Index

Abaxial globe displacement, 42 Abducens cranial nerve, 295–296

cranial nerve palsy/gaze abnormalities, 328–334

Aberrant regeneration, 303 Abetalipoproteinema, 243

Abramson retinoblastoma staging, 259 Acanthamoeba, 111

Accessory cranial nerve, 296 Accommodative amplitude, 18 Accommodative convergence/

accommodation (AC/A) ratio, 17, 349

Accommodative esotropia, 360–362,

361

Acetazolamide, 382

Acetylcholine, 384

Achromatopsia, 244 Acquired hyperopia, 14

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

congenital infection, 354 eyelid lesions, 42

orbital lesions, 57 retinopathy, 247 Acquired myopia, 14

Acquired parafoveal telangiectasia, 271

Acrochordon, 60

Actinic keratosis (AK), 61 Acute macular neuroretinopathy

(AMN), 191

Acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (AMPPE), 191

Acute ophthalmoparesis, 325

394

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), 247 Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis

(ARPE), 191

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR), 191–192

Acyclovir, 380

Adenocystic carcinoma (ACC), 66 Adenovirus, 112 Adrenaleukodystrophy, 355

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis (AIC), 113

Afferent pupillary defect, 304 Afferent/sensory nystagmus, 334 Afterimage testing, 350 Age-related macular degeneration

(AMD), 262–265

‘‘dry’’, nonexudative, atrophic AMD, 262

‘‘wet’’, exudative, neovascular AMD, 263–265

Aicardi’s syndrome, 316 Albinism, 352–353 Albinoidism, 352 Albright’s syndrome, 68 Alignment, ocular, 348 Alkylating agents, 388–389 Allergic disease

atopic cataract, 212 conjunctivitis, 129–130, 133,

135–136 immunologic types, 13 medications for treatment,

376–377 Alport’s syndrome, 208 Alzheimer’s disease, 319

Amblyopia, 343-345 Amelanotic lesions, 225

Aminoglycoside medications, 373–374 Amniotic membrane graft, 136 Amphotericin B, 376

Amyloid deposits conjunctiva, 117 cornea, 125–126 eyelid, 60 retina, 265

Anesthetics, cornea/conjunctiva injury, 126–127

Angioid streaks, 225–226 Angiomatosis retinae, 358 Angle-closure glaucoma

primary, 163–164 secondary, 164–166

Angle-recession glaucoma, 161 Aniridia, 353

corneal pannus, 105 secondary glaucoma, 156

Anisocoria, 304–305, 304, 306 Anisometropia, 14 Anisometropic amblyopia, 345 Ankyloblepharon, 53

Anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), 343

Anophthalmic socket, 87–88 Anterior chamber depth, glaucoma

evaluation, 149

Anterior corneal dystrophies, 107–108 Anterior ‘‘pulling’’ mechanisms for

secondary angle-closure glaucoma, 165

Anterior segment dysgenesis, 106–107 Anterior subcapsular (ASC) cataracts,

209

Anterior uveitis 184-188 Anterior vitrectomy, 215 Antibacterial medications

aminoglycosides, 373–374 cell wall inhibitors, 375 cephalosporins/penicillins, 374 corticosteroids combined

medications, 376 fluoroquinolones, 374

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, 375

INDEX 395

protein synthesis inhibitors, 375–376 Antifibrotic medications, 378 Antifungal agents, 376–377 Antihistamines, 377 Anti-inflammatory medications

allergic, 377–378 antifibrotic, 378 corticosteroids, 378–379 nonsteroidal, 379–380

Antimetabolites immunosuppressive therapy, 388 with trabeculectomy, 169

Antiseptic medications, 380 Antiviral agents, 380–381 Anton’s syndrome, 308

Apert syndrome, craniosynostoses, 55 Aphakia, congenital, 206

Aphakic glaucoma, 159 Aphthous oral ulcers, uveitis, 177 Apraclonidine, 387

Aqueous fluid physiology, 146 outflow, 143, 145

Aqueous shunting devices, glaucoma surgery, 168

Argon laser trabeculoplasty, 166–167 Argyll Robertson pupil, 305 Arteriosclerosis, retinal, 271 Arteriovenous shunts, 75

Arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, 319 Arteritis, temporal, 278 Arthralgias/arthritis, 177

Artificial tears, 392

Aspergillosis, orbital cellulitis, 58–59 Asteroid hyalosis, 265

Asthenopia, 15 Astigmatism

cataract surgery and, 215 optical principles, 14

Astrocytic hamartoma, 252 Astrocytoma, central nervous system,

318 Ataxia-telangiectasia, 356 Atopic dermatitis, cataract, 212

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), 129–130

Atropine, 390

396 INDEX

Auditory cranial nerve, anatomy, 296 Autoimmune disease, anterior uveitis,

185 Autosomal dominant

vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC), 245

Avellino’s dystrophy, 109 Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, 106–107

secondary glaucoma, 156 Axons, optic nerve, 297–298 Azathioprine, 388 Azelastine, 377

Bacitracin, 375 Bacterial keratitis, 112 Balint’s syndrome, 308

Band keratopathy, 121–122 Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 243

Bartonella henselae, 317–318 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

conjunctiva, 119 eyelid skin, 62

Base-in prism test, 350 Base-out prism test, 4D, 350 Bayes’ theorem, 3

Behc¸et’s disease, 195–196 Behr’s recessive congenital optic

atrophy, 315 Bell’s palsy, 331

Benign hereditary intraepithelial dyskeratosis (BHID), 118

Benign lymphoid hyperplasia, orbit, 67 Benign mixed cell tumor, lacrimal

gland, 66–67 Benzalkonium chloride, 380, 392 Berger’s space, vitreous, 220 Bergmeister’s papilla, 314

Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy, 238

Beta-blockers, topical, 381–382, 382 Betaxolol, 381

Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy, 240 Bifocals, 18

Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP), 252

Bimatoprost, 386 Binasal defects, 313

Binocular vision abnormal, 342 dual pathways, 343

normal, 341–342, 342 Biopsy

conjunctival, 136 corneal, 137

Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, 192 Birth trauma, cornea, 127 Bitemporal hemianopia, 313 Blepharitis, 96, 97 Blepharochalasis, 53 Blepharophimosis syndrome, 53 Blepharoplasty, 82 Blepharoptosis, 48

myogenic congenital ptosis, 54 Blepharospasm, 90

Blindness epidemiology, 3 pediatric patients, 372

Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, 235 Blood in Sclemm’s canal, 147 Blood supply

arterial anastomoses, external and internal carotid, 33

Brodmann’s areas, 299, 301 external carotid artery (ECA), 33 extraocular muscles, 341

eyelids, 38

ophthalmic artery, 32–33 optic nerve, 298, 298 optociliary shunt vessels, 310 orbit, 31

retina, 219–220 venous system, 34, 341

Blue cone monochromat, 244 Blue sclera, 96

Bony orbit. See Orbit, bones Botulinium toxin type A (BOTOX),

391

strabismus surgery, 369

techniques and applications, 89–90 Bourneville’s syndrome, 358

Bowen’s disease, 62 Bowman’s layer, 94–95 Branch retinal artery occlusion

(BRAO), 272

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), 272

Breast cancer, orbital metastasis, 70 Brimonidine, 387

Brinzolamide, 382 Brodmann’s areas, 299, 301 Brown’s syndrome, 366

Brow ptosis, surgical techniques, 83 Brucellosis, 186

Bruch’s membrane, 224 Bull’s-eye maculopathy, 226 Burn injuries

chemical burns, 127 facial burns, 76

Caloric vestibular testing, 310 Canalicular stenosis, 42

Canalicular trauma, surgical repair, 87 Canaliculitis, 56 Canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy

(CDCR), 87 Candidiasis, 247

Canthal ligaments, anatomy, 40 Capillary hemangioma

orbit, 73 retina, 252

Capsular block syndrome, 216 Capsular centration syndrome, 216 Capsule (lens), anatomy, 201–202 Capsulopalpebral fascia, anatomy, 34 Carbachol, 384

