Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ophthalmic Drugs Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses 5th edition_Hopkins, Pearson_2007
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318 OPHTHALMIC DRUGS
the unavailable moxisylyte. The inclusion of sodium cromoglicate as a P produce might be considered strange (it is now supplied in a slightly smaller bottle but this still contains a month’s supply).
WHOLESALE DEALING
All products to which optometrists have access can be obtained by way of wholesale dealing.
SIGNED ORDER
To be valid, a signed order must contain the following information:
•optometrist’s name
•optometrist’s address
•date
•name and address of the patient (if applicable)
•the purpose for which the POM is required
•name of product
•quantity
•pharmaceutical form (unless obvious)
•strength
•labelling directions (where applicable)
•signature of the optometrist (original fax and photocopies are not allowed).
The signed order must be written in indelible ink (this includes typewritten and computer-generated orders).
SALE AND SUPPLY OF CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS
Contact lens solutions are included in the Medicines Act 1968 by virtue of an order made in 1976. As well as requiring the manufacture and marketing of solutions to be subject to licenses, this legislation can also impose further restrictions as to the sale and supply of solutions.
Contact lens solutions do not fall easily into the normal classification of GSL, P or POM. Clearly it would be ludicrous for solutions to be subject to the requirements of the Prescription-only medicines list, but there is a need to restrict sales to outlets at which patients can receive advice should they request it. Making the product a Pharmacy medicine would allow optometrists to supply solutions only ‘in an emergency’. As can be seen, contact lens solutions do not fit into any of the established categories. They are restricted to sales by registered pharmacists and opticians by mutual agreement between the manufacturers and the regulatory authorities. This restriction only applies to contact lens solutions. Contact lens cases are outside this rule.
APPENDIX 319
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS
•Medicines Act 1968: chapter 67.
•The Medicines (General Sale List) Order 1984/769
•1980/1924.The Medicines (Pharmacy and General Sale – Exemptions) Amendment Order
•1983/1212.The Medicines (Products Other than Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription-only Order)
•The Medicines (Sale or Supply) (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 1978/989.
•1997/1830 Prescription-only Medicine (Human Use Order) 2005/1507
321
Index
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N.B. Page numbers in italic denote |
adrenaline 25 |
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polymixin B 191 |
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figures or tables. |
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neurohumoral transmission 19 |
preservatives |
69 |
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synthesis 24 |
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proxymetacaine |
142 |
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therapy 226–7 |
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sympathomimetics 229 |
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A |
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adverse effects |
227 |
tetracyclines |
181 |
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combination 227, 238 |
tropicamide (bistropamide) |
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absorption 5–7, 285 |
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adrenergic receptors |
28–30 |
103, 114 |
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penetration through cornea |
6 |
blockers 30, 40 |
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vancomycin |
191–2 |
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acanthamoeba keratitis 51, 169, 207, |
adverse drug effects |
258 |
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see also drug interactions |
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272 |
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in children 290 |
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adverse ocular reactions to systemics |
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pseudodendrite in 272 |
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drug/dosage/duration factors |
288–313 |
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Acanthamoeba spp. 51, 58 |
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288–9 |
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adverse effects |
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in contact lens solutions 161–2, |
frequency 289–91 |
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BNF classifications |
292 |
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163, 165 |
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hypersensitivity 258 |
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drug factors |
288–9 |
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in Purilens system 172 |
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information sources 292–3 |
frequency 291 |
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A. castellanii |
161–2, 165, 166 |
ocular effects see adverse ocular |
information sources on 292–3 |
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A. cuthbertsonii 162 |
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reactions to systemics |
ocular 291–2 |
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A. polyphaga |
161, 172 |
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patient factors |
289–91 |
patient variability |
289–91 |
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accommodation |
38–9 |
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toxicity 258 |
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therapeutic index |
289 |
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in cycloplegia |
97–8 |
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specific drugs/groups |
