Index

A

Acquired vasoproliferative tumors of retina, 226

Acute retinal necrosis, 347, 462, 465, 467 clinical features, 462–463

prognosis, 467

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 25, 81, 94–96, 172, 359

of lacrimal gland, 95 left maxillary sinus, 164 right lacrimal gland, 163

Adjuvant radiation therapy for ocular adnexal tumors, 172–173

Adjuvant therapy in optic nerve sheath meningioma, 108–109

AJCC staging for lacrimal gland tumors, 97–98 Anophthalmic socket, 275, 279–280

Anterior lamella, 232–233 Argon laser photocoagulation

vitreoretinal surgery in, role of, 466–467 Arteriovenous malformations, 16–17 Autoimmune retinopathy, 411

B

Bacterial endophthalmitis, 452–453 Bacterial infections in immunocompromised

cancer patient, 340–341 ocular and orbital manifestations of

infection, 344–346 Basal cell carcinoma, 79, 113–114 Bell’s palsy, 295, 303

Benign epithelial tumors, 92–94

Benign hemangioendotheliomas, see Capillary hemangiomas

Benign nevi, 131–132 Benign orbital tumors, 15

Benign pleomorphic adenoma, 96–97 Benign tumors, 9, 15, 19, 90, 161–162, 226,

373, 419, 425

BiCNU, see Carmustine

Bilateral disease, retinoblastoma treatment options, 190–191

Bilateral leukocoria in patient with retinoblastoma, 180

Biopsy, 3, 5, 18, 47, 218 SLN, 121–122

uveal, 473–474, 477–479 vitreous, 473, 475–477

Brachytherapy, 179, 192–193, 206–207 plaque, 220

Brain, 109, 356–357, 398, 438 tumors of, 84

Brain tumors, leptomeningeal disease due to, 398

Breast cancer metastasis, bilateral orbits, 159 Breast carcinoma, 73–74

Brow ptosis, correction of, 306–307 Bulbar conjunctival melanoma, 135 Busulfan, 330

Busulfex, see Busulfan

C

Cable midface resuspension, 305 Canalicular obstruction, 247 Canalicular toxicity, lacrimal and, 321

docetaxel, 323–324

epiphora associated with other chemotherapeutic drugs, 324

5-Fluorouracil, 322 S-1, 323

Canthus, 79, 114 Capecitabine, 330–331

Capillary hemangiomas, 15, 30–32 clinical presentation, 30 histopathology, 31

imaging, 30–31 prognosis, 32 treatment, 31–32

492

Carac, see Fluorouracil Carcinoma-associated cone dysfunction

syndrome, 410 Carcinoma-associated retinopathy, 409–410 Carmustine, 331

Cavernous hemangioma, 15 Cetuximab, 330 Chemoreduction, 185–189

retinoblastoma treatment options, 185, 189 Chemosis, 82, 84

Chemotherapy, 17, 65, 185, 189, 219–220, 367, 388

orbital and periorbital side effects of, see Orbital/periorbital side effects of chemotherapy

Chiasmal and hypothalamic glioma, 426–427 Childhood, 23

Chordoma, 367–368 Chorioretinitis, 346, 454 Choroidal hemangioma, 225 Choroidal metastasis, 220, 473 Cicatricial ectropion, 252–253

Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, 225 Cisplatin, 331–332

CMV retinitis

clinical features, 460–461 prognosis, 467 treatment, 463–465

Collaborative ocular melanoma study (COMS), 204

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, 128 Conjunctival melanoma, 133–136 Conjunctival neoplasms, 127–136

melanocytic neoplasms, 130–131 conjunctival melanoma, 133–136 nevus, 131–132

primary acquired melanosis, 132–133 squamous cell neoplasms, 128

conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, 128

invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 128–129

management, 129–130 surveillance, 130

Cranial nerve palsy, 356

in cancer patients, causes, 360–361 due to head and neck cancers, 359 due to leptomeningeal disease, 360

