Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ophthalmic Ultrasound A Diagnostic Atlas 2nd edition_ DiBernardo, Greenberg_2006

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Figure 2–51 Iris melanoma. (A) Ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) longitudinal scan showing a solid iris lesion (arrow). AC, anterior chamber; C, cornea. (B) UBM radial scan directed more peripherally showing extension into the ciliary body (double arrow).

Figure 2–52 Meduloepithelioma. This patient was a 4-year-old child, who presented with a distorted pupil and ciliary body mass. The ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) radial scan showed a ciliary body tumor bowing the iris anteriorly. The internal reflectivity was irregular, with multiple cystic cavities (arrows). C, cornea; I, iris.

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We would like to thank Maria Bernadete Ayres, M.D., for her contributions to the text, and to the figure order, and for the multiple images that she graciously provided for this chapter. We would also like to thank

Diane Chialant, R.N., C.O.T., R.D.M.S., R.O.U.B., Ottawa, Canada, for graciously providing us with a majority of the UBM images used in this chapter.

The normal, clear vitreous appears black or acoustically empty on B-scan and as a flat baseline on standardized A-scan. Vitreous floaters occur normally as a result of aging and appear as white dots within the normally black vitreous cavity. These opacities can be very mild, such as a single floater that may go unnoticed and not affect visual acuity, or they may be extremely dense, affecting the patient’s perception of visual function.

As a general rule, opacities within the vitreous look similar no matter what their origin; therefore, the clinical history is an important component when reporting the echographic findings following an ultrasound examination. For instance, if on initial clinical presentation a patient has an anterior chamber hyphema, the presence of opacities in the vitreous on ultrasound are more likely to represent hemorrhage. However, if a patient has a dense cataract clinically with no view of the posterior segment and opacities are noted within the vitreous cavity echographically, it is not possible to differentiate the nature of the opacities.

Asteroid hyalosis is a clinical finding that displays a classic echographic appearance. Highly reflective signals that move separately from each other are noted within the vitreous cavity. Typically, vitreous opacities tend to disappear as the ultrasound gain is decreased. However, the signals from asteroid bodies remain dispersed and highly reflective as the gain is lowered. Multiple, highly reflective spikes with independent movement are produced by the asteroid bodies during standardized A-scan evaluation.

Ophthalmic ultrasound is also beneficial in monitoring patients diagnosed with infection and inflammation of the vitreous. If endophthalmitis is suspected, serial ultrasound examinations can be helpful in evaluating the density (increase/decrease) of the signals produced by the infectious process prior to and following treatment. Repeat echographic evaluation is also suggested to rule out the development of more sight-threatening

complications such as retinal and/or choroidal detachments. In extreme cases of severe infection or inflammation, the entire globe and surrounding orbital tissue can be affected. The echographic findings of panophthalmitis include dense, dispersed vitreous opacities, marked thickening of the ocular coats and probable low reflective infiltration in or near the optic nerve, and Tenon’s capsule.

Opacification of the vitreous gel can occur from several causes, such as aging, inflammation, infection, and hemorrhage from trauma or systemic disease. As the vitreous gel liquefies, contracture of the vitreous occurs and the posterior hyaloid face can separate from the retinal surface. Mobility of the vitreous gel can be easily evaluated with contact B-scan by having the patient move the eye. It is important to note that if the probe is being held in a vertical position, the patient should be instructed to move the eyes up and down. If the probe is oriented horizontally, the patient should be instructed to move the eyes left and right to keep the area of interest within the parameters of the sound beam. Generally, when there is partial or complete detachment of the posterior hyaloid surface from the retina, the posterior vitreous face will exhibit a distinct wavelike movement. It is important to systematically evaluate all areas of the globe as the patient moves the eye to identify focal areas of vitreoretinal adhesion (where the posterior hyaloid remains adherent to the retina). It is in these areas that retinal breaks or traction retinal detachments may occur.

When the posterior vitreous face remains adherent to the optic disc, confusion between retinal detachment and vitreous membrane can occur. The posterior vitreous face does not always remain attached at the optic disc and has a weaker insertion in the periphery. Vitreous membranes display a smoother consistency than retina and appear more mobile on B-scan. Although retinal detachments and vitreous membranes can both

appear dense on B-scan evaluation, vitreous membranes appear thinner on standardized A-scan and it may not be possible to maintain a maximally high signal. As a general rule, the retina remains attached at the optic disc and has very strong adherence to the fundus at the ora serrata. Usually retinal detachments have a more folded appearance on B-scan and almost always produce a 100% tall spike on standardized A-scan. This separate, highly reflective A-scan spike can be maintained from the posterior aspect of the fundus to the ora serrata.

Following vitrectomy, some eyes may develop a vitreous hemorrhage. The echographer may notice even more mobility of the opacities within the vitreous cavity because the balanced salt solution present in a vitrectomized eye has a less thick consistency than vitreous gel. The vitreous skirt (residual peripheral vit-

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McLeod D, Restori M. Ultrasonic examination in severe diabetic eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1979;63(8): 533–538

Ossoinig KC. Standardized echography: basic principles, clinical applications, and results. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1979;19(4):127–210

Ossoinig KC, Frazier SL, Watzke RC. Combined A-scan and B-scan echography as a diagnostic aid for vitreoretinal surgery. In: McPherson A, ed. Ew Controversial

reous face) may be noted in the periphery for 360 degrees but is more commonly noted inferiorly.

