armamentarium, 293 Surgical robotics, 359 Syndrome, 18

Systemic antibiotics, 51

T-cell knock-out, 289 T-cells, 18, 79 Tailor made, 101 Telomerase, 98

Three-vessel coronary artery disease, 17

Thrombocytopenia, 18 Thrombogenic coils, 337 Thyroid ablation, 231 Thyroid function, 227 Thyroid ophthalmopathy, 192 Thyroid orbitopathy, 185, 273 Thyroid surgery, 216 Thyroid-associated

ophthalmopathy, 169 Thyroid-associated orbitopathy,

291

Thyroid-related orbitopathy, 253

Index

Thyroidectomy, 217, 230 Thyroxine administration, 229 Trabecular endothelial cells, 186 Trans-caruncular approach, 294 Transforming growth

factor-beta, 36 Transverse anterior

blepharotomy, 294 TSH-receptor, 286 TSHR protein, 176

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 39 Tumor specific, 95

Tutoplast, 295

Urinary glycosaminoglycans, 244

Valsalva maneuver, 322, 345 Vascular endothelial growth

factor, 39

Vascular malformations, 322 Vasodilator, 37

Venographic techniques, 323 Venography, 325 Venous–lymphatic vascular

malformations, 322 Virtual endoscopy, 355

Virtual reality surgical simulator, 358

augmented reality, 358 virtual reality, 358

Virtual reality vitrectomy simulator, 362

Vision loss, 120 Visual acuity, 119 Vitrectomy, 48

Vitreoretinal microsurgery, 360 Volume rendering, 355

Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG), 2, 21

Xanthogranulomatous disease, 3