- •Preface
- •Basic physics
- •Acoustic Wave
- •Laws of Acoustic Energy
- •Frequency and Resolution
- •Instrumentation
- •A-scan
- •Biometric A-scan
- •Standardized A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Special techniques
- •Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- •Immersion B-scan
- •Color Doppler Ultrasonography
- •Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography
- •References
- •Resolution
- •Transducers
- •Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy
- •Technique
- •Measuring Ocular Structures
- •Normal Ocular Structures
- •Anterior chamber
- •The cornea
- •Anterior chamber angle region
- •The iris
- •The ciliary body
- •The zonule
- •Glaucoma
- •Corneal and Scleral Disease
- •Intraocular Lens Complications
- •Trauma
- •Conjunctival and Adnexal Disease
- •Anterior Segment Tumors
- •Iris tumors
- •Ciliary body tumors
- •Extrascleral extension of intraocular tumors
- •Corneal involvement
- •Cysts
- •Peripheral choroidal tumors
- •Future directions
- •References
- •Ophthalmic Biometry
- •Axial eye length measurements
- •Instruments and Methods
- •A-scan Biometry
- •Contact method
- •Immersion technique
- •Velocity Settings
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Silicone oil
- •Posterior staphyloma
- •Pseudophakic eyes
- •Intraocular lens power calculations
- •Formulas
- •First generation
- •Second generation
- •Third generation
- •Fourth generation
- •Selection of the Best Formula
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Post refractive surgery
- •Clinical history method
- •Contact lens method
- •K value obtained by topography
- •Double K formulas
- •Post radial keratotomy and cataract surgery
- •References
- •Evaluation of the cornea
- •Congenital Corneal Opacification
- •Corneal Lesions
- •Corneal Dystrophies
- •Refractive Surgery
- •Evaluation of intraocular lenses
- •Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Phakic Intraocular Lenses
- •Evaluation of anterior segment trauma
- •Iridocorneal Angle Trauma
- •Foreign Body
- •Surgical Planning
- •Descemet’s Membrane Detachment
- •Summary
- •References
- •Glaucoma
- •Anterior angle evaluation
- •Plateau Iris Configuration
- •Ciliary Body Cysts
- •Pigmentary Glaucoma
- •Synechiae
- •Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndromes
- •Scleritis
- •Evaluation after glaucoma surgery
- •Filtering Bleb
- •Hypotony
- •Choroidal Effusion/Hemorrhage
- •Vitreous Hemorrhage
- •Aqueous Misdirection
- •Glaucoma Drainage Device
- •Congenital glaucoma
- •The future
- •References
- •Vitreoretinal Disorders
- •Vitreous hemorrhage
- •Posterior vitreous detachment
- •Retinal detachment
- •Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •Exudative Retinal Detachment
- •Total Retinal Detachment
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Associated Retinal Detachment
- •Giant Retinal Tear
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Retinal pigment epithelium detachment
- •Retinoschisis
- •Disciform lesions
- •Postsurgical changes
- •Scleral Buckle
- •MIRAgel Implant
- •Gas/Air Bubbles
- •Silicone oil
- •Retained Perfluorocarbon Liquids
- •References
- •Intraocular Tumors
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma
- •Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
- •Coats’ Disease
- •Toxocariasis
- •Medulloepithelioma
- •Benign uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Nevus
- •Choroidal Nevus
- •Uveal Melanocytoma
- •Malignant uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Melanoma
- •Choroidal Melanoma
- •A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Tumor biometry
- •Intraoperative confirmation of plaque placement
- •Response to radiation therapy
- •Differential Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma
- •Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
- •Choroidal metastasis
- •Leiomyoma
- •Age-related macular and extramacular degeneration
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Intraocular calcification
- •Astrocytic Hamartoma
- •Choroidal Osteoma
- •Sclerochoroidal Calcification
- •Others
- •References
- •Uveitis
- •Anterior Uveitis
- •Intermediate Uveitis
- •Pars Planitis
- •Hypotony and Uveitis
- •Posterior Uveitis
- •Panuveitis
- •Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
- •Scleral inflammatory disease
- •Episcleritis
- •Scleritis
- •Anterior scleritis
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Inflammatory leukocoria (toxocariasis)
- •Infectious endophthalmitis
- •Inflammatory orbital diseases
- •References
- •Optic Nerve Disorders
- •Technique
- •30deg Test
- •Papilledema
- •Adults
- •Intracranial pathology
- •Children
- •Optic disc drusen
- •Adults
- •Young Adults
- •Congenital disc anomalies
- •Optic Disc Coloboma
- •Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
- •Tilted Optic Disc
- •Pseudodoubling of the Optic Disc
- •Retrobulbar optic nerve lesions
- •Gaze-evoked amaurosis
- •Giant cell arteritis
- •References
- •Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
- •Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment
- •Lens dislocation
- •Intraocular foreign body
- •Endophthalmitis
- •References
262 |
Lystad et al |
Fig. 5. Optic nerve head drusen with visible drusen and ischemic optic neuropathy. Fundus photograph shows optic nerve head with flame hemorrhage and disc edema diagnostic of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (A). Contralateral eye with visible drusen (B). Transverse B-scan of the right eye shows two round, highly calcified drusen at the optic nerve head with overlying optic disc edema (C). Transverse B-scan of the left eye shows two round, highly calcified drusen at the optic nerve head without optic disc edema (D). Optical coherent tomography of the peripapillary optic disc (E). The green band represents 95% percentile thickness of normal peripapillary nerve fiber layer. The black line represents the thickened nerve fiber layer due to edema in the right eye (upper panel) and thinning of the nerve fiber layer due to atrophy in the left eye (lower panel).
defects.21,22 Presence of the clinical findings listed, normal ultrasonographic appearance of the optic nerve head,23 and a negative 30 test for nerve sheath distention go against the diagnosis of papilledema.
CONGENITAL DISC ANOMALIES
Optic Disc Coloboma
Coloboma of the optic disc is a white bowl-shaped excavation that is decentered inferiorly in an