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, glaucoma, 382–383, 383

Carcinomatous (infiltrative) optic neuropathy, 318

Carotid artery dissection, 320 Carpenter syndrome, 55 Carteolol, 382

Caruncle, anatomy, 40, 93 Cataracts

acquired, age-related, 208–209 aniridia, 205

atopic, 212 congenital/infantile, 204 deposition (foreign body), 210 diabetic/sugar, 210 drug-induced, 211

INDEX 397

galactosemia, 205 ischemic, 210

Lowe’s syndrome, 205 myotonic dystrophy, 205 Peters’ anomaly, 205 radiation, 211

rubella, 206

surgical procedures, 212–218 complications, 215–216 extracapsular cataract extraction

(ECCE) procedure, 213–215 phacoemulsification, 217 preoperative evaluation, 212–213 preprocedure checklist, 213

systemic causes, 210 tetanic, 210 traumatic, 211 uveitic, 200, 212 Wilson’s disease, 210

Cat-scratch disease, 317–318 Cavernous hemangioma

orbit, 73 retina, 252 Cavernous sinus anatomy, 295 syndrome, 47

thrombosis, 56 Cefazolin, 374 Ceftazidime, 374

Cellophane maculopathy, 265–266 Cellulitis

orbital, 57, 57–59 preseptal, 59

Central areolar choroidal dystrophy (CACD), 238–239

Central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy (CAPE), 239

Central cloudy dystrophy of Franc¸ois, 108

Central retinal artery (CRA) anatomy, 31

occlusion (CRAO), 273

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 273–275

Cephalosporin medications, 374 Cerebellar-ocular dysmetria, 335 Cerebrovascular accident/stroke, 320

398 INDEX

Chalazion, 60, 130 Chalcosis, cataract, 210 Chandler’s syndrome, 123

Charcot-Marie-Tooth, optic atrophy, 316

CHARGE association, 353 optic nerve atrophy, 316

Che´diak-Higashi syndrome, 350 Chemical burns, 127

Cherry red spot, 226 Chlamydia, cornea/conjunctiva

involvement, 112–113 Chlorambucil, 388 Chloramphenicol, 375 Chlorhexidine gluconate, 380 Cholesterolosis bulbi, 265

Cholinergic agents, 385–386, 385, 390– 391

Chorioretinal folds, 226 Choristoma, 43 Choroid, anatomy, 224

Choroidal effusion/hemorrhage, 226 Choroidal melanoma, 253–255, 255 Choroidal neovascular membrane

(CNVM), 226

age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 263–264

myopic degeneration, 266 Choroidal osteoma, 255–256 Choroidal rupture, 282–283 Choroidal thickening, 226 Choroidal tumors, 257 Choroideremia, 241 Chromatic aberration, 14

Chromosomal abnormalities, 353–354 Chronic cyclitis, 189

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), 54, 314

Chronic uveitis, 179 Ciancia’s syndrome, 359 Cidofovir, 380

Ciliary body, 145–146 Ciliary ganglion, 35, 35

Cilioretinal artery occlusion, 275 Ciprofloxacin, 374

Clear lens extraction, 218

Clefting disorders,54

Climatic droplet corneal degeneration, 123

Clindamycin, 376

Closed globe injury, 282–283 Coats’ disease, 235

Coat’s white ring, 122 Cocaine, 391

Coccidioides immitis, 247 Cockayne’s syndrome, 241 Cogan-Reese syndrome, 122

Cogan’s microcystic corneal dystrophy, 107

Cogan’s plaque, conjunctiva, 117 Cogan’s syndrome, 130 Coloboma

eyelid, 54 iris, 172 lens, 207

optic nerve, 316 Color-blindness, 244

Color vision testing, 310–311 Combined hamartoma of the retinal

pigment epithelium, 256 Comitant hyperdeviation, 366 Commotio retinae, 282 Complexion associated pigmentation

(CAP), 120

Computed tomography (CT), general principles, 10

Cone dystrophy, 239

Cone photoreceptor cells, 222 Congenital hereditary endothelial

dystrophy (CHED), 110 Congenital hereditary stromal

dystrophy (CHSD), 108 Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal

pigment epithelium (CHRPE), 235

Congenital/efferent motor nystagmus, 335

Congenital infections, 354–355 Congenital retinal telangiectasias, 235 Congenital stationary night blindness

(CSNB), 244–245 Conjunctiva, 93

Conjunctival flap surgery, 136

Conjunctival lymphoma, 119 Conjunctivitis

acute follicular, 98

adult inclusion conjunctivitis (AIC), chlamydia, 113

atopic, 129–130 bacterial, 113 chronic follicular, 98 cicatrizing, 98

giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), 130–131

hemorrhagic, 99 herpetic, 114–115 ligneous, 106 membranous, 99 neonatal, 113–114 papillary, 99 pseudomembranous, 99

seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), 133

vernal, 135–136 vesicular, 99

Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CjDCR), 87

Contact lenses cornea injury, 127 prescribing, 15

rigid gas permeable prescribing, 18 Convergence-retraction nystagmus, 335 Cornea, 94, 94

abrasion/erosion, 99 dystrophies, 107–111 arcus, 122

congenital opacification, 96 crystals, 100

dystrophy vs. degeneration, 99 edema, 99–100, 215–216 hydration physiology, 95 peripheral thinning, 103 prominent nerves, 104

ring infiltrate, 104 verticillate, 104

Cortical cataracts, 209 Corticosteroids, 376, 378–379

cataracts, 211 glaucoma and, 162

Cortisporin, 376

INDEX 399

Cosopt, 383

Cotton wool spots (CWS), 226 Cover testing, 348–349 Cranial nerves

abnormalities, 328–332 acquired palsy, 303

anatomy and physiology, 293–296,

294–295

CN III, palsy, 328–329 CN IV, palsy, 329

CN V1, anatomy and physiology, 35–36

CN VI, palsy, 329–330

CN VII palsy, 90–91, 330–331 Craniopharyngioma (suprasellar), 318 Craniosynostoses, 54–55

Crocodile shagreen, 122 Cromolyn sodium, 377 Crouzon syndrome, 55 Cryptophthalmos, 55 Culture mediums, 22

Cutaneous malignant melanoma, 64 Cutler-Beard flap, eyelid reconstruction,

84

Cyclic esotropia, 362 Cyclodestructive glaucoma procedures,

167 Cyclopentolate, 390

Cyclophosphamide, 388–389 Cycloplegic medications, 390–391, 390 Cycloplegic refraction, 348 Cyclosporine, 389

Cylindroma, lacrimal gland, 66 Cysticercosis, vitreoretinal, 247–248 Cystinosis

corneal involvement, 126 reintal/vitreous involvement, 235

Cystoid retinal degeneration, 267 Cystoid macular edema, 216, 226–227 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 248, 355

Dacryoadenitis, 56 Dacryocystitis, 56–57 Dacryocystocele, 55 Dacryocystography, 51

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 87 Dalen-Fuchs nodules, 227

400 INDEX

Dapiprazole, 392 Dapsone, 389 Darier’s disease, 101

Deafness and eye disease, 227, 346 Decompression, orbital surgery, 81–82,

88

Deep superior sulcus, 43 Degenerative disease

conjunctiva/cornea, 121–126 lens, 208–209

neuroophthalmologicconditions, 319 orbital/eyelid, 43

retina and vitreous, 262–271 De Grouchy syndrome, 354 Demecarium bromide, 385 Demodex, 114

De Morsier’s syndrome, 317 Deprivation amblyopia, 345 Dermatofibroma, 69 Dermatolipoma, 118 Dermatosis papulosa nigra, 61 Dermoid cyst, orbit, 72 Descemet’s membrane

anatomy, 95

breaks or scroll, 100 Desmetocele repair, 137 Detached retina. See Retinal

detachment Deuteranomaly, 244

Developmental milestones and visual acuity, 351

Dexamethasone, 378–379 Diabetes

cataracts, 210, 216

cranial nerve palsy, 328–332 preoperative evaluation, 25 retinopathy

clinically significant macular edema (CSME), 276

epidemiology and pathology, 275 nonproliferative (NPDR), 277 proliferative (PDR), 277