alimentary tract drugs |
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residual 97, 97 |
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adrenaline |
227 |
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antacids 294 |
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‘negative’ 36 |
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aminoglycosides 185, 187, |
antispasmodics |
293–4 |
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aceclidine 225 |
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188 |
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analgesics 303 |
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acetazolamide |
67, 222, 295 |
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antihistamines |
214 |
anti-inflammatories |
310 |
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acetylcholine |
13, 22–3, 129–30 |
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antimuscarinics 137 |
anticonvulsants |
301–2 |
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neurohumoral transmission |
17, 18, |
atropine 102 |
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antidepressants |
302–3 |
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19 |
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benzalkonium chloride 248–9 |
antifibrinolytics |
311 |
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receptors 17 |
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beta-blockers 230 |
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antimicrobial agents 304–7 |
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acetylcholinesterase 19, 23 |
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Brolene 189 |
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antibacterials |
304–5 |
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acetylcysteine |
267, 271, 317 |
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
antituberculars 305–6 |
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acetylsalicylic acid 204, 206 |
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222, 235 |
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urinary antiseptics |
305 |
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aciclovir 195, 262, 270, 271 |
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chloramphenicol 182 |
antinausea agents 303 |
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acne rosacea 273 |
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corticosteroids |
206, 207–8 |
antiparkinsonian drugs |
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Acts of Parliament 319 |
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cyclopentolate |
103–4 |
299–300 |
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Acular 205 |
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cycloplegics 91 |
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antipsychotics 300–1 |
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acycloguanosine |
195 |
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ecothiopate iodide |
133–4 |
anxiolytics 301 |
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additive drug effects |
286–7 |
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fluconazole |
199 |
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cardiovascular drugs |
294–7 |
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adenine arabinoside |
193 |
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homatropine 103 |
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antiarrhythmics |
296 |
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adenovirus 49, 57, 64, 194 |
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local anaesthetics |
145–6 |
antihypertensives |
296–7 |
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and contact lenses |
168–9 |
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miotics 136–7 |
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beta-blockers |
296–7 |
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Adie’s pupil 136, 307 |
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moxisylyte |
136 |
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cardiotonics |
295 |
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Adie’s syndrome |
30 |
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mydriatics |
120–2 |
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diuretics 295 |
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administration of drugs 3–5 |
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NSAIDs 203 |
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central nervous system |
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adrenal gland, autonomic responses |
parasympathomimetics 223 |
drugs 298–9 |
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of 15 |
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pilocarpine |
223 |
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chelating agents |
311 |
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322 INDEX
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adverse ocular reactions to systemics |
anti-inflammatories 202–19 |
preservatives 61–2 |
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(cont’d) |
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antihistamines |
211, 213–17 |
benzalkonium chloride |
61 |
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endocrine system drugs 307–10 |
corticosteroids |
206–11 |
chlorhexidine gluconate |
62 |
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corticosteroids |
308–9 |
mast cell stabilizers |
211–13 |
mercury compounds 61 |
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for diabetes 308 |
non-steroidal (NSAIDS) 203–6 |
oxidizing agents 62 |
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oral contraceptives 309–10 |
precautions |
258 |
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resistance 63, 180, 182, 192 |
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erectile dysfunction drugs 311–12 |
ocular effects of 310 |
plus steroids |
217 |
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migraine drugs 303 |