due to metastasis to brain stem and skull base from distant sites, 358

due to primary cranial nerve neoplasms, 357–358

Index

ophthalmologic findings with cranial nerve III, IV, and VI palsies, 356–357

Cranial neuropathy, 355–356

Craniofacial surgery in orbit and periorbital region, 259–260

anatomic considerations, 260 lacrimal system, 262 maxilla, 262–263

nasal and paranasal sinuses, 261–262 orbital margin, 261

repair of orbital defects, 263 maxillectomy with orbital

exenteration, 263 maxillectomy without orbital

exenteration, 264

reconstruction after orbital exenteration, 270–272

types of maxillary defects and strategies for their repair, 264–270

Craniopharyngioma, 368–369 Cryotherapy, 191

Cutler-Beard procedure, 121, 237–238 Cyclophosphamide, 332

Cystic lesions, 14–15, 25 dermoid cyst, 14, 25–27 teratoma, 27–29

Cytarabine, 332

Cytogenetic uveal melanoma studies, 480–481

Cytology, 479 Cytomegalovirus retinitis, 460 Cytosar-U, see Cytarabine

Cytoxan, see Cyclophosphamide

D

Dacryocystorhinostomy, 174, 244 Defect, eyelid, 231–240 DepoCyt, see Cytarabine Dermis-fat graft, 278

Dermoid cyst, 14, 25–27 clinical presentation, 25–26 histopathology, 27 imaging, 26

prognosis, 27 surgical excision, 14 treatment, 27

Diagnostic vitrectomy, 471 cancer patient, 471–473 indications for, 473–474

pathologic processing, 479–481 preoperative considerations, 474–475 uveal biopsy, 477–479

vitreous biopsy, 475–477

Index

Docetaxel, 245–246, 323, 332 Doxil, see Doxorubicin Doxorubicin, 332

Drugs, optic neuropathies caused by, 439–440

elevated ICP secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis, 441

optic disc edema secondary to drug-induced elevated ICP, 440–442

optic disc edema usually without elevated ICP, 442–443

optic neuropathy without disc edema, 443–444

Dynamic reanimation, 305–306

E

Ectropion, 251

Efudex, see Fluorouracil Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 61

Endogenous endophthalmitis, 282, 344, 449–450

clinical manifestations and diagnosis, 451 epidemiology, 450

microbiology, 450 prognosis, 455 treatment, 451–455

Entropion, 254

Enucleation, 129, 184–185, 209, 220, 279, 281

retinoblastoma treatment options, 184–185 Enucleation and radiation therapy, management

of anophthalmic socket after, 279–280

Eosinophilic granuloma, 35–37 Erbitux, see Cetuximab Erlotinib, 332–333 Esthesioneuroblastoma, 366–367 Etoposide, 333

Evisceration, 281

irradiated socket, 281–282 Ewing sarcoma, 43–45

Exposure keratopathy, 172, 252, 296, 300–303 Eyelash loss, 328, 331

Eyelid, 75, 77, 79, 117, 144–145 Eyelid, reconstructive surgery for, 231

eyelid defects not involving eyelid margin, 232–233

lateral canthal defects, 239 lower eyelid margin, 233–236 medial canthal defects, 239–240 upper eyelid margin, 237–239

Eyelid cancer, 78–79

management of primary, 113, 117

493

evaluation, 118–119 nonsurgical treatment, 122–123

sentinel lymph node biopsy, 121–122 tumor excision and eyelid

reconstruction, 119–121 types of eyelid malignancies

basal cell carcinoma, 113–114 melanoma, 116

sebaceous gland carcinoma, 116–117 squamous cell carcinoma, 114–115

Eyelid gold weight, 252, 302

Eyelid hyperpigmentation, 328, 332, 335 Eyelid malignancies, types of, 113–117 Eyelid malposition, 251

cicatricial ectropion, 252–254 ectropion, 251

cicatricial, 252–254

due to facial nerve paralysis, 251–252 entropion, 254

eye retraction, 255

metastatic Ewing sarcoma, 256 periorbital edema secondary to imatinib

mesylate, 255–256 ptosis, 254–255

Eyelid specimens, 144–145 Eyelid tumors, 78–79

Eye retraction, 255

F

Facial disfigurement, 312–316 Facial droop, management of, 307 Facial nerve, anatomy of, 297

Facial nerve paralysis, periorbital surgical rehabilitation after, 295–296

clinical evaluation, 298–300 medical management, 300 relevant anatomy, 296–298

special circumstances in cancer patients with facial nerve paralysis, 307–308

surgical management, 301–307 typical findings of, 298

Facial palsy, 252, 298–300, 305, 462 Fenestration, 104, 107

Fibrous dysplasia, 19

Fibrous histiocytoma, 8, 19, 157 Flap, 232–233, 235, 239, 290–291 Fluoroplex, see Fluorouracil Fluorouracil, 334

