- •Preface
- •Basic physics
- •Acoustic Wave
- •Laws of Acoustic Energy
- •Frequency and Resolution
- •Instrumentation
- •A-scan
- •Biometric A-scan
- •Standardized A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Special techniques
- •Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- •Immersion B-scan
- •Color Doppler Ultrasonography
- •Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography
- •References
- •Resolution
- •Transducers
- •Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy
- •Technique
- •Measuring Ocular Structures
- •Normal Ocular Structures
- •Anterior chamber
- •The cornea
- •Anterior chamber angle region
- •The iris
- •The ciliary body
- •The zonule
- •Glaucoma
- •Corneal and Scleral Disease
- •Intraocular Lens Complications
- •Trauma
- •Conjunctival and Adnexal Disease
- •Anterior Segment Tumors
- •Iris tumors
- •Ciliary body tumors
- •Extrascleral extension of intraocular tumors
- •Corneal involvement
- •Cysts
- •Peripheral choroidal tumors
- •Future directions
- •References
- •Ophthalmic Biometry
- •Axial eye length measurements
- •Instruments and Methods
- •A-scan Biometry
- •Contact method
- •Immersion technique
- •Velocity Settings
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Silicone oil
- •Posterior staphyloma
- •Pseudophakic eyes
- •Intraocular lens power calculations
- •Formulas
- •First generation
- •Second generation
- •Third generation
- •Fourth generation
- •Selection of the Best Formula
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Post refractive surgery
- •Clinical history method
- •Contact lens method
- •K value obtained by topography
- •Double K formulas
- •Post radial keratotomy and cataract surgery
- •References
- •Evaluation of the cornea
- •Congenital Corneal Opacification
- •Corneal Lesions
- •Corneal Dystrophies
- •Refractive Surgery
- •Evaluation of intraocular lenses
- •Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Phakic Intraocular Lenses
- •Evaluation of anterior segment trauma
- •Iridocorneal Angle Trauma
- •Foreign Body
- •Surgical Planning
- •Descemet’s Membrane Detachment
- •Summary
- •References
- •Glaucoma
- •Anterior angle evaluation
- •Plateau Iris Configuration
- •Ciliary Body Cysts
- •Pigmentary Glaucoma
- •Synechiae
- •Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndromes
- •Scleritis
- •Evaluation after glaucoma surgery
- •Filtering Bleb
- •Hypotony
- •Choroidal Effusion/Hemorrhage
- •Vitreous Hemorrhage
- •Aqueous Misdirection
- •Glaucoma Drainage Device
- •Congenital glaucoma
- •The future
- •References
- •Vitreoretinal Disorders
- •Vitreous hemorrhage
- •Posterior vitreous detachment
- •Retinal detachment
- •Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •Exudative Retinal Detachment
- •Total Retinal Detachment
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Associated Retinal Detachment
- •Giant Retinal Tear
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Retinal pigment epithelium detachment
- •Retinoschisis
- •Disciform lesions
- •Postsurgical changes
- •Scleral Buckle
- •MIRAgel Implant
- •Gas/Air Bubbles
- •Silicone oil
- •Retained Perfluorocarbon Liquids
- •References
- •Intraocular Tumors
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma
- •Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
- •Coats’ Disease
- •Toxocariasis
- •Medulloepithelioma
- •Benign uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Nevus
- •Choroidal Nevus
- •Uveal Melanocytoma
- •Malignant uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Melanoma
- •Choroidal Melanoma
- •A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Tumor biometry
- •Intraoperative confirmation of plaque placement
- •Response to radiation therapy
- •Differential Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma
- •Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
- •Choroidal metastasis
- •Leiomyoma
- •Age-related macular and extramacular degeneration
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Intraocular calcification
- •Astrocytic Hamartoma
- •Choroidal Osteoma
- •Sclerochoroidal Calcification
- •Others
- •References
- •Uveitis
- •Anterior Uveitis
- •Intermediate Uveitis
- •Pars Planitis
- •Hypotony and Uveitis
- •Posterior Uveitis
- •Panuveitis
- •Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
- •Scleral inflammatory disease
- •Episcleritis
- •Scleritis
- •Anterior scleritis
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Inflammatory leukocoria (toxocariasis)
- •Infectious endophthalmitis
- •Inflammatory orbital diseases
- •References
- •Optic Nerve Disorders
- •Technique
- •30deg Test
- •Papilledema
- •Adults
- •Intracranial pathology
- •Children
- •Optic disc drusen
- •Adults
- •Young Adults
- •Congenital disc anomalies
- •Optic Disc Coloboma
- •Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
- •Tilted Optic Disc
- •Pseudodoubling of the Optic Disc
- •Retrobulbar optic nerve lesions
- •Gaze-evoked amaurosis
- •Giant cell arteritis
- •References
- •Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
- •Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment
- •Lens dislocation
- •Intraocular foreign body
- •Endophthalmitis
- •References
regarding the anterior extent of the lesion and the involvement of anterior segment structures (Fig. 13). This information is particularly important if radioactive plaque treatment is contemplated, because it provides a guide for placement of the anterior margin of the plaque. This information is also helpful if a surgical approach is taken such as iridocyclectomy. Imaging the internal structure of the anterior aspect of the tumor can also provide helpful differential diagnostic information.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Ultrasound biomicroscopy provides images in living eyes without affecting the internal relationships of the structures imaged and has proven valuable in clinical practice and research. New methods of using high-frequency ultrasound are in development, including three-dimensional imaging, Doppler42 imaging, and the use of contrast agents. These developments should extend the clinical applications of this technique.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful for the contribution of Michael Sherar, Brian Starkoski, and Kasia Harasiewicz in the development of this imaging system.
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