see also specific drugs |
systemic, ocular effects of 304–7 |
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respiratory drugs |
297–8 |
antiarrhythmics 296 |
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in tears 52 |
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antihistamines |
297–8 |
antibacterials |
62, 179–92 |
see also antibacterials; antifungals; |
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bronchodilators 298 |
commercial/non-commercial |
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antivirals |
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agonists 9–10 |
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180 |
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antimuscarinics |
38, 39, 40 |
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AIDS 63, 161 |
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ocular effects of 304–5 |
adverse effects |
137 |
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Alani rods |
78 |
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precautions |
258 |
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antihistamines |
214 |
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Alcian blue 149, 155, 156 |
resistance |
63, 180, 182, 192 |
as cycloplegics |
90–2, 102 |
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alexidine 164, 165 |
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see also specific drugs |
drug interactions 287 |
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alimentary tract |
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antibiotics see antimicrobial agents |
as miotics 126 |
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drug administration via 3–4 |
anticholinesterases 23, 26–7, 38 |
as mydriatics 111–15, 117, 118 |
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drugs acting on 293–4 |
drug interactions 286–7 |
antinausea agents |
303 |
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alkaloid penetration through cornea 6 |
for glaucoma 225–6 |
antioxidants 71 |
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allergy/antigens |
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in insecticides |
261 |
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antiparkinsonian drugs 299–300 |
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allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 265–6, |
irreversible |
133–4 |
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antipsychotics 300–1 |
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266 |
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as miotics |
126, 131–4 |
antispasmodics |
293–4 |
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antihistamines 211, 213–17 |
reversible |
131–3 |
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Antistine |
214 |
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contact lenses/solutions 162, 170 |
anticonvulsants |
301–2 |
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antituberculars |
305–6 |
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histamine release |
202 |
antidepressants |
302–3 |
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antivirals 193–6, 258, 262 |
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mast cell stabilizers 212 |
antifibrinolytics 311 |
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anxiolytics 301 |
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perennial allergic conjunctivitis |
antifungals 62, 196–9 |
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applanation tonometry 152–3, |
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265–6 |
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commercial/non-commercial |
173 |
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treatment principles 260 |
197 |
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apraclonidine 228–9 |
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Alomide 213 |
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ocular effects of 306 |
aqueous secretion/drainage 39 |
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alpha-agonists |
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precautions |
258 |
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arecoline |
26 |
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for glaucoma |
239 |
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antihelminthics |
307 |
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Artelac SDU 250 |
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as mydriatics |
115–17 |
antihistamines |
211, 213–17 |
artificial tears |
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alpha-blockers 30, 38, 127, 134–5 |
adverse effects |
214 |
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alternatives 254–5 |
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alpha-receptors |
28–9 |
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ocular effects 297–8 |
formulation |
247–9 |
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Alphagan |
228 |
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topical application |
214 |
osmolarity/pH 248 |
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amblyopia |
94–5 |
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antihypertensives |
296–7 |
preservatives 248–9 |
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quinine |
307 |
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antimalarials |
306–7 |
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viscolizers |
249 |
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amethocaine (tetracaine) 139, 141, |
antimicrobial agents 58–9, 62, 67 |
indications 250 |
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144–5 |
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anti-infectives |
179 |
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requirements 247 |
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administration by optometrists |
chemotherapeutics |
62–3 |
tear substitutes 249–54 |
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317 |
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antimetabolites |
63 |
eyedrops |
249–52 |