Diagnostic lenses, 16

Dialysis, retinal detachment, 287–288 Diclofenac, 379

Diet-associated retinopathy syndromes, 227

Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN), 192

Diffuse uveitis, 194–200 Dipivefrin, 387 Diplopia

adaptation to, 342–343, 345–346 binocular/monocular, 306

cranial nerve palsy, 328–332 Disciform keratitis, 100, 130 Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC), 277 Dissociated nystagmus, 335

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), 359, 366

Distichiasis, 43, 55 Dominant drusen, 239

Doppler ultrasound. See Ultrasound. Dorzolamide, 383

Double-elevator palsy, 366–367 Double Maddox rod testing, 349 Downbeat nystagmus, 335 Down syndrome, 354

Doyne’s honeycomb retinal dystrophy, 239

Dragged macula, 227 Drusen, 227–228

age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 262

dominant drusen, 239 familial, 239

optic nerve, 317 Dry eye, 100

Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS), 362 Dural sinus thrombosis, 320

Dye disappearance test (DDT), 51 Dyskinesis, 306

Dysmotility, 43 Dystonias, 331–332

Eales’ disease, 192 Eaton-Lambert syndrome, 324 Echinococcosis, 57 Echothiophate iodide, 386 Ectopia lentis, 203

et pupillae, 206

secondary angle-closure glaucoma, 164

simple, 207 traumatic, 212

Ectropion. 43–44 surgical repair, 83

Edrophonium, 390 Edward’s syndrome, 354

Efferent/congenital motor nystagmus, 335

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome angioid streaks, 225 blue sclera, 96 keratoconus, 124

18q deletion syndrome, 354 Electrical cataract, 210 Electrohyfrecation, trichiasis, 86 Electromagnetic spectrum, 24 Electro-oculography (EOG), 231 Electroretinogram (ERG), 231–232 Elschnig’s pearls, 211

Embolic vasculopathy, 278 Embryology

cornea and conjunctiva, 92–93 general principles, 1–2

lens, 201optic nerve, 293 retina, 219

Emedastine, 377

Emergencies, ophthalmic conditions, 2–3

Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, 358 Endogenous endophthalmitis, 251–252 Endocrine myopathy, 367 Endophthalmitis, 228, 250

endogenous, metastatic, 251–252 postoperative, 250–251 post-traumatic, 251

Endothelium, cornea, 95 Enophthalmos, 444

breast cancer metastases, 70 Entropion, 44

surgical repair, 83–84 Enucleation techniques, 88–89 Eosinophilic granuloma, 67 Ephelis/freckle, 64 Epiblepharon, 55

Epicanthus, 45

Epidermal inclusion cyst (EIC) conjunctiva, 118

INDEX 401

eyelid, 59 orbital, 72

Epinephrine, 387–388 Epiphora, 45

Epiretinal membrane (ERM), 265–266 Episcleral venous pressure (EVP)

arteriovenous shunts, elevated EVP, 75

Goldmann equation, 143, 145 seconary open-angle glaucoma, elevated EVP, 159

Episcleritis, 130

Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD), 107

Epithelium cornea, 94 lens, 202, 202

skin, 36–39, 37–38 Erdheim-Chester disease, 62 Errors, statistical, 3 Erythema multiforme, 135 Erythema nodosum, 127 Erythromycin, 376 Esotropia, 359–363

accommodative, 360–362, 361 congenital/infantile, 359–360, 363 cyclic, 362

divergence insufficiency, 362 divergence paralysis, 362 Duane’s retraction syndrome incomitant acquired, 362 Mo¨bius’ syndrome, 363

nystagmus blockage syndrome, 363 pseudoesotropia, 359

sensory, 363

spasm of near synkinetic reflex, 363 stress-induced, 363

Essential iris atrophy, 123 Etanercept, 389 Euryblepharon, 55 Euthyscope, 350 Evisceration techniques, 89

Ewing’s sarcoma, orbital involvement, 68

Exenteration techniques, 89 Exophoria, 364 Exophthalmometry, 51

402 INDEX

Exotropia, 363–365 consecutive, 365 constant, 364 familial constant, 365 intermittent, 364 pseudoexotropia, 364 sensory, 365

Exposure keratopathy, 127 External carotid artery (ECA), 33 Extracapsular cataract extraction

(ECCE), 213–215 Eyelid, 36–39, 37, 38

coloboma, clefting disorders, 54 congenital eversion, 54

edema, 45

floppy eyelid disease, 74, 122 glands, 36

involutional eyelid laxity, 74 multiple eruptive lesions, 46 retraction, 45

‘‘S’’-shaped eyelid, 49 Eye measurements, 2 Eye movement

neurological control, 300–301, 303 principles, 341, 341

Eye-popping reflex, 346

Fabry’s disease, 126, 356 Facial asymmetry

orbital lesions, 45 Facial burns, 76

Facial expression, muscles, 34 Facial cranial nerve

anatomy, 296

palsy, 90–91, 330–331 Famciclovir, 380

Famial drusen, 239

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), 245

Fat embolism syndrome, 283 Fat pads, orbital, 39

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 355 Fibrosarcoma, 68

Fibrous dysplasia, 68 Fibrous histiocytoma, 69

Filtering surgery. See Trabeculectomy. Fissures, orbital, 29–30, 30

Fitzpatrick skin classification, 91 Fixation, pathologic specimens, 19 Flat anterior chamber following

glaucoma filtering surgery, 170 Fleck cornea dystrophy, 108

Flecked retina, 228

Floor fracture, orbit, 76–77 surgical repair, 89

Floppy eyelid syndrome74, 122 Fluorescein angiography, 232–233 5-Fluorouracil, 378 Fluorometholone, 379 Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, 374 Flurbiprofen, 379

Focal macular grid (FMG) laser surgery, 288

Focal photocoagulation, retina, 288 Foramina, orbital, 30–31, 31 Foreign bodies

cornea/conjunctiva, 129 intraocular depositions, 210 retained intraocular (IOFB), 285–

286 Foscarnet, 381

Foster Kennedy syndrome, 318 Fovea centralis, anatomy, 224 Foveola, anatomy, 224 Fracture, orbital, 76–77

Frequency-doubling technology (FDT), glaucoma visual field assessment, 154

Friedreich-like ataxia, 243 Frontalis suspension/sling, ptosis

surgery, 86

Frontal lobe cerebral lesions, 307 Frozen globe, 45

Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy, 110–111 seconary open-angle glaucoma, 159

Fuch’s heterochromic iridocyclitis (HIC), 186

Fuch’s marginal keratolysis, 124 Fuch’s spot, myopic degeneration, 266 Functional disease, 337

Fundus albipunctatus, 245 flavimaculatus, 240

punctatus albescens, 241

Fungal infection keratitis, 114 endophthalmitis, 251 orbital cellulitis, 58–59

retina and vitreous, 247–252 Furrow corneal degeneration, 124 Fusional amplitudes, 342, 342

Gancyclovir, 381

Ganglion cells, retina, 296–297 Gardner’s syndrome

congenital hypertrophy of the retinal epithelium (CHRPE), 235

fibrosarcoma/osteosarcoma, 68 Gass classification, choroidal

neovascular membrane (CNVM), 264

Gaucher’s disease, 356 Gaze control

abnormalities, 332–334 physiology, 300–301, 303 Gaze-evoked nystagmus, 335

GDx scanning laser polarimeter, glaucoma assessment, 150

Gelatinous-droplike corneal dystrophy, 108

Genetic disease, 3–9, 4–9 Gentamicin, 373

Geographic atrophy of the RPE (GARPE), 262

German measles. See Rubella Gerstmann’s syndrome, 308 Ghost cell glaucoma, 159 Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

optic neuropathy, 319 retinopathy / choroidopathy, 278

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), 130–131

Glands Krause, 36 lacrimal

anatomy and physiology, 36 drainage system anatomy, 41 neoplasms, 65–67

meibomian, 36 Moll, 36

tear film, 93

INDEX 403

Wolfring, 36 Zeiss, 36

Glasses, complaints about, 15 Glaucoma

anatomy and physiology, 143, 144, 145–146

congenital and pediatric, 155–157 definition and pathogenesis, 146–147 epidemiology, 147

examination, 149–150 imaging, 150–151

intraocular pressure (IOP) screening, 151

juvenile open-angle (JOAG), 156 medications

beta-blockers, 381–382, 382 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,