Folate deficiency optic neuropathy, 437–438 Fungal endophthalmitis, 453–455

Fungal infections in immunocompromised cancer patient, 342–343

ocular and orbital manifestations of infection, 347–349

494

G

Genetics, 182

Glabellar flap, 239–240

Gleevec, see Imatinib mesylate

Gliadel, see Carmustine

Graft, 121, 232, 278–280

Granulocytic sarcoma, 50–52

H

Hamartoses, 40

Head and neck tumors, 355–356 Hemangiopericytomas, 9–10

Hematogenous tumors, leptomeningeal disease due to, 397–398

Herpetic necrotizing retinitis, 346 Histiocytic lesions, 35

eosinophilic granuloma, 35–37 Hughes procedure, 235–236 Hyaluronic acid gel, 301–302

I

Imatinib mesylate, 255, 334, 440 periorbital edema, 255–256

Implants orbital, 277–279 Infection, 339–361

bacterial, 340, 344 fungal, 342

ocular, 339–349, 449, 460 orbital, 339–349

viral, 346 Inflammatory masses, 18

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, 171, 192 Interferons, 334

Interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and interleukin-6, 334

Intracranial tumors, 86 Intraocular lesions lymphoma, 479–481, 485–488

retinoblastoma, 151–153, 181–182 uveal melanoma, 153–154

uveal metastases, 154 Intraocular lymphoma, 479–481

introduction and epidemiology, 485–486 management, 487

presentation, 486–487 prognosis, 486

Intraocular retinoblastoma international classification for, 182

Reese-Ellsworth classification system for, 181–182

Intraorbital optic nerve glioma, 424–426 Intraparenchymal astrocytomas

description and clinical issues, 427–429 evaluation and management, 429

Index

Irradiated socket, 275 evisceration, 281–282 implant, choice of, 277–279

management of anophthalmic socket after enucleation and radiation therapy, 279–281

resection of optic nerve in patients with retinoblastoma, 276

maintenance of globe integrity, 277 surgical technique, 276

confirmation of correct eye, 276

J

Jones tube, 240, 246

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, see Optic nerve gliomas

L

Lacrimal and canalicular toxicity, 321 docetaxel, 323–324

epiphora associated with other chemotherapeutic drugs, 324

5-Fluorouracil, 322 S-1, 323

Lacrimal gland tumors, 21, 89–98, 161–163

AJCC staging, 97–98

benign epithelial tumors, 92–94 lymphoma, 91 lymphoproliferative lesions, 90–91 malignant epithelial tumors, 94–97

adenoid cystic carcinoma, 94–96 Lacrimal obstruction, 247

Lacrimal surgery, 243–248 Lagophthalmos, 295

and exposure keratopathy, treatment of, 301–303

treatment, 301–303

Langerhans cell histiocytosis, computed tomography of, 18

Laser photocoagulation, 191–192 Lateral orbitotomy, 16

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD), 395–396 clinical presentation, 396–398 diagnosis, 398–402

epidemiology, 396 prognosis, 403 treatment, 402

Lower eyelid laxity and ectropion, treatment of, 303–304

Lymphangiomas, 16, 32–35 clinical presentation, 32–33 histopathology, 34 imaging, 33–34

Index

prognosis, 35 treatment, 34 Lymphoid tumor, 4–6

Lymphoma, 7–8, 90–91, 117, 154, 487–488 Lymphoproliferative disorders, 3–8 Lymphoproliferative lesions, 4–5, 17–18

of lacrimal gland, 90–91

M

MALT, 4–6

Maxillary defects and strategies for their repair, 264–270

Maxillary sinus, 81–82, 261, 366, 371 Maxillectomy, 263

limited, 264

with orbital exenteration, 263 subtotal, 266

total, 268

without orbital exenteration, 264 Melanocytic neoplasms, 130–131

conjunctival melanoma, 133–136 nevus, 131–132

primary acquired melanosis, 132–133 Melanoma, 75–76, 116, 132–135, 160–161,

165, 202, 356–359, 377, 397, 410–411

associated retinopathy, 410–411 cutaneous, 72

metastatic, 70

optic nerve sheath, 389–393 uveal, 153–154, 201–212

Meningioma, 19, 84, 369–371 optic nerve, 161

radiation therapy for, 173 pseudotumor cerebri, 104

6-mercaptopurine, 335

Merkel cell carcinoma, 117–118, 140, 144 Mesenchymal masses, 19

Mesenchymal tumors, 8–10, 19, 157 fibrous histiocytoma, 8 hemangiopericytomas, 9 solitary fibrous tumor, 9