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aminoglycosides |
63, 185–8, 304 |
cell membrane inhibitors 63 |
gels 252–3 |
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adverse effects 185, 187, 188 |
cell wall inhibitors 62 |
mucolytics |
253–4 |
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resistance 192 |
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protein/nucleic acid inhibitors |
mucomimetics 253 |
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amoebae 51, 58 |
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63 |
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ointments 253 |
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amphetamine 29 |
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commercial/non-commercial 180, |
Aspergillus spp. 57–8, 198 |
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amphotericin 197, 306 |
197 |
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A. niger 58 |
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analgesics |
303 |
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minimum inhibitory concentration |
A. panophthalmitis 57–8 |
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anisocycloplegia |
97 |
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(MIC) |
63, 179 |
aspirin 204, 206 |
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antacids 294 |
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physical 59–60 |
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atenolol |
30, 296 |
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antagonistic drug effects 287 |
filtration |
60 |
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atropine |
27, 38 |
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antagonists 9, 10 |
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freezing |
60 |
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adverse effects |
102 |
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antazoline |
214 |
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heat 59–60 |
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in children 92, 93 |
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anterior blepharitis 262–3, 269 |
hygiene as |
64 |
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as cycloplegic |
90, 91, 92, 101–2 |
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anterior chamber grading 109–12, |
irradiation |
60 |
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time scale |
93–4 |
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110, 111 |
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ultrasonics |
60 |
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tonus allowance 94 |
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323 |
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INDEX |
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atropine (cont’d) |
|
bacterial conjunctivitis 264–5 |
bromothymol blue 156 |
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in iritis 276 |
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bacterial keratitis 268–9, 270 |
bronchodilators, ocular effects of 298 |
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as mydriatic 113, 118 |
benoxinate (oxybuprocaine) 139, 141, |
Brücke’s muscle |
33 |
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for myopia 101–2 |
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143 |
bupivacaine 145 |
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as occluder 94–5 |
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administration by optometrists |
burns, first-aid for 283 |
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overcoming effects 93 |
317 |
butyrocholinesterase 23 |
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and pilocarpine 128 |
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adverse effects 146 |
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poisoning 102 |
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dose–response curves 142 |
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C |
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sale by optometrists |
317 |
in tonometry 152 |
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autonomic nervous system 12–31, 22 |
benzalkonium chloride (BKA) 61, 69, |
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adrenergic blockers |
30 |
161 |
Candida albicans |
57, 197 |
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adrenergic receptors |
14–15, 28–30 |
adverse effects 248–9 |
carbachol 26 |
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axonal conduction 13, 16 |
in contact lens solutions 163–4, 171 |
for glaucoma |
225 |
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cholinergic antagonists 27–8 |
beta-blockers |
30 |
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as miotic 129, 130 |
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cholinergic receptors 14–15, 25–8 |
adverse effects |
230 |
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carbomers 252–3 |
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divisions/distribution 12–13 |
combination therapy 238 |
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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effector organs |
14–15, 15 |
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for glaucoma 222, 230–4, 239 |
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adverse effects |
222, 235 |
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junctional transmission 16–20 |
membrane stabilization 231 |
combination therapy 238 |
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postjunctional activity 16–19 |
selectivity 230 |
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for glaucoma |
222, 234–5, 238, |
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transmitter degradation |
19–20 |
sympathomimetic activity |
231 |
239 |
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transmitter release 16 |
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ocular effects of |
296–7 |
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plus pilocarpine 224 |