382–383, 383 hyperosmotics, 383–384

miotics/cholinergic, direct acting, 384–385

miotics/cholinergic, indirect irreversible, 385–386

prostaglanding analogues, 386–387 sympathomimetics, 387–388

optic nerve evaluation, 151–152 perimetry assessment, 153–155 primary angle-closure (PACG),

163–164

primary open-angle (POAG), 157–158

primary trabeculodysgenesis, 155–156

secondary angle-closure, 164–166 secondary congenital glaucoma,

156–157

secondary open-angle, 159–162 surgical procedures, 166–171 uveitis, 180

Glaukomflecken, 203

Glioma, optic nerve, 71–72, 318 Globe

blood supply, 31 gross pathology, 20 injuries, 282, 284

Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve, 296 Glycerin, 383

404 INDEX

Goblet cells, 36 Goldenhar’s syndrome, 355

eyelid coloboma, 54 Goldmann-Favre syndrome, 245–246 Goldmann perimetry, 154

Gold weight, 85 Gonioplasty, 168 Gonioscopy, 149-150 Goniotomy, 167

Grafting procedures, eyelid reconstruction, 85

Graft versus host disease (GVHD), 131 Granular corneal dystrophy, 109 Granuloma

classic associations, 101 conjunctival, 96, 98 pyogenic, 118

retina, 228 sarcoid, 118

Granulomatous inflammatory disease anterior uveitis, 185

intermediate uveitis, 188 panuveitis, 194–195 posterior uveitis, 190

Graves’ disease, 79–82

Grid photocoagulation, retina, 288 Groenouw’s corneal dystrophies, 109 Guillain-Barre´ syndrome, 324–325 Gyrate choroidal atrophy, 241

Hair follicle tumors, 61 Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, anterior

uveitis, 186 Hamartoma

combined hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium, 256

definition, 45 Hand-Schu¨ller-Christian disease, 68 Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor,

optic aberrations, 14

Hasner valve, lacrimal drainage system, 41

Hassall-Henle bodies, 122 Hay fever conjunctivitis, 133 Headache

asthenopia and, 15

differential diagnosis, 306–307

migraine, 320 uveitis and, 180

Hemangioma. See also Capillary hemangioma; Cavernous hemangioma

choroidal, 252–253 racemose, 257

Hemangiopericytoma, 74 Hematuria, uveitis, 180 Hemifacial spasm, 332 Hemolytic glaucoma, 159 Hemorrhage

orbital, 46, 76

retinal, 228. See individual diseases subconjunctival, 104 suprachoroidal, 215, 281

vitreous, 231, 281 Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 99 Hemosiderosis bulbi, 126

Hepatolenticular degeneration, 210 Hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy, 246 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 350 Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

anterior uveitis, 186 congenital infection, 355 keratitis, 114–115

Herpes zoster virus (HZV), 115–116 Herring’s law, movement of the eye,

341

diseases that violate, 347 ptosis and, 48

Heterochromic iris, 307, 347 Hidrocystoma (sudorferous cyst), 59 Histiocytic lymphoma, 256 Histiocytosis, orbit, 67–68

Histologic stains, pathology evaluation,

20

Histoplasmosis, 249

Homatropine, 391 Homocystinuria, ectopia lentis, 206 Hordeolum, 57, 60

Horizontal gaze abnormalities, 332–333 Horizontal offsets, strabismus surgery,

369 Horner’s syndrome

anisocoria, 305

carotid artery dissection, 310

Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap, eyelid reconstruction, 85

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) congenital infection, 354 microangiopathy, 247

orbital lesions, 57

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-B27 related anterior uveitis,

186

uveitis associations, 177 Human papilloma virus (HPV)

conjunctiva, 116

eyelid, verruca vulgaris, 61 Humphrey visual field (HVF),

glaucoma assessment, 154 Hydatid cyst disease, 57 Hyperemia, conjunctival, 98 Hyper IgE syndrome, 130 Hyperlipidemia, 278 Hyperlysinemia, ectopia lentis, 206 Hyperopia, acquired, 14

Hyperosmotics, glaucoma treatment, 383–384

Hyperostosis, orbital, 46 Hypersensitivity reactions, 13 Hypertension, arterial

optic neuropathy, 320 retinopathy, 278–279

Hyphema, 128–129 causes, 101–102 and glaucoma, 161

Hypocalcemia, cataract, 210 Hypoglossal cranial nerve, 296 Hypopyon, 102

Hypotony, following glaucoma surgery, 148, 170–171

Ichthyosis, 101

Idiopathic central serous retinopathy (ICSR), 266

Idiopathic orbital inflammation, 77–79

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 327–328

Idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia, 271

Idiopathic macular hole, 266–267

INDEX 405

Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV), 279

Idoxuridine, 381

Imidazoles, 377

Immunologic stains, pathology evaluation, 21 Immunosuppressive medications alkylating agents, 388–389

antimetabolites, 388 noncytotoxic, 389 Imperforate puncta, 41

Incontinentia pigmenti, 235 Index of refraction, 17 Infant eye anatomy, 338 Infantile cataracts, 204 Infantile esotropia, 359–360 Infantile glaucoma, 155–157 Inferior oblique muscle

anatomy and function, 338–340 overaction (IOO), 367

palsy, 367 surgery, 370

Inferior orbital fissure (IOF), 29, 30 Infiltrative lesions

orbit, 46

optic nerve, 309

Inflammation, general principles, 13 Infliximab, 389

Inhibitional palsy of the contralateral antagonist, 367

Injuries. See also Burn injuries; Trauma Intermediate filaments, pathology

evaluation, 21 Intermediate uveitis, 188–190 Internal carotid artery (ICA), 33 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

(INO), 332 Interpupillary distance (IPD), 28

Interstitial keratitis (IK), 102, 116 Intracellular bodies, pathology

evaluation, 21 Intracellular inclusions, pathology

evaluation, 21 Intraocular foreign body (IOFB),

285–286 Intraocular lens (IOL), 18

phakic IOL, 218

406 INDEX

Intraocular lens (IOL) (contd.) refractive surgery calculations, 218

Intraocular leukemia, 256 Intraocular lymphoma, 256 Intraocular pressure (IOP) determinants, 143, 145 glaucoma screening, 151 Intravitreal injection, 290

Inverted follicular keratosis, 61 Involutional skin and eyelid laxity, 74 Iridectomy, laser peripheral iridotomy

(LPI), 168

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE), 122–123

secondary angle-closure glaucoma, 165

Iridocyclitis. See anterior uveitis. Iridodialysis, 174

Iridodonesis, 148

Iridoplasty, 168

Iridoschisis, 174 Iris

anatomy and physiology, 172, 173 coloboma, 172

heterochromia, 307 irregularities, glaucoma, 148 melanoma, 174

sectoral atrophy, 183 uveitic nodules, 180

Iris bombe´, secondary angle-closure glaucoma, 164

Ischemic anterior uveitis, 187 Ischemic cataract, 210 Isosorbide, 383

Jansen’s syndrome, 246 Jones tearing test, 51 Jones tube, 87 Junctional scotoma, 313

