Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ophthalmology Investigation and Examination Techniques_James, Benjamin_2006

Nasal step—cont’d interpretation, 238–9 principle, 237–8

Neurological pin, 72, 74 Night blindness, 203

Nine positions of gaze, 109 Non-contact tonometers, 35 Nystagmus, 105, 120–2

magnetic resonance imaging, 194–5 type of, 120–2

visual acuity, 120

Ocular deviation, 107–9 Ocular motility, 103–22

Bielschowsky head tilt test, 113–14 convergence, 110–11

doll’s-head manoeuvre, 112–13 equipment, 103

eyelids, 105–6

eye movements, 106–7 forced duction test, 111 force generation test, 111 head posture, 104–5 history, 104

Krimsky reflex tests, 115 nine positions of gaze, 109 nystagmus, 120–2

ocular deviation, 107–9

Parks’ three-step test, 112, 113 primary and secondary deviation, 109 prism tests, 114–15

pupils, 106

range of eye movements, 109–10 saccades, 111

sensory and motor fusion, 117–20 smooth pursuit, 111

tests for diplopia, 115–17 torsion, 114

Ophthalmoscopy direct, 45–50 indirect, 37–9

Optical coherence tomography, 232–7 interpretation, 232–7

performance, 232 principles, 232

Optic disk examination, 47, 48 Optic nerve

drusen, 219 glioma, 177

ultrasound examination, 146–7

Orbit, 89–101

additional clinical examination, 90 blepharoptosis (ptosis), 91–5 epiphora, 95–8

examination of, 89–90 eyelid malposition, 98–100

measurement of proptosis, 90 ultrasound examination, 146–7

Orbital apex syndrome, 90 Orbital fat prolapse, 100 Orbital radiology, 169–81

computed tomography, 171–7 contrast studies, 180–1 interpretation, 181–2

magnetic resonance imaging, 177–80 plain radiographs, 170–1

Orbscan topographer, 65

Pachymetry, 13, 22–3 corneal thickness, 69

Palpebral aperture, 92 Palpebral fissure, 106 Papilloedema, bilateral, 188

Parinaud’s syndrome, 125, 126, 191 Parks’ three-step test, 112, 113

Partial coherence interferometry, 158–61 Pascal tonometer, 34

Pattern electroretinography, 199, 203–4 Pelli-Robson chart, 11

Pendular nystagmus, 121 Perkins tonometer, 34 Phenylephrine, 127 Phenylephrine test, 94 Photophobia, 129

Pigment epithelial detachment, 217 Pilocarpine, 127

Placido disc, 59–60 Plain radiographs

lacrimal system, 183 orbit, 170–1

Planimetry, 225

Polymerase chain reaction, 135 Precorneal tear film, 25

20 Prism dioptre test, 118, 119 Prism tests, 114–15

Proptosis, 89

computed tomography, 175 magnetic resonance imaging, 179 measurement of, 90

Pseudoexfoliation, 27

Snellen chart, 1–2

Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, 197 Sodium fluorescein see Fluorescein

Spaeth classification system, 43 Specular microscopy, 68–9 Specular reflection, 20

Split fixation, 76 Static perimetry, 75 Stereo-imaging, 225–6 Stereopsis, 118–19

Superior rectus levator synkinesis, 91 Sympathetic pathways, 123 Synechiae, 26

Synoptophore, 119, 120

Tarsal height, 100 Tear break-up time, 98 Tear meniscus level, 96 Tears

hypersecretion, 95 secretion test, 97–8 Third-nerve palsy, 192–3 Thyroid eye disease, 182

Tonometry, 13, 29–36 applanation, 29–34 corneal thickness, 34 indentation, 29 non-contact tonometers, 35 Pascal tonometer, 34, 35 Perkins tonometer, 34 Tonopen XL, 35

Tonopen XL, 35 Torsion, 114 Toxocariasis, 134 Toxoplasmosis, 134, 136

Ultrasound, 137–49

anterior-segment ultrasound biomicroscopy, 147 axial, 141

choroid, 144–5

colour Doppler imaging, 147–9 indications, 137

intraocular tumours, 145–6

optic nerve, orbit and extraocular muscles, 146–7 physics and instrumentation, 137–8

scanning sequence, 140–2 sclera, 146

technique, 138–40 transverse, 142

vitreous and retina, 142–4

Unequal pupils, 124–5

Unilateral cover-uncover test, 108

Uniplanar nystagmus, 121

Vergence, 109–10

Versions, 109–10 Viral infection, 129

examination, 131–3 Vis Tech chart, 10–11 Visual acuity, 1–3

nystagmus, 120 Visual assessment, 1–12

children’s vision, 4–5 colour vision, 5–9 contrast sensitivity, 9–12 dark adaptation, 12 distance visual acuity, 1–3 near vision, 3–4

Visual electrophysiology, 197–210 dark adaptometry, 209 informed consent, 198–9 interpretation, 199–209 relevance of, 197–8

standards in, 197 Visual field, 1, 71–88

Amsler chart, 86–7 assessment, 77

automated perimeters, 77–84 binocular, 72

confrontation field testing, 72–4 extent of, 71

frequency-doubling technology, 85–6 Goldmann perimetry, 74–5 short-wavelength automated perimetry, 84–5 types of field defect, 75–6

Visually evoked cortical potential, 206–8 Visual pathways, radiography, 187–95

computed tomography, 188 imaging techniques, 187–8

magnetic resonance imaging, 188–95 Vitreous

haemorrhage, 144

ultrasound examination, 142–4

Watering eye see Epiphora

Wavefront aberrometry, 67–8

Worth four-dot test, 116

Zeiss IOL Master, 158–61