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neurohumoral transmission |
13, 17, |
plus pilocarpine 224 |
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cardiotonics 295 |
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22–30 |
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stereo-isomers 231, 232 |
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cardiovascular drugs, ocular effects |
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denervation supersensitivity |
beta-lactams |
180 |
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of 294–7 |
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30–1 |
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beta-lysin 52–3 |
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antiarrhythmics 296 |
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evidence for |
20–2 |
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beta-receptors |
28–9 |
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antihypertensives 296–7 |
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ocular innervation 33–41, 35 |
Betagan 234 |
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beta-blockers |
296–7 |
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drug effects |
37–40 |
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betamethasone |
209, 217, 308 |
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cardiotonics |
295 |
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parasympathetic |
34–5 |
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betaxolol 30, 227, 233 |
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diuretics 295 |
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sympathetic |
35–6 |
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adverse effects |
230 |
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cardiovascular side effects |
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azelastine 215, 317 |
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bethanechol |
26, 130 |
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beta-blockers |
231 |
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azidothymidine (AZT) |
196 |
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Betnesol 209 |
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miotics 137, 223 |
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Azopt 235 |
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Betnesol-N 217 |
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mydriatics 121–2 |
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Betoptic 233 |
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carmellose sodium 251 |
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bimatoprost |
236 |
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carteolol 231, 233 |
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B |
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biotransformation |
7–8, 286 |
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cataracts, steroid-induced 207–8 |
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bistropamide see tropicamide |
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catecholamines |
28 |
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Bacillus spp. |
|
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(bistropamide) |
|
Celluvisc 251 |
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B. cereus |
168 |
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blepharitis |
|
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central nervous system drugs, |
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B. licheniformis |
171 |
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anterior (staphylococcal) 262–3, |
ocular effects of 298–9 |
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B. stearothermophilus |
45 |
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269 |
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cephalosporins 62 |
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bacitracin 62, 191, 317 |
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herpes simplex |
262 |
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Cephalosporium acremonium 58 |
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bacteria 42–7 |
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posterior |
273 |
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chelating agents |
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capsules 44 |
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blood supply |
|
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EDTA 162, 163, 169 |
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classification 46–7 |
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drugs acting on |
40 |
|
ocular effects of 311 |
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environmental/metabolic |
|
responses to autonomic impulses |
children |
|
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requirements |
45–6 |
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14 |
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adverse drug effects 290 |
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Gram-negative |
47 |
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|
BNF see British National Formulary |
cycloplegia 92, 93, 95 |
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cocci |
54 |
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Bordetella pertussis |
56 |
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mydriasis 119 |
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rods |
55–6 |
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botulinum toxin 54–5 |
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Chlamydia spp. 42, 50, 54 |
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Gram-positive |
47 |
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bretylium 30 |
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antibiotic sensitivity 184 |
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cocci |
53–4 |
|
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brimonidine |
228 |
|
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conjunctivitis 265 |