Juvenile (Meesman) epithelial dystrophy, 107–108

Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG), 156

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), 71–72

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, anterior uveitis, 187

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), 60, 118

Juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (JXLR), 239

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 63, 120 Kawasaki disease, 131 Kearns-Sayre syndrome

ophthalmoplegia, 314 ptosis, 54

retinitis pigmentosa, 243 Keloid, conjunctiva/cornea, 123 Keratectomy

photorefractive, 142 superficial, 140

Keratic precipitates, 102 Keratitis

Acanthamoeba, 111 bacterial, 112 bilateral, 102 dendritic, 100 disciform, 100, 130 fungal, 114 herpetic, 114–116 interstitial, 102, 116

peripheral ulcerative (PUK), 103 punctate epithelial keratitis (PEK),

104

Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis, 135

unilateral, 102 viral, 112

Keratoacanthoma, 60 Keratoconjunctivitis. See conjunctivitis

and keratitisKeratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), 100

Keratoconus, 124

Keratoectasia, 105

Keratoglobus, 125 Keratopathies

band keratopathy, 121–122 exposure, 127

lipid, 123

rice paddy, 123 tarantula, 127 thermal/ultraviolet, 129

Keratoplasty

lamellar, 137 penetrating, 137–139 thermokeratoplasty, 140

Keratoprosthesis, 137 Keratorefractive surgery

incisional, 140 laser, 140–142

Kestenbaum’s rule, 18 Ketorolac, 379 Ketotifen, 377

Kjer’s dominant optic atrophy, 315 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 354

Kneist syndrome, 246 Knobloch’s syndrome, 246

Krill’s disease, posterior uveitis, 191

Labrador corneal degeneration, 123 Laceration

cornea/conjunctiva, 129 sclera, 282

Lacrimal drainage system, 41–42, 40 Lacrimal fistula, 55

Lacrimal gland, 36 neoplastic disease, 65–67

Lacrimal pump, 42 Lacrimal sac, 41–42

tumors, 63

Lamellar keratoplasty, 137 Langerhans’ cell tumors, orbit, 67–68 Large cell lymphoma, 256

Laser, general principles, 23–24, 23 Laser surgery

argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT), 166–167

iridoplasty/gonioplasty, 168 peripheral iridotomy (LPI), 168 refractive surgery, 140–142 retina, 288–289

skin resurfacing, 91, 91 trichiasis, 87

YAG capsulotomy, 217 LASIK (laser-assisted in situ

keratomileusis), 141–142 Latanoprost, 386

Latent nystagmus, 336

Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis, 85 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 293, 299

INDEX 407

Lateral tarsal strip (LTS) procedure, 84 Lattice corneal dystrophy, 109

Lattice retinal degeneration, 267 Laurence-Moon syndrome, 243 Leber’s congenital amaurosis, 245 Leber’s stellate neuroretinitis, 229 Leber’s optic atrophy, 315

Le Fort fractures, 77 Lens

anatomy, 201–202, 202 coloboma, 207 embryology, 201

inflammatory/immune disease, 212 metabolic/degenerative disease,

208–209

optical properties, 203 physiology, 202–203 proteins, 202 refractive surgery, 218 retained nuclei, 203 zonules, 203

Lens effectivity calculation, 17 Lens particle glaucoma, 159–160 Lens power calculation, 17 Lenticonus, 207–208

Lentigo simplex, 64 Lentoglobus, 207–208

Leprosy, interstitial keratitis, 116 Letterer-Siwe disease, 68 Leukemia, intraocular, 256 Leukocoria, 347

Levator muscle resection, ptosis surgery, 86

Levator palpebrae superioris, 34 Levobunolol, 382 Levocabastine, 377 Levofloxacin, 374

Lidocaine, 391

Light-near dissociation, 308 Ligneous conjunctivitis, 106 Limbal stem cells, 93

deficiency, 102 transplants, 137

Limbal girdle of Vogt, 123 Lipid keratopathy, 123

Loa loa, conjunctival involvement, 116 Lockwood’s ligament, 39–40

408 INDEX

Lodoxamide, 377

Loteprednol, 379

Louis-Bar syndrome, 56, 356 Lowe’s oculocerebrorenal syndrome,

156, 205

Lyme disease, intermediate uveitis, 189–190

Lymphangiectasia, 102 Lymphangioma, 74 Lymphatic system, eyelid, 34

Lymphoma and lymphoproliferative lesions

conjunctiva, 118-119 eyelid, 67–68 lacrimal gland, 65–67 orbit, 67–68

retina, 256

Macula, 224

Macular dystrophy, 109–110 North Carolina, 245

Macular edema

cystoid, 216, 226–227 diabetic, 276

Macular pucker, 265–266 Maddox rod testing, 349

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), general principles, 11–12

Magnification, 19

Major amblyoscope test, 350 Malattia leventinese, 239 Malignancy, pathology characteristics,

22

Malignant glioma, optic nerve 71 Malignant mixed cell tumor, lacrimal

gland, 66

Malignant pleomorphic adenoma, lacrimal gland, 66

Mannitol, 384 Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, 107 Marcus Gunn jaw winking, 46

Marfan syndrome, ectopia lentis, 207 Matrixoma, 63

Maxillary bone, 28 Maxitrol, 376 Measles. See Rubeola

Medial canthal tendon (MCT), 40–42

Medial spindal procedure, 83 Medications

antibacterials aminoglycosides, 373–374 cell wall inhibitors, 375

cephalosporins/penicillins, 374 combined medications, 376 corticosteroids, 376 fluoroquinolones, 374

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, 375

protein synthesis inhibitors, 375–376

antifungal agents, 376–377 anti-inflammatory

allergy, 377–378 antifibrotic, 378 corticosteroids, 378–379 nonsteroidal, 379–380

antiseptics, 380

antiviral agents, 380–381 artificial tears , 392–393 glaucoma

beta-blockers, 381–382, 382 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,

382–383, 383 hyperosmotics, 383–384

miotics/cholinergic, direct acting, 384–385

miotics/cholinergic, indirect irreversible, 385–386

prostaglanding analogues, 386–387 sympathomimetics, 387–388

immunosuppressive alkylating agents, 388–389 antimetabolites, 388 noncytotoxic, 389

miotics, cholinergic indirect reversible, 390

mydriatics and cycloplegics adrenergic, 391 anticholinergic, 390–391, 390

neurologic, 391–392 pharmacokinetics, 373

Medrysone, 379 Medulloepithelioma, 256–257 Meesman dystrophy, 107

Megalocornea, 106

Megalopapilla, 315 Meibomian glands, 36

dysfunction (MGD), 101 Meige’s syndrome, 332 Melanocytoma, 257, 318 Melanocytosis, ocular, 121 Melanoma

choroid, 253–255, 255 conjunctiva, 121 eyelid/cutaneous, 64 iris, 174

orbit primary, 65

metastatic, 70 Melanomalytic glaucoma, 159

Melanosis, benign, racial or ocular, 120 Meningioma, optic nerve sheath, 71,

318

Merkel cell carcinoma, 63 Mesoderm, embryology, 2 Metastatic tumors

choroid, 257 orbit, 69–70

Methazolamide, 383

Methotrexate, 388

Metipranolol, 382 Microangiopathy, HIV-related, 247 Microcornea, 106 Microphthalmos, 106 Microspherophakia, 208

Migraine headache, 320 Miller Fisher syndrome, 325 Miotics

cataract, 211

cholinergic, direct acting, 384–385 cholinergic, indirect irreversible, 385–

386, 385

cholinergic, indirect reversible, 390 Mirror optics, 19

Mitochondrial DNA inheritance, 347 Mitomycin C (MMC), 378 Mittendorf’s dot, 208

Mixed cell tumors, lacrimal gland benign, 66–67

malignant, 66 Moll glands, 36

INDEX 409

Molluscum contagiosum, 57 Monocular elevation deficit (MED),

366–367

Monofixation syndrome, 345–346 Mooren’s ulcer, 131

Moraxella, 116

Morning glory anomaly, 315 Motility testing, extraocular muscles,

349 Mucocele, 72

Mucopolysaccharidoses, 355, 355 corneal clouding, 126

retinal degeneration, 229, 236 Mucopyocele, 72 Mucormycosis, orbit, 57–58 Muir-Torre syndrome, sebaceous

adenoma, 60

Mu¨ller’s (superior tarsal) muscle, 34 Multifocal chorioretinitis and panuveitis

(MCP), 192

Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIB (MEN III), 120

Multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome (MEWDS), 192

Multiple sclerosis, 325–326 Muscles, 34–35, 338–340 Myasthenia gravis, 326–327 Mydriatics

adrenergics, 391 anticholinergic, 390–391, 390

Myelinated NFL, 315 Myopia

acquired myopia, 14 high myopia, 266

Myopic degeneration, 266 Myogenic congenital ptosis, 54 Myositis, idiopathic chronic

inflammation, 77–78 Myotonic dystrophy, 314

Nanophthalmos, 106, 236 Naphazoline, 377 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