Methotrexate, 335

Microbiology, 450 Midface lift, 304–306 Mithracin, see Plicamycin Mitomycin C, 335

Mitoxantrone dihydrochloride, 335 Mitozytrex, see Mitomycin C Mohs micrographic surgery, 119,

145–146

Multifocal fungal chorioretinitis, 454 Mustardé, 236

495

Mutamycin, see Mitomycin C

Myeloma, 376

Myleran, see Busulfan

N

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and lacrimal surgery in cancer patients, 243–248

Nasopharynx, 83, 247, 364, 371 Neoplasms, 127

Neosar, see Cyclophosphamide Neural tumors, 37

optic nerve glioma, 37–40 plexiform neurofibroma, 40–42

Neuroblastoma, 45–47

clinical presentation, 45–46 histopathology, 46 imaging, 46

prognosis, 47 treatment, 47 Neurofibroma, 19

orbital, 20 plexiform, 20, 40–42

Neurofibromatosis, 419–420

chiasmal and hypothalamic glioma, 426–427

intraorbital optic nerve glioma, 424–426 intraparenchymal astrocytomas, 427–429 Neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic

pathway, 420–421

periorbital and orbital neurofibroma, 423–425

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), 419–420 diagnostic criteria for, 420

left optic nerve glioma in child with, 38 Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), 84, 161, 370 Neurogenic masses, 19–21 Neuro-ophthalmic correlations, skull base

tumors and chordoma, 367–368 craniopharyngioma, 368–369

esthesioneuroblastoma, 366–367 meningioma, 369–371 metastases, 377–378

myeloma, 376 paraganglioma, 376–377 pituitary tumors, 374–376 schwannoma, 373–374

sinonasal and nasopharyngeal tumors, 371–373

Neuroradiology, 149–166 Nevus, 131–132

large conjunctival nevus, 131 NF1 and optic pathway, 420–421

496

Novantrone, see Mitoxantrone dihydrochloride Nutritional deficiencies, optic neuropathies

caused by, 436

folate deficiency optic neuropathy, 437–438

Vitamin B12 deficiency optic neuropathy, 436–437

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency optic neuropathy, 438

Vitamin E deficiency optic neuropathy, 438 Zinc deficiency optic neuropathy, 439

O

Ocular adnexal tumors, adjuvant radiation therapy for, 172–173

Ocular neuromyotonia, 360 Ocular/orbital infections, 339–361 Optic nerve gliomas, 19, 37–38, 160

clinical presentation, 38 histopathology, 39 imaging, 38–39 prognosis, 40, 388–389 treatment, 39–40

Optic nerve maladies in cancer patients, see Optic neuropathies

Optic nerve meningiomas left optic nerve, 161 radiation therapy for, 173

Optic nerve sheath fenestration in cancer patients, 103–104

complications, 109 indications, 104–109

medial orbitotomy approach to, 106 optic nerve head, 104

surgical techniques, 105–107

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas, 21, 160–161, 389–393

adjuvant therapy in, 108–109 clinical presentation of, 390 imaging, 391–392 incidence, 389–390 treatment, 392–393

Optic nerve tumors

optic nerve glioma, 160

optic nerve sheath meningiomas, 160–161

Optic neuropathies

caused by drugs, 439–444 caused by nutritional deficiencies,

436–439

caused by radiation, 444–445

related to elevated intracranial pressure, 434–436

Index

Optic pathway gliomas, 383 differences between sporadic and

syndromic, 384–388 management of, 387–388

Orbicularis oculi, 252, 296–297 Orbicularis paralysis, 296 Orbit, 13

arteriovenous malformation of left, 17 nonmalignant tumors of, 13

cystic lesions, 14–15 inflammatory masses, 18 lacrimal gland tumors, 21

lymphoproliferative masses, 17–18 mesenchymal masses, 19 neurogenic masses, 19–21 vascular tumors, 15–18

secondary tumor spread to, 163–164 types of cancer metastatic to, 73–76

Orbital defects, repair of, 263–272

Orbital extenteration, 64, 73, 96–97, 285–287 exenteration of orbital cavity and

reconstruction, 290–291 indications, 286

maxillectomy with, 263 preoperative evaluation, 286–287 reconstruction options, 289–292 rehabilitation after, 293