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rods |
54–5 |
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brinzolamide |
235 |
|
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C. psittaci 50 |
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growth |
45–6, 46 |
|
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British National Formulary (BNF) |
292, |
C. trachomatis |
58 |
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resistance 63, 192 |
|
|
293 |
|
|
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chloramphenicol |
63, 181–3 |
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sporulation 46 |
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Brolene 189, 190 |
|
|
adverse effects |
182 |
||||
structure 42–4 |
|
|
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dibromopropamidine isethionate |
conjunctivitis 264 |
|||||||
see also specific bacteria |
|
189–90 |
|
|
|
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drug interactions 286 |
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324 INDEX
|
chloramphenicol (cont’d) |
giant (contact lens induced) |
hydrogel 78, 158–60, 171–2 |
|
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|
external hordeolum 263 |
papillary 267–8, 268 |
rigid 158, 159 |
|
marginal keratitis 270 |
perennial allergic 265–6 |
silicone hydrogel 159 |
over-the counter 190 |
contact lens induced papillary |
contraceptive pills |
309–10 |
|
postoperative 277 |
conjunctivitis 267–8, 268 |
corneal conditions |
268–74 |
|
resistance 192 |
contact lens solutions 158–77 |
corneal drug penetration 6 |
||
sale by optometrists 316 |
comfort drops 159, 171–2 |
‘corneal melt’ |
208 |
|
chlorbutanol 249 |
disinfecting solutions 162–3 |
corticosteroids |
206–11 |
|
chlorhexidine |
62, 164, 165 |
adverse effects |
163–4 |
adverse effects |
206 |
|||
chlorine disinfection 168, 169–70, |
multi-purpose |
164–6 |
for dry eye 254 |
|||||
173 |
|
‘no-rub’ |
160, 164, 165 |
and infection 210 |
||||
chloromycetin 183 |
one-step |
167–8 |
|
ocular effects of 308–9 |
||||
chloroquine 306, 307 |
single purpose |
163–4 |
postoperative |
277 |
||||
cholinergic antagonists 27–8 |
stable 163–6 |
|
|
precautions |
258 |
|||
cholinergic receptors 25–8 |
transient/oxidative 166–8 |
see also steroids |
||||||
blockers 37–8 |
trial lenses 173 |
|
cortisone 207, 308 |
|||||
stimulants |
37, 39 |
two-step |
167 |
|
Corynebacterium spp. 182 |
|||
cholinomimetics 26 |
enzymatic cleaners 160, 170–1 |
C. diphtheriae |
54 |
|||||
chronic conditions |
and lens type 159, 159 |
Cosopt 239 |
|
|
||||
postoperative 276–7 |
properties, ideal |
160 |
COX II inhibitors |
203 |
||||
see also dry eye (keratoconjunc- |
reasons for use |
159 |
cromolyn sodium |
212 |
||||
tivitis sicca); glaucoma |
sale by optometrists 318 |
Cyclogyl 97 |
|
|
||||
ciclosporin 255 |
saline 158, 169–70 |
|
cyclooxygenase II inhibitors 203 |
|||||
ciliary muscle |
33–4, 39 |
lens testing 170 |
cyclopentolate |
|
|
|||
innervation 34, 36 |
preserved 169–70 |
adverse effects |
103–4 |
|||||
paralysis 85 |
pressurised containers 170 |
in children 95 |
|
|||||
tonus allowance 94 |
single-use containers 170 |
as cycloplegic |
90, 91, 92, 95–8 |
|||||
Ciloxan 184 |
|
saliva, use of 160 |
|
age/dose |
95–6 |
|||
ciprofloxacin |
183, 184, 269, 270 |
soaking solutions |
158, 162 |
depth of |
96–8 |
|||
cleaners, contact lens |
surfactant cleaner |
161–2 |
with phenylephrine 92 |
|||||
enzymatic |
158, 160, 170–1 |
multi-purpose |
164–6 |
time course |
96 |
|||
surfactant |
161–2, 164–6 |
tonicity 165–6 |
|
|
in iritis 276 |
|
|
|
clindamycin 63, 304 |
wetting solutions |
158, 160–1 |
as mydriatic |
113, 114, 117, 118 |
||||
clobetasone |
208, 209 |
|
contact lenses |
|
|
in iris pigmentation 118 |
||||
Clostridium spp. |
54 |
|
adverse drug effects |
291 |
sale by optometrists 317 |
|||||
antibiotic sensitivity |
189 |
adverse ocular reactions to |
therapeutic uses |
98 |
||||||
C. botulinum |
51, 54–5 |
systemics 291 |
|
cycloplegia 39 |
|
|||||
C. tetani |
55 |
|
|
|
antigen formation 162 |
cycloplegics |
79, 82, 85–106 |
|||
clotrimazole |
198 |
|
|
care |
|
|
adverse effects 91, 102–4 |
|||
‘cobblestone’ papillae 267 |
daily care routine |
160 |
ocular |
90 |
|
|||||
cocaine |
|
|
|
|
daily cleaning |
161–2 |
choice of |
90–3, 91 |
||
abuse 145 |
|
|
|
development 158 |
atropine 93–5 |
|
||||
as anaesthetic |
25, 141 |
disinfection 168–72 |
cyclopentolate 95–8 |
|||||||
mode of action |
30 |
|
products 159, 159 |
tropicamide (bistropamide) |
||||||
as mydriatic |
25, 116, 117 |
rinsing 164, 167, 169 |
|
98–9 |
|
|||||
collagen shields |
78, 188 |
as drug carriers 225 |
|
contraindications |
86 |
|||||
comfort drops 171–2 |
|
fluorescein patterns |
151 |
examination under 88–90 |
||||||
Committee on the Safety of |
infections |
|
|
indications 85–6 |
|
|||||
Medicines 292–3 |
|
Acanthamoeba |
51 |
|
in myopia 101–2 |
|
||||
concentration–response relationships |
Aspergillus 58 |
|
|
ophthalmoscopy |
90 |
|||||
10–12 |
|
|
|
|
bacterial keratitis |
269 |
precautions 104, 258 |
|||
conjunctival hyperemia |
273 |
local anaesthetic |
140 |
precycloplegic examination 87 |
||||||
conjunctival infections |
264–8 |
patient education |
173–4 |
prescribing following 100–1 |
||||||
conjunctivitis |
|
|
|
rose bengal staining |
154 |
properties, ideal |
86 |
|||
allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 265–6, |
storage case infection 168 |
refraction under |
85 |
|||||||
266 |
|
|
|
tolerance 171 |
|
|
advantages 86 |
|||
bacterial |
264–5 |
|
trial lenses 172–3 |
|
|
disadvantages 87 |
||||
chlamydial 265 |
|
types 159 |
|
|
subjective 90 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cycloplegics (cont’d) |
|
|
|
biotransformation 7–8 |
|
exophthalmos |
154 |
|
|
||||||||
|
retinoscopy 86, 88–9 |
|
|
concentration–response 10–12 |
|
exposure keratitis |
145, 146, 283 |
|
||||||||||
|
therapeutic use |
|
|
|
development 2–3 |
|
external hordeolum 263 |
|||||||||||
|
in bacterial keratitis 269 |
|
|
distribution 7 |
|
eyes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
in iritis 276 |
|
|
|
dosage/duration 260, 288–9 |
|
anterior portion, section of 33 |
|||||||||||