(NLDO) acquired, 74 congenital, 55–56

probing and surgical correction, 87

410 INDEX

Naso-orbital-ethmoidal (NOE) fracture, 76–77 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 70

Natamycin, 377

Near synkinetic reflex spasm, 363 Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, 63 Neisseria gonorrhoeaa, conjunctiva/ cornea infection, 116

Neomycin, 373

Neonatal conjunctivitis, 113–114 Neosporin, 376

Neostigmine, 390

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG), 165 Nerves, 35–36, 35, 293–296,

297–299

Neural crest, embryology, 2 Neural ectoderm, embryology, 1 Neurilemmoma, 72

Neuroblastoma, orbital metastases, 70 Neurofibroma, 318 Neurofibromatosis 1, 56, 357

secondary glaucoma, 156 Neurofibromatosis 2, 56, 236, 357 Neurogenic tumors, orbit46 Neuroglia, 222

Neuromuscular blocking agents, 391– 392

Neuroretinitis, 229 Nevi, 64–65

conjunctiva, 120–121 uveal tract, 255, 255 Niemann-Pick disease, 356

Night blindness

congenital stationary (CSNB), 244–245

vitamin A deficiency, 271

Nocardia asteroides, 249

Nonaccidental trauma (NAT), 283–284 Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic

neuropathy (NAION), 320–321 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAID), 379

Normal tension glaucoma (NTG), 158 Norrie’s disease, 246

North Carolina macular dystrophy, 245 Nuclear sclerosis, cataract, 209 Nystagmus, 334–337, 337

Nystagmus blockage syndrome (NBS), 363

Occipital lobe cerebral lesions, 307 Ocular albinism, 350–351

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP), 131–132

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS), 249

Ocular hypertension (OHT), 158 Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS), 279–

280

Ocular melanocytosis, 121 Ocular motor apraxia, 332 Ocular neuromyotonia, 333 Ocular tilt retraction, 333

Oculo-auricular-cervical dysplasia, 355 Oculocutaneous albinism, 352 Oculogyric crisis, 333

Oculomotor cranial nerve, 293–294 palsy, 328–334

Oculopalatal nystagmus, 336 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy,

54

chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), 314

Ofloxacin, 374 Oguchi’s disease, 245

Olfactory cranial nerve, 293 Olopatadine, 378 Onchocerciasis, 117, 187 Oncocytoma, conjunctiva, 120 Open-angle glaucoma

juvenile (JOAG), 156 primary, 157–158 secondary, 159–162

Open globe injury, 284–285 Ophthalmic artery

branches, 32–33 obstruction, 280

Ophthalmic instruments, 15–16 Opsoclonus, 336

Opthalmia neonatorum, 113–114 Optical coherence tomography (OCT),

glaucoma assessment, 151 Optical principles

aberrations, 13–14

acquired hyperopia, 14 acquired myopia, 14 anisometropia, 14 contact lenses, 15

decreased VA after refraction, 15 formulas, 17–19

glasses complaints, 15 headache and asthenopia, 15 lens, 203

refractive errors, 16 visual acuity, 19

Optic disk, 297–298 abnormalities, 303 atrophy, 308 edema, 308

congenital disk elevation, 306 macro disk, 308

micro disk, 308 pallor, 309 tilted disk, 317

vessel temporalization, 310

Optic cranial nerve (ON), 28, 146, 293 arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy,

319 atrophy, 315–316

carcinomatous (infiltrative) optic neuropathy, 318

coloboma, 316

compressive optic neuropathy, 305 diseases, 306

drusen, 317

evaluation and imaging, 312–314 glaucoma evaluation, 151–152 glioma, 71–72, 318

hypoplasia (ONH), 317 meningioma, 71, 318 organization, 297–298, 298 nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic

neuropathy (NAION), 320–321

nutritional, tobacco, alcoholic neuropathy, 319

orbital lesions, 46–47 pit excavation, 317

posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), 321

radiation optic neuropathy, 321

INDEX 411

toxic optic neuropathy, 321–322 traumatic optic neuropathy (TON),

322–323

Optic neuritis, 323–324 Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 312

reversal, 310

Orbicularis oculi muscle, 34 Orbit, 28–91

Orbital apex syndrome, 47 Orbital fractures, 76–77

Orbital granulocytic sarcoma/chloroma, 70

Orbital hemorrhage, 46, 76 Orbital meningocele, 73 Orbital pseudotumor, 77–79 Orbital trauma

examination and imaging, 51 fracture, 76–77

orbital hemorrhage, 76 penetrating orbital trauma, 75–76

Osteoma, choroidal, 255–256 Osteosarcoma, orbit, 68 Oxphilic adenoma, 120

Paget’s disease of the bone, angioid streaks, 225

Palatine bone, 28 Pannus, cornea, 103

Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), 289

Panuveitis, 188, 194–200 Papilledema, 309 Papillophlebitis, 321 Parafoveal telangiectasias, 229 Parasellar syndromes, 47

Parasympathetic autonomous nervous system, 302

Paredrine, 392

Parietal lobe cerebral lesions, 308 Parinaud’s dorsal midbrain syndrome,

333

Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome, 117

Pars plana cyst, 257, 267 Pars plana vitrectomy, 291

Pars planitis, intermediate uveitis, 189 Patau’s syndrome, 353

412 INDEX

Patient examination and history, 1 conjunctiva/cornea, 104–105 eyelid examination, 49–50 glaucoma, 149–150 neurophthalmologic evaluation,

310–314 orbit exam, 50

pediatric and strabismus evaluation, 347–351, 351

retina and vitreous, 231–234 Pattern dystrophy, 239–240 Pediatric cataracts, 204

extraction, 216–217 Pediatric glaucoma, 155–157

Pellucid marginal degeneration, 125 Penetrating keratoplasty (PK),

137–139

Penetrating orbital trauma, 75–76 Penicillin antibiotics, 374 Perimetry evaluation, glaucoma,

153–155 Perineuritis, 327

Periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN), 336

Peripapillary atrophy (PPA), glaucoma, 152–153

Peripapillary staphyloma, 267 Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK),

103

Peroxisomal disorders, 355–356 Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), 236 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

(PHPV), 236 Peters’ anomaly, 107

secondary glaucoma, 156 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, lentigo

simplex, 64

Pfeiffer syndrome, craniosynostoses, 55 Phacoantigenic uveitis /

phacoanaphylaxis 188, 212 Phacoemulsification, 217 Phacolytic glaucoma, 159 Phacomorphic glaucoma, 164 Phacotoxic glaucoma, 159–160 Phakic intraocular lens (IOL), 218 Phakomatoses, 356–358

orbital involvement, 56

retinal involvement, 236 Phakomatous choristoma, 60 Pharmacokinetics, topical medications,

373 Phenylephrine, 391 Phlyctenulosis, 132 Photic maculopathy, 285

Photocoagulation, retina, 288–289 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 264–

265, 289

Photoreceptors, 222–224, 223, 296 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), 142 Phototransduction cascade, 223–224 Phthirus pubis, 117

Phthisical eye, 89 Physiologic nystagmus, 336 Physostigmine, 390

Picornavirus conjunctivitis, 117 Pierre Robin syndrome, eyelid

coloboma, 54 Pigmentation

conjunctiva, 98, 120 cornea, 103

TM pigmentation and glaucoma, 148-149

Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS), 147–148, 160

Pigmented lesions, eyelid and orbital, 64–65

Pilocarpine, 384–385 Pilomatrixoma, 63 Pinguecula, 123

Placido’s ring cornea topography, 105

Plateau iris configuration / syndrome, 164

Pleomorphic adenoma, lacrimal gland, 66–67

Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis, 249 Polymyxin B, 375

Polysporin, 376

Polytrim, 376

Pontine conjugate gaze palsy, 332 Population statistics, 3

Posterior amorphous corneal dysgenesis, 107

Posterior embryotoxon, cornea, 107

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), 321

Posterior lamellar resection, cornea, 86 Posterior polymorphous membrane

dystrophy (PPMD), 111 secondary angle-closure glaucoma,

165

Posterior ‘‘pushing’’ mechanisms for secondary angle-closure glaucoma, 165

Posterior segment trauma, 282 Posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts,

209

Posterior uveitis, 190–194

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), 268

Post-traumatic glaucoma, 160–161 Povidone solution, 380

Power cross , 17 Prednisolone, 379 Pregnancy, ocular effects, , 22 Prentice’s rule, 18

Preseptal cellulitis, 59

Primary acquired melanosis (PAM), 65, 121

Primary angle-closure glaucoma. See Angle-closure glaucoma.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). See Open-angle glaucoma.

Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), 249

Progressive supranuclear palsy, 333 Proliferative retinopathy/

neovascularization, 229 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 229 Proparacaine, 392

Proptosis, 47 pulsatile, 48 rapid, 47

thyroid-related immune orbitopathy (TRIO), 80

Prostaglandin analog glaucoma medications, 386–387

Prostate cancer, orbital metastases, 70 Protease inhibitor medications, 381 Protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics,

375–376

INDEX 413

Pseudodeviations, 365

Pseudoesotropia, 359 Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS),

161–162 Pseudoexotropia, 364

Pseudoisochromatic plates (PIPs), 311 Pseudopapilledma, 309

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, 129 Pseudophakic macular edema, 216,

226–227

Pseudophakic phototoxic maculopathy, 285

Pseudoproptosis, 47 Pseudoptosis, 47

Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), 327–328 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, angioid

streaks, 225 Pterygium, 123

excision, 139 Ptosis

blepharoptosis, 48 brow ptosis, 83

congenital blepharoptosis, 54 surgical techniques, 85–86

Pulsatile proptosis, 48 Pulsatile tinnitus, 310 Punctal stenosis, 48

Punctate epithelial erosions (PEE), 104 Punctate epithelial keratitis (PEK), 104 Punctate inner choriodopathy (PIC),

192–193

Pupils

anisocoria,, 304–305, 304, 306 paradoxical, 310

Purtscher’s retinopathy, 285 p value, statistics, 3

Pyogenic granuloma, conjunctiva, 118 Pyrimethamine, 375

‘‘Quiet eye’’ and uveitis, 182

Racemose hemangioma, 257, 358 Radiation

cataract, 211

general principles, 24 optic neuropathy, 321 retinopathy, 285

414 INDEX

Radiological imaging, orbital trauma, 51–52

Recklinghausen’s disease. See Neurofibromatosis I

Red glass test, 351 Reese-Ellsworth retinoblastoma

classification, 260

Refractive errors, general principles, 16 Refractive surgery

corneal incisional, 140 laser, 140–142

intraocular lens (IOL) calculation following, 218

intraocular lens based, 218 Refsum’s disease, 243, 355–356 Reis-Buckler corneal dystrophy, 108 Reticulum cell sarcoma, 256 Retina, 219–292

Retinal crystals, 229 Retinal detachment

rhegmatogenous, 269–270 serous, exudative, 270–271 surgical repair, 290–291 tractional, 230, 271 traumatic, 287–288

Retinal holes and tears, 269

Retinal layers, anatomy, 221, 221–222 Retinal macroaneurysms, 279

Retinal microaneurysms, 230

Retinal pigment epitheliitis, uveitis, 179 combined hamartoma, 256

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 224 Retinitis, 230

cytomegalovirus, 248 rubella, 249–250 syphilitic, 250 traumatic, 287

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 241–243 secondary, 243–244

Retinoblastoma (RB), 258–261 Abramson staging, 259 epidemiology, 258

genetics, 258–259, 261 pathology, 259

Reese-Ellsworth classification, 260 treatment, 259–260

Retinochoroiditis, 230 Retinopathies

AIDS retinopathy, 247 cancer-associated (CAR), 272–273 diabetic, 275–277

hypertensive, 278–279

idiopathic central serous retinopathy (ICSR), 266

of prematurity (ROP), 236–238 proliferative retinopathy/

neovascularization, 229 Purtscher’s, 285

radiation, 285 rubeola, 250

sickle cell, 280–281

toxic retinopathies, 285–287 unilateral, 230

valsalva, 288 whiplash, 288

Retinoschisis, 267–268, 268 Retrobulbar hemorrhage, 76 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 69, 119 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

(RRD), 269–270 Rice paddy keratopathy, 123 Rifampin, 375

Rimexolone, 379

Rod monochromatism, 244

Rod photoreceptor cells, 222–223 Rosacea, 132–133

Roth’s spots, 230 Rubella

congenital infection, 354 retinitis, 249–250 secondary glaucoma, 157

Rubeola, retinopathy, 250

Saddle nose, uveitis, 182

Salt and pepper fundus appearance, 230 Salzmann’s nodules, 124

Sampaolesis’s line, glaucoma, 148 Sarcoid granuloma, conjunctiva, 118 Sarcoidosis, 75, 196–197

Sarcoma, reticulum cell, 256 Sattler’s veil, 127

Scalloped retinal atrophy, 230 Scanning slit topography, cornea, 105

Schirmer’s testing, 104

Schnyder’s central crystalline dystrophy, 110

Schwannoma, 72, 319 Schwartz syndrome, 162, 188 Sclemm’s canal, 143, 147 Scleral buckle procedure, 291 Scleral thickening, 230 Scleritis, 133–135, 182–183 Sclerocornea, 106

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), 133

Sebaceous adenocarcinoma, eyelid, 63, 120

Sebaceous adenoma, 60 conjunctiva/cornea eyelid

Seborrheic keratosis, 61

Secondary angle-closure glaucoma. See Angle-closure glaucoma, secondary

Seesaw nystagmus, 336

Sensory testing, strabismus evaluation, 350–351

Septum, orbital, 39

Serous, exudative retinal detachment, 270–271

Serpiginous choroidopathy, 193 Serum-derived tears, 392–393 Shaken baby syndrome, 283–284 Shallow anterior chamber, 170 Sickle cell retinopathy, 280–281 Siderosis bulbi, 210

Silent choroid on FA, 230 Silver nitrate, 380

Simple ectopia lentis, 207 Sjo¨gren’s syndrome, 100

Skew deviation, 333–334, 368, 369 Skin pathology, 22

Snell’s law, 17

Snowflake retinal degeneration, 246 Solar/sungazing maculopathy, 285 Sorsby’s fundus dystrophy, 240 Spasmus nutans, 336

Spasticity of conjugate gaze, 333 Specular microscopy, cornea, 105 Sphenocavernous syndrome, 47

INDEX 415

Sphenoid-wing meningioma, 71 Spherical aberration, 14

Spheroidal corneal degeneration, 123 Sphingolipidoses, 238, 356 Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten-Mayou

disease, 243–244 Spiral of Tellaux, 338, 339

Splendore-Heplin phenomenon, 183 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

conjunctiva/cornea, 120 eyelid/orbit, 64

Squamous papilloma conjunctiva/cornea, 118–119 eyelid, 60

‘‘S’’-shaped eyelid, 49

Staphylococcus species conjunctival/corneal infections, 117 endophthalmitis, 250–251

Stargardt’s disease, 240 Statistical testing, 3 Steele-Richardson-Olszewski

syndrome, 333 Stellate maculopathy, 230 Stereopsis, 348

Steroids, 376, 378–380 cataracts, 211 glaucoma and, 162

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 135 Stickler’s syndrome, 246 Stiles-Crawford effect, 14

Strabismic amblyopia, 345 Strabismus. See also Esotropia;

Exotropia; Vertical deviations adaptation to, 342–343, 345–346 etiologies, 347

evaluation, 347–348

surgical procedures, 369–371 Stroma, cornea, 95

Stromal corneal dystrophies, 108–110,

108

Sturge-Weber syndrome, 56, 236, 358 secondary glaucoma, 157

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 104 Suborbicularis oculi fascia (SOOF) lift,