surgical complications, 292 surgical techniques of, 287–289

Orbital imaging, 5, 150 Orbital implant, 80

hydroxyapatite, 278 Orbital lesions

lymphoma, 154

mesenchymal tumors of orbit, 157 orbital metastases, 158–159

orbital nerve sheath tumors, 155–157 orbital pseudotumor, 158

orbital rhabdomyosarcoma, 154–155 Orbital lymphangioma with proptosis and

hemorrhagic chemosis, 33 Orbital lymphoma

magnetic resonance imaging of, 7 right orbit, 155

with systemic disease, 156 Orbital metastases, 158–159

Orbital nerve sheath tumors, 155–157 Orbital/periorbital side effects of

chemotherapy, 327–329 busulfan, 330

capecitabine, 330–331 carmustine, 331 cetuximab, 330

Index

cisplatin, 331–332 cyclophosphamide, 332 cytarabine, 332 docetaxel, 332 doxorubicin, 332 erlotinib, 332–333 etoposide, 333 fluorouracil, 334 imatinib mesylate, 334 interferons, 334

interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and interleukin-6, 334

6-mercaptopurine, 335 methotrexate, 335 mitomycin C, 335

mitoxantrone dihydrochloride, 335 orbital and orbital teratogenic side

effects, 330

periorbital side effects, 328–329 plicamycin, 335

thiotepa, 335–336 vincristine, 336

Orbital pseudotumor, 158 left orbit, 159

Orbital reconstruction, 259–260 microvascular free flap, 268 orbitomaxillectomy, 268

Orbital rhabdomyosarcomas, 61–62, 154–155, 421–423

chemotherapy, 65

clinical and radiological presentation, 62–63

left orbit, 156

magnetic resonance images of, 62 radiation therapy, 65–66 radiation therapy for, 173 staging, 63

surgery, 64–65 Orbital tumors, 13, 17 benign, 13–21

metastatic, 69–77

neuroradiology of, 149–166, 169–174 pediatric, 23–52

secondary, extending from ocular or periorbital structures, 79–86

Orbitofacial disfigurement in cancer patients, psychosocial aspects of, 311–312

importance of face and its social “construction,” 312–313

state of psychosocial research on facial disfigurement, 313–316

Orbitotomy

lateral, 16, 93, 107

497

medial, 105–106

Orbit/periorbital region, craniofacial surgery in, 259–260

anatomic considerations, 260 lacrimal system, 262 maxilla, 262–263

nasal and paranasal sinuses, 261–262 orbital margin, 261

view of maxilla demonstrating, 262 horizontal through orbits, 260–261 repair of orbital defects, 263

maxillectomy with orbital exenteration, 263

maxillectomy without orbital exenteration, 264

reconstruction after orbital exenteration, 270–272

types of maxillary defects and strategies for their repair, 264–270

Organ transplantation, 345, 348

P

Papilledema, 103, 105, 109, 369, 427–428 associated with brain tumors, 109

Paraganglioma, 376–377

Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy, 411–412 Paraneoplastic syndrome, 255, 361, 413, 434 Paraneoplastic visual syndromes, 407–408

autoimmune retinopathy, 411 carcinoma-associated cone dysfunction

syndrome, 410 carcinoma-associated retinopathy, 409–410 diagnostic testing, 412–413

differential diagnosis, 413 melanoma-associated retinopathy, 410–411 paraneoplastic optic neuropathy, 411–412 pathogenesis, 408–409

treatment and prognosis, 413–414 Pediatric orbital tumors, 23–25

common, 24 cystic lesions, 25

dermoid cyst, 25–27 teratoma, 27–29

histiocytic lesions, 35 eosinophilic granuloma, 35–37

malignant lesions, 42–43 Ewing sarcoma, 43–45 granulocytic sarcoma, 50–52 neuroblastoma, 45–47 retinoblastoma, 47–50 rhabdomyosarcoma, 52

neural tumors, 37

optic nerve glioma, 37–40

498

Pediatric orbital tumors (cont.) plexiform neurofibroma, 40–42

vascular tumors, 30

capillary hemangioma, 30–32 lymphangiomas, 32–35

Perineural spread, 164–165, 359, 372–373 Periorbital and orbital neurofibroma

description and clinical issues, 421–422 evaluation and management, 422–423

Periorbital edema, 255, 329, 334–335 Periorbital region, 259

Periorbital side effects of chemotherapy, orbital and, see Orbital/periorbital side effects of chemotherapy

Periorbital surgical rehabilitation