|
cytomegalovirus 56 |
|
|
|
efficacy |
11, 12 |
|
innervation |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
excretion |
8 |
|
autonomic 33–41, 35 |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
modifications 5–8 |
|
sensory |
35, 37 |
|
|||||||
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
naturally occurring 2 |
|
microbiology |
52–3 |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
nomenclature 3 |
|
musculature |
33–4, 36, 38, 39 |
||||||||
|
dapiprazole |
135 |
|
|
|
|
potency |
11–12 |
|
vasculature 40 |
|
|
||||||
|
decongestants 79 |
|
|
|
|
receptors |
9 |
|
eye lotions |
76 |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
demecarium 225 |
|
|
|
|
responses 9–12 |
|
eye ointments 74–6 |
||||||||||
|
dendritic keratitis |
154 |
|
|
semi-synthetic 2 |
|
instillation |
75, 75–6 |
||||||||||
|
dendritic ulcers 56, 193, 270 |
|
|
sources of |
1–2 |
|
eyedrops 70, 257 |
|
|
|||||||||
|
denervation supersensitivity 30–1, |
|
synthetic |
2 |
|
antioxidants |
71 |
|
||||||||||
|
119, 229 |
|
|
|
|
see also ophthalmic drugs |
|
aqueous 68–71 |
|
|
||||||||
|
development of drugs 2–3 |
|
dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) |
|
containers |
72–3 |
||||||||||||
|
dexamethasone 209, 217, 308 |
|
|
154, 244–7 |
|
drug absorption 68–9 |
||||||||||||
|
with diclofenac 205 |
|
|
corticosteroids 254 |
|
dwell time |
70 |
|
|
|||||||||
|
postoperative |
277 |
|
|
evaporation rate 244 |
|
instillation |
73, 73–4 |
||||||||||
|
diabetes 119, 308 |
|
|
|
|
immunomodulators 255 |
|
pH adjusters 70 |
||||||||||
|
diagnostic drugs |
79, 82–4 |
|
|
incidence |
244 |
|
tonicity agents |
71 |
|
||||||||
|
advantages/disadvantages 83 |
|
NSAIDs |
254 |
|
viscosity agents |
70–1 |
|||||||||||
|
drug/concentration selection |
84 |
|
questionnaire 247 |
|
eyelash pigmentation 236, 237 |
||||||||||||
|
patient selection |
84 |
|
|
testing/staining 151, 245–6 |
|
eyelid conditions 261–4, 273 |
|||||||||||
|
properties, ideal |
83–4 |
|
|
Dyflos |
|
|
|
|
lice/nits |
261 |
|
|
|
||||
|
dibromopropamidine isethionate |
|
|
for glaucoma 225 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
189–90 |
|
|
|
|
|
as miotic |
132, 133, 134 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
dichlorphenamide 222 |
|
|
DYMED 164 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
diclofenac 204–5, 254, 308, 317 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
dilator pupillae muscle 34, 38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Falck–Hillarp technique 25 |
||||||||||
|
|
|
E |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
innervation 35–6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
famciclovir |
271 |
|
|
|
||||||
|
dimorphic fungi 50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fibroblasts |
203 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
dipivefrin 227, 238 |
|
|
|
ecothiopate iodide 133–4, 225 |
filamentary keratitis 253–4 |
||||||||||||
|
disinfecting lens solutions 162–3 |
|
|
EDTA 162, 163, 169 |
filtration |
60 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
adverse effects |
163–4 |
|
|
efficacy 11, 12 |
|
first aid |
278–84 |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
multi-purpose |
164–6 |
|
|
emedastine (Emadine) 215, 266, 317 |
|
blow with blunt instrument 282–3 |
|||||||||||
|
one-step 167–8 |
|
|
|
emergencies, common 280–4 |
|
burns, chemical/thermal 283 |
|||||||||||
|
single purpose |
163–4 |
|
|
endocrine system drugs, ocular effects |
|
common emergencies 280–4 |
|||||||||||
|
stable 163–6 |
|
|
|
|
of 307–10 |
|
equipment |
279–80 |
|||||||||
|
transient/oxidative 166–8 |
|
|
Entamoeba spp. 51 |
|
exposure keratitis 283 |
||||||||||||
|
two-step |
167 |
|
|
|
|
enzymatic lens cleaners 158, 160, |
|
eyepads |
279 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
diuretics, ocular effects of 295 |
|
|
170–1 |
|
|
|
foreign bodies 280–2 |
||||||||||
|
doconasoids |
237–8 |
|
|
|
ephedrine |
98, 116–17, 298 |
|
glaucoma, closed-angle 283 |
|||||||||
|
dorzolamide |
235, 238, 239 |
|
|
epinastine |
216–17 |
|
pharmaceuticals 280 |
||||||||||
|
dosage 289 |
|
|
|
|
|
episcleritis |
274–5 |
|
principles |
278–9 |
|||||||
|
dosage forms see ophthalmic dosage |
|
simple diffuse 274–5 |
|
record-keeping |
278–9, 280, 281–2 |
||||||||||||
|
forms |
|
|
|
|
|
erectile dysfunction drugs, ocular |
|
referral |
279 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
dose–response curves 11 |
|
|
effects of 311–12 |
flashlight (penlight) test 109–10, 110, |
|||||||||||||
|
drug interactions |
259, 285–7 |
|
|
erythromycin |
181, 286 |
111 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
ocular reactions to systemics |
291 |
|
Escherichia coli |
163 |
fluconazole |
199 |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
pharmacodynamics 285, 286–7 |
|
antibiotic sensitivity 182, 186, 189 |
flucytosine |
198 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
pharmacokinetic |
285–6 |
|
|
eucatropine |
115 |
fluorescein |
149, 150–4 |
||||||||||
|
drugs |
|
|
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells 196 |
|
contamination 154 |
|||||||||
|
absorption 5–7 |
|
|
|
excretion 286 |
|
|
indications |
151–3 |
|||||||||
|
administration |
3–5 |
|
|
excretion of drugs 8 |
|
applanation tonometry 152–3 |
|||||||||||
|
agonists/antagonists 9–10 |
|
|
Exocin 184 |
|
|
|
|
contact lens fitting 151–2 |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
327 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iritis 275 |
|
|
|
|
Prescription-only medicines (POM) |
mast cells |
202 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
isoprenaline |
29 |
|
|
315–16 |
|
|
|
|
mast cell stabilizers |
211–13 |
|
|
||||||
|
isopropyl unoprostone 237–8 |
|
sale/supply of drugs/solutions |
Maxidex |
209 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Isopto Alkaline/Plain/Frin |
250 |
|
316–18 |
|
|
|
|
Maxitrol |
217 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
by additional supply |
|
|
Medicines Act 1968 |
314–16, 318, 319 |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
optometrists 317–18 |
Menicon lens solutions 173 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