91

Subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome (SFU), 193

416 INDEX

Sulfacetamide, 375

Sulfite oxidase deficiency, ectopia lentis, 207

‘‘Sunset glow’’ fundus, 183 Superficial keratectomy, 140 Superior colliculus, 299

Superior limbal keratoconjunctivitis (SLK), 135

Superior oblique muscle

anatomy and function, 338–340 palsy, isolated cyclovertical, 367 surgery, 370

Superior orbital fissure (SOF) anatomy, 29–30, 30 syndrome, 47

Suppression, 343 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 299

Suprachoroidal arterial hemorrhage, 215, 281

Surface ectoderm, embryology, 1 Surgical procedures

cataract, 212–218 conjunctiva/cornea, 136–142 oculoplastics, 82–89 glaucoma, 166–171 preoperative evaluation, 24–25 principles, 24–27, 26 refractive surgery, corneal, 218 retina and vitreous, 288–292 strabismus, 369–371

Susac syndrome, 272

Suspensory orbital ligamentous system, 39–40

Suture materials, 26 Symblepharon, 104

Sympathetic autonomous nervous system, 302

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), 197 Sympathomimetic medications, 387–

388, 388 Synchysis scintillans, 265 Synechiae, 183

Syphilis

congenital infection, 354 interstitial keratitis, 116 panuveitis, 197–198 retinitis, 250

Syringoma, 60

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 135

Tapetoretinal disorders progressive, 240–242 secondary, 244–245

Tarantula keratopathy, 127 Tarsorraphy, 140 Tay-Sachs disease, 356 Tear film, 93–94

Tearing evaluation, 50–51 Telangectasias

acquired parafoveal, 271

congenital retinal telangiectasias, 235 conjunctival, 98

juxtafoveal, 271

parafoveal telangiectasias, 229 Telescope optics, 19

Temporal arteritis, 319 Temporal artery biopsy, 91

Temporal cerebral lobe lesions, 308 Tensilon testing, 327

Teratoma, 73

Terrien’s marginal degeneration, 125 Terson’s syndrome, 285

Tetanic cataract, 210 Tetracaine, 392

Thermal keratopathy, 129 Thermokeratoplasty, 140 Thimerosal, 393

13q deletion syndrome, 259 Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis,

135

Thyroid-related immune orbitopathy (TRIO), 79–82

Tight lens syndrome, 127 Timolol, 382

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), 393

Tobradex, 376 Tobramycin, 373–374 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 78

Topographic imaging, cornea, 105 Touton giant cell-containing lesions, 49 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN),

135–136

Toxic optic neuritis/neuropathy, 321–322

Toxic retinopathies crystalline, 287 edmatous, 287 photoreceptors, 285

retinal pigment epithelium, 286–287 vascular, 286–287

Toxocariasis, 250 Toxoplasmosis

congenital infection, 354 posterior uveitis, 193–194

Trabecular meshwork, 143 Trabeculectomy, 168–171 antimetabolites, 169

complications, 169–171, 170 Trabeculoplasty, argon laser, 166–167 Trabeculotomy, 170

Trachoma, chlamydia, 113

Tractional retinal detachment, 230, 271 Transpositions, strabismus surgery, 370 Trauma. See also Injuries

canalicular trauma, surgical repair, 87 cataract, 211

cornea/conjunctiva, 127 ectopia lentis, 212

optic neuropathy (TON), 322–323 orbital trauma , 51, 75–76 post-traumatic endophthalmitis,

251

post-traumatic glaucoma, 160–161 retina and vitreous, 282–288

Travaprost, 386

Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome, eyelid coloboma, 54

Trichiasis, surgical correction, 86–87 Trichilemmoma, 61 Trichoepithelioma, 61 Trichofolliculoma, 61

Trifluridine, 381

Trigeminal cranial nerve, 295 Trisomy 13, 353

Trisomy 18, 354

Trisomy 21, 354

Trochlear cranial nerve, 294 palsy, 328–334

Tropicamide, 391

INDEX 417

Tuberculosis

interstitial keratitis, 116 panuveitis, 199

Tuberous sclerosis, 56, 358 Tunica vasculosa lentis, 208 Turner’s syndrome, 354 Two snip procedure, 83

Ulceration conjunctiva, 98 cornea, 112

Ultrasound, 52–53, 233–234 Ultraviolet (UV) keratopathy, 129 Umbilicated skin lesions, 49 Unoprostone, 387

Upbeat nystagmus, 336–337 Urea, 384

Uveal nevi, 255, 255 Uveitic glaucoma, 162 Uveitis

anterior

diagnosis and evaluation, 184–185 diseases, 186–188

cataract, 212

definition and classification, 174 diagnostic testing, 175–176 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

associations, 177 intermediate

diagnosis and evaluation, 188–189 diseases, 189–190

panuveitis/diffuse uveitis, 194–200 phacoantigenic, 212

posterior

diagnosis and evaluation, 190–191 diseases, 191–194

signs and symptoms, 176–184 therapeutic management, 174 Uveomeningeoencephalitis, 199

Vagus cranial nerve, 296

Valacyclovir, 381

Valsalva retinopathy, 288

Vancomycin, 375

Varices, orbital, 74

Vasculature. See Blood supply

Vasculitis, uveitis, 184

418 INDEX

Venous system. See Blood supply Vergence formula, 17

Verruca vulgaris, 61

Vertebral basilar insufficiency (VBI), 321

Vertical deviations. See also Gaze control Brown’s syndrome, 366

comitant hyperdeviation, 366 congenital familial fibrosis, 366 dissociated vertical deviation (DVD),

359, 366

double-elevator palsy, monocular elevation deficit (MED), 366–367

endocrine myopathy, 367 epidemiology, 365

inferior oblique overaction (IOO), 367

inhibitional palsy of the contralateral antagonist, 367

isolated cyclovertical palsy, 367 isolated IO palsy, 365

isolated IR palsy, 368 isolated SO palsy, 368 isolated SR palsy, 369 skew deviation, 368, 368 three-step test, 368, 369

Vertical gaze abnormalities, 333–334 Verticillate or whorllike corneal

epithelial opacity, 104 Vestibular nystagmus, 336 Vestibular symptoms and uveitis, 179 Vidarabine, 381

Viscoelastics, cataract surgery, 217 Visual acuity

developmental milestones, 351 optics, 17–19

testing, 348 refraction, 15

Visual evoked potential (VEP) or response (VER), 233, 312, 351

Visual field evaluation glaucoma, 153–155 neurological testing, 312–314

Vitamin A deficiency conjunctiva/corneal involvement, 124 dry eye syndrome, 101

retina involvement, 271 retinitis pigmentosa, 244 Vitiliginous chorioretinitis, 192

Vitrectomy, 291–292 Vitreomacular traction (VMT)

syndrome, 268 Vitreous, 220 Vitritis, 231

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH), 199

Voluntary nystagmus, 337

von Hippel-Lindau disease, 56, 236, 358

Waardenburg’s syndrome, 356 Wagner’s vitreoretinal dystrophy, 246 WAGR syndrome, 353

Wallenberg’s syndrome, 334 Weill-Marchesani syndrome, 208 Whiplash retinopathy, 288 Whipple’s disease, 194, 333 White-dot syndromes, 184. See

individual diseases. Whitnall’s orbital ligament, 39 Wilson’s disease, 126, 210 Wolfram syndrome, optic nerve

atrophy, 316

Worth four-dot test (W4D), 351 Wyburn-Mason’s syndrome, 56, 236,

358

Xanthelasma, 61

Xeroderma pigmentosum, 101 X-linked disorders, 347

XO syndrome, 354 XXY syndrome, 354

YAG capsulotomy, 217

Zeis glands, 36 Zellweger syndrome, 356 Zimmerman’s tumor, 60

Zinc deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, 244

Zonules, lens, 203 Zygomatic bone, 28

Zygomatico-complex (ZMC) fracture, 77