It is not uncommon for vitreous hemorrhage to become layered (posterior hyphema) and mimic membrane formation, which can be confused with a localized area of retinal detachment. Generally, layered hemorrhage will move and change shape but retinal detachment will remain consistent in density and location. The movement of layered blood can be observed by having the patient move the eyes or by tilting the head while continuing to aim the sound beam in the direction of the area of interest. The echographer will observe the “puddle” of blood moving along the globe wall. If standardized A-scan is performed, a maximally high signal may be displayed; however, the spike will most likely be very thin, unlike a thicker spike produced by a retinal detachment.

Aspects of Vitreoretinal Surgery. St. Louis: CV Mosby

Company;1977:106

Schwatz SD, Alexander R, Hiscott P, Gregor ZJ. Recognition of vitreoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a useful landmark in vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment. Ophthalmology 1996; 103(2): 323–328

Chu TG, Lopez PF, Cano MR, et al. Posterior vitreoschisis: an echographic finding in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1996;103(2): 315–322

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Figure 3–1 Vitreous/opacities. (A) Transverse scan of a relatively clear vitreous body and a single dense opacity (arrow).

(B) Longitudinal scan displays the proximity of this dense opacity (arrow) to the optic nerve (ON). (C) Standardized A-scan showing multiple moderately reflective spikes produced by the density of this opacity (arrow).

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Figure 3–2 Vitreous/opacities. Mild, dispersed vitreous opacities (V).

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Figure 3–3 Asteroid hyalosis. (A) Transverse section showing dense dispersed asteroid hyalosis (arrow) within the vitreous cavity.

(B) Longitudinal B-scan showing the same density of asteroid hyalosis. (C) Standardized A-scan showing the multiple, highly reflective spikes produced by the dispersed asteroid bodies (arrows).

Figure 3–4 Asteroid hyalosis. (A) Dense asteroid hyalosis with posterior vitreous detachment (left arrow) and extensive shallow ciliochoroidal detachments (right arrow) in cross section. (B) Longitudinal scan showing localized peripheral ciliochoroidal detachment (arrow). (C) Standardized A-scan showing distinct single spikes produced by the asteroid bodies. A highly reflective spike (arrow) is produced from the shallow ciliochoroidal detachments.

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Figure 3–5 Hemorrhage. (A) Transverse scan showing dense dispersed hemorrhage filling the vitreous cavity (V). This patient is post vitrectomy. (B) Standardized A-scan showing a low chain of spikes along the vitreous baseline produced by the dispersed red blood cells (V). (From DiBernardo C. Ultrasonography. In: Regillo CD, Brown GC, Flynn HW. Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1999. Reprinted by permission.)

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Figure 3–6 Vitreous/posterior vitreous detachment. When a posterior vitreous detachment is complete, a continuous membrane can be noted in all quadrants. This membrane may be mild or dense. (A) Transverse scan showing vitreous opacities (V) and mild posterior vitreous detachment (arrow). (B) Longitudinal scan showing complete separation of the posterior hyaloid from the optic disc (arrow). ON, optic nerve. (C) Horizontal axial scan showing the posterior vitreous detachment (arrow) and the optic nerve (ON).

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Figure 3–7 Dispersed opacities. (A) Transverse scan shows dispersed opacities and posterior vitreous detachment (arrow).

(B) Longitudinal scan showing dispersed opacities and posterior vitreous detachment adherent at the optic disc (arrow). The shadow of the optic nerve (ON) can be seen in most longitudinal scans. (C) Standardized A-scan: Dispersed opacities barely show along the vitreous baseline. A single, low reflective spike is produced from the posterior vitreous detachment (arrow ).

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Figure 3–8 Vitreous/posterior vitreous detachment. (A) Cross section showing vitreous opacities (V) and mild posterior vitreous detachment. (B) Standardized A-scan shows small, very low reflective chain of spikes from the vitreous opacities (V) and a slightly higher spike produced by the posterior vitreous face (arrow).

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Figure 3–11 Subhyaloid hemorrhage. (A) Transverse scan shows moderately dense vitreous opacities and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) with dispersed, partially clotted subhyaloid hemorrhage (arrows). (B) Longitudinal scan shows PVD and clotted subhyaloid hemorrhage (arrow). (C) Standardized A-scan shows low reflective spikes from the vitreous opacities (V); a moderately high signal is produced from the clotted hemorrhage that is adherent to the fundus (arrow).

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Figure 3–12 Subhyaloid hemorrhage. (A) Transverse scan shows a relatively clear vitreous body (V) and dense posterior vitreous detachment (arrow) with dispersed subhyaloid hemorrhage (SH). (B) Standardized A-scan: The vitreous baseline is flat (V), a moderately high signal is produced from the posterior vitreous detachment (arrow), and a low chain of spikes is produced from the subhyaloid hemorrhage (SH). (From DiBernardo C. Ultrasonography. In: Regillo CD, Brown GC, Flynn HW. Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1999. Reprinted by permission.)