J |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
administration by optometrists |
mercury compounds 61 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
317 |
|
|
|
|
metachol 225 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
junctional transmission 16–20 |
|
by all optometrists 316–17 |
methacholine 26, 130 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
postjunctional activity 16–19 |
|
contact lens solutions |
318 |
methylcellulose 249, 250 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
transmitter degradation |
19–20 |
|
signed orders 318 |
|
|
|
methylene 156 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
transmitter release 16 |
|
|
wholesale dealing |
318 |
|
|
methylprednisolone |
254, 308 |
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
leucocytes in inflammation |
203 |
metipranolol 234 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
leukotrienes |
202, 205 |
|
|
|
metronidazole 63, 304 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
levobunolol |
234 |
|
|
|
|
miconazole 198 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
levocabastine 215, 266, 317 |
|
|
microbiology 42–66 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
keratitis |
|
|
|
|
light reflex, pupillary |
38 |
|
|
antimicrobial agents/methods |
52, |
|
|||||||
|
acanthamoeba 51, 169, 207, 272 |
|
lignocaine (lidocaine) |
139, 141, 143–4 |
58–64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
bacterial |
268–9 |
|
|
administration by optometrists |
chemotherapeutics 59, 62–3, |
|||||||||||||
|
dendritic |
154 |
|
317 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
179–201 |
|
|
|
||||
|
exposure |
145, 146, 283 |
|
|
adverse effects 145 |
|
|
see also antibacterials; |
|
|
|||||||||
|
marginal (staphylococcal |
|
with fluorescein |
152 |
|
|
|
antifungals; antivirals; |
|||||||||||
|
|
hypersensitivity) |
269–70 |
|
limbal phlycten |
274 |
|
|
|
|
specific agents |
|
|
||||||
|
rosacea 273 |
|
|
linezolid 305 |
|
|
|
|
|
physical 59–60 |
|
|
|
||||||
|
viral 270–1 |
|
|
Liposic 252 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
preservatives |
61–2 |
|
|
|
||||
|
keratitis neuroparalytica 154 |
|
Liquifilm Tears |
251 |
|
|
|
|
see also specific agents |
|
|
||||||||
|
keratoconjunctivitis |
|
|
Liquivisc 253 |
|
|
|
|
|
antisepsis 59 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
sicca (dry eye) 154, 244–7 |
|
lissamine green |
155, 246 |
|
|
bacteria 42–7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
corticosteroids 254 |
|
|
liver, autonomic responses of |
15 |
Gram-negative cocci |
54 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
evaporation rate 244 |
|
|
Livostin 215 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gram-negative rods |
55–6 |
|
|
|||||
|
immunomodulators |
255 |
|
local anaesthetics 67, 79, 82, 139, |
Gram-positive cocci |
53–4 |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
incidence 244 |
|
|
139–48 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gram-positive rods |
54–5 |
|
|
|||||
|
NSAIDs 254 |
|
|
abuse 145–6 |
|
|
|
|
|
chlamydiae 50, 58 |
|
|
|
||||||
|
questionnaire 247 |
|
|
advantages/disadvantages |
140–1 |
contact lens contamination 161–2, |
|||||||||||||
|
staining 151, 245–6 |
|
|
adverse effects 145–6 |
|
|
163 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
vernal (spring catarrh) 266–7 |
|
choice of |
141–5 |
|
|
|
|
disease transmission 51–2 |
|
|
||||||||
|
ketorolac |
204 |
|
|
and healing |
144 |
|
|
|
|
disinfection 59 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
ketotifen |
216, 266, 268, 317 |
|
|
indications 140 |
|
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells |
42, 43, 44 |
|
|
||||||
|
Klebsiella spp. 186 |
|
|
mode of action 141 |
|
|
of eye |
51–2 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
Koch–Weeks bacillus 56 |
|
|
precautions |
145–6 |
|
|
|
fungi |
50, 57–8 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
properties, ideal |
139 |
|
|
microscopy 47 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
systemic effects |
146 |
|
|
ocular pathogens |
53–9 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
L |
|
|
|
|
tonometry 140, 152 |
|
|
prokaryotic cells |
42–4, 43 |
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
local drug administration 5 |
|
|
protozoa 51, 58 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
labetalol |
30, 296 |
|
|
lodoxamide |
213, 266, 268, 317 |
|
sterilization 59 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
lachesine |
98–9 |
|
|
lomefloxacin |
183 |
|
|
|
|
viruses 48–50, 56–7 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
Lacri-lube 253 |
|
|
Lubri-tears 253 |
|
|
|
|
|
microwave disinfection 172 |
|
|
|||||||
|
lacrimal gland 34 |
|
|
Lumigan 236 |
|
|
|
|
|
migraine drugs, ocular effects of |
303 |
|
|||||||
|
autonomic responses of |
15 |
|
lungs, autonomic responses of |
14 |
MIMS 292 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
innervation 34–5, 36 |
|
|
lysozyme |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minims 183, 187, 208, 209, 226, 234, |
||||||||
|
lacrimal secretion 40 |
|
|
antimicrobial 52, 53 |
|
|
251 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
lamellae |
77 |
|
|
|
on contact lenses 170 |
|
|
minocycline 180 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
latanoprost |
236, 238, 239 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miochol-E 129–30 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
legal issues |
314–19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
miosis in glaucoma |
222–3 |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
M |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
Acts of Parliament/Statutory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
miotics 37, 38, 79, 82, 125–30 |
|
|
||||||||
|
|
Instruments 319 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for Adie’s pupil |
136 |
|
|
|
|||
|
General Sale List (GSL) |
315, 316 |
|
macrolides 63, 181, 304 |
|
|
adverse effects |
136 |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
Pharmacy (P) medicines |
315, 316 |
|
marginal keratitis 269–70 |
|
|
anticholinesterases 131–4 |
|
|
||||||||||
