Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Optics_Crowell_2007
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Book 5 in the Light and Matter series of free introductory physics textbooks www.lightandmatter.com
The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks:
1 Newtonian Physics
2 Conservation Laws
3 Vibrations and Waves
4 Electricity and Magnetism
5 Optics
6 The Modern Revolution in Physics
Benjamin Crowell
www.lightandmatter.com
Fullerton, California
www.lightandmatter.com
copyright 1999-2006 Benjamin Crowell |
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edition 2.2 |
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rev. September 1, 2007 |
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This book is licensed under |
the |
Creative |
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mons Attribution-ShareAlike |
license, |
version |
1.0, |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/, except for those photographs and drawings of which I am not the author, as listed in the photo credits. If you agree to the license, it grants you certain privileges that you would not otherwise have, such as the right to copy the book, or download the digital version free of charge from www.lightandmatter.com. At your option, you may also copy this book under the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.2, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt, with no invariant sections, no front-cover texts, and no back-cover texts.
ISBN 0-9704670-5-2
Brief Contents
1 |
The Ray Model of Light |
11 |
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2 |
Images by Reflection |
31 |
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3 |
Images, Quantitatively |
43 |
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4 |
Refraction |
59 |
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5 |
Wave Optics |
77 |
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Contents
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1 The Ray Model of Light
1.1 The Nature of Light . . . . . . . 12
The cause and e ect relationship in vision, 12.—Light is a thing, and it travels from one point to another., 13.—Light can travel through a vacuum., 14.
1.2 Interaction of Light with Matter. . .
Absorption of light, 15.—How we see nonluminous objects, 15.—Numerical measurement of the brightness of light, 17.
1.3 The Ray Model of Light . . . . .
Models of light, 18.—Ray diagrams, 19.
1.4 Geometry of Specular Reflection .
3 Images, Quantitatively
3.1 A Real Image Formed by a Converging Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
15Location of the image, 44.—Magnification, 47.
3.2Other Cases With Curved Mirrors . 47
3.3? Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . 52
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Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
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22 |
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
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Reversibility of light rays, 23.
1.5 ? The Principle of Least Time for Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4 Refraction
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4.1 |
Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
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Refraction, 60.—Refractive properties |
of |
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media, 61.—Snell’s law, 62.—The index |
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2 Images by Reflection |
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of refraction is related to the speed of |
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light., 63.—A mechanical model of Snell’s |
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2.1 |
A Virtual Image . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
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law, 64.—A derivation of Snell’s law, 64.— |
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Color and refraction, 65.—How much light |
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2.2 |
Curved Mirrors . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
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is reflected, and how much is transmitted?, |
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2.3 |
A Real Image. . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
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65. |
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2.4 |
Images of Images . . . . . . . . |
36 |
4.2 |
Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
4.3 |
? The Lensmaker’s Equation . . . |
70 |
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4.4 ? The Principle of Least Time for |
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5.5 |
Double-Slit Diffraction . . . . . . |
82 |
Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
70 |
5.6 |
Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . |
86 |
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 |
5.7 |
Single-Slit Diffraction . . . . . . |
87 |
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
72 |
5.8 |
R |
89 |
? The Principle of Least Time . . |
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Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
93 |
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5 Wave Optics
5.1 |
Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
Appendix 1: Exercises 97 |
5.2 |
Scaling of Diffraction. . . . . . . |
79 |
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5.3 |
The Correspondence Principle . . |
80 |
Appendix 2: Photo Credits 105 |
5.4 |
Huygens’ Principle . . . . . . . |
81 |
Appendix 3: Hints and Solutions 106 |
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