- •Preface
- •Basic physics
- •Acoustic Wave
- •Laws of Acoustic Energy
- •Frequency and Resolution
- •Instrumentation
- •A-scan
- •Biometric A-scan
- •Standardized A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Special techniques
- •Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- •Immersion B-scan
- •Color Doppler Ultrasonography
- •Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography
- •References
- •Resolution
- •Transducers
- •Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy
- •Technique
- •Measuring Ocular Structures
- •Normal Ocular Structures
- •Anterior chamber
- •The cornea
- •Anterior chamber angle region
- •The iris
- •The ciliary body
- •The zonule
- •Glaucoma
- •Corneal and Scleral Disease
- •Intraocular Lens Complications
- •Trauma
- •Conjunctival and Adnexal Disease
- •Anterior Segment Tumors
- •Iris tumors
- •Ciliary body tumors
- •Extrascleral extension of intraocular tumors
- •Corneal involvement
- •Cysts
- •Peripheral choroidal tumors
- •Future directions
- •References
- •Ophthalmic Biometry
- •Axial eye length measurements
- •Instruments and Methods
- •A-scan Biometry
- •Contact method
- •Immersion technique
- •Velocity Settings
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Silicone oil
- •Posterior staphyloma
- •Pseudophakic eyes
- •Intraocular lens power calculations
- •Formulas
- •First generation
- •Second generation
- •Third generation
- •Fourth generation
- •Selection of the Best Formula
- •Special Clinical Situations
- •Post refractive surgery
- •Clinical history method
- •Contact lens method
- •K value obtained by topography
- •Double K formulas
- •Post radial keratotomy and cataract surgery
- •References
- •Evaluation of the cornea
- •Congenital Corneal Opacification
- •Corneal Lesions
- •Corneal Dystrophies
- •Refractive Surgery
- •Evaluation of intraocular lenses
- •Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
- •Phakic Intraocular Lenses
- •Evaluation of anterior segment trauma
- •Iridocorneal Angle Trauma
- •Foreign Body
- •Surgical Planning
- •Descemet’s Membrane Detachment
- •Summary
- •References
- •Glaucoma
- •Anterior angle evaluation
- •Plateau Iris Configuration
- •Ciliary Body Cysts
- •Pigmentary Glaucoma
- •Synechiae
- •Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndromes
- •Scleritis
- •Evaluation after glaucoma surgery
- •Filtering Bleb
- •Hypotony
- •Choroidal Effusion/Hemorrhage
- •Vitreous Hemorrhage
- •Aqueous Misdirection
- •Glaucoma Drainage Device
- •Congenital glaucoma
- •The future
- •References
- •Vitreoretinal Disorders
- •Vitreous hemorrhage
- •Posterior vitreous detachment
- •Retinal detachment
- •Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •Exudative Retinal Detachment
- •Total Retinal Detachment
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Associated Retinal Detachment
- •Giant Retinal Tear
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Retinal pigment epithelium detachment
- •Retinoschisis
- •Disciform lesions
- •Postsurgical changes
- •Scleral Buckle
- •MIRAgel Implant
- •Gas/Air Bubbles
- •Silicone oil
- •Retained Perfluorocarbon Liquids
- •References
- •Intraocular Tumors
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma
- •Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
- •Coats’ Disease
- •Toxocariasis
- •Medulloepithelioma
- •Benign uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Nevus
- •Choroidal Nevus
- •Uveal Melanocytoma
- •Malignant uveal tumors
- •Iris and Ciliary Body Melanoma
- •Choroidal Melanoma
- •A-scan
- •B-scan
- •Tumor biometry
- •Intraoperative confirmation of plaque placement
- •Response to radiation therapy
- •Differential Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma
- •Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
- •Choroidal metastasis
- •Leiomyoma
- •Age-related macular and extramacular degeneration
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Intraocular calcification
- •Astrocytic Hamartoma
- •Choroidal Osteoma
- •Sclerochoroidal Calcification
- •Others
- •References
- •Uveitis
- •Anterior Uveitis
- •Intermediate Uveitis
- •Pars Planitis
- •Hypotony and Uveitis
- •Posterior Uveitis
- •Panuveitis
- •Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
- •Scleral inflammatory disease
- •Episcleritis
- •Scleritis
- •Anterior scleritis
- •Posterior scleritis
- •Inflammatory leukocoria (toxocariasis)
- •Infectious endophthalmitis
- •Inflammatory orbital diseases
- •References
- •Optic Nerve Disorders
- •Technique
- •30deg Test
- •Papilledema
- •Adults
- •Intracranial pathology
- •Children
- •Optic disc drusen
- •Adults
- •Young Adults
- •Congenital disc anomalies
- •Optic Disc Coloboma
- •Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
- •Tilted Optic Disc
- •Pseudodoubling of the Optic Disc
- •Retrobulbar optic nerve lesions
- •Gaze-evoked amaurosis
- •Giant cell arteritis
- •References
- •Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
- •Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment
- •Lens dislocation
- •Intraocular foreign body
- •Endophthalmitis
- •References
Ophthalmic Ultrasound
Preface
Arun D. Singh, MD |
Brandy C. Hayden, BS |
Charles J. Pavlin, MD |
Guest Editors
With recent advances in ultrasonography (US) in general and ophthalmic US in particular, US has become an important clinical tool in all aspects of ophthalmic practice. The clinical applications include biometry for calculating the power of intraocular lens implants used during cataract surgery, management of patients who have vitreoretinal disorders, and differentiation of intraocular tumors. The advent of high-resolution US of the anterior segment (ultrasound biomicroscopy) by Pavlin and colleagues has added new depth of understanding of glaucoma and anterior segment disorders.
The topics in this issue of Ultrasound Clinics have been chosen with particular attention to recent advances and broad applications and cover a wide spectrum of pathologic entities. The pertinent findings in most sections have been illustrated to improve understanding of key concepts.
This issue represents the cumulative effort of 19 contributors from United States and Canada who graciously accepted the invitation to participate. Despite their individual styles and preferences, great editorial care has been taken to follow a uniform layout, to avoid overlap, and to present balanced views. The senior authors and the editors have published extensively and have direct experience with US applications in clinical practice.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Vikram Dogra, MD, editorial consultant to Ultrasound Clinics, and to Barton Dudlick, publishing editor for offering us the opportunity to compile this issue.
Arun D. Singh, MD
Department of Ophthalmic Oncology
Cole Eye Institute Cleveland Clinic
9500 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Brandy C. Hayden, BS
Diagnostic Imaging
Cole Eye Institute (i-10)
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
9500 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Charles J. Pavlin, MD
Mt Sinai Hospital, Suite 410
600 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
E-mail addresses: SinghA@ccf.org (A.D. Singh) haydenb@ccf.org (B.C. Hayden) cpavlin@rogers.com (C.J. Pavlin)
Ultrasound Clin 3 (2008) xi doi:10.1016/j.cult.2008.06.001
1556-858X/08/$ – see front matter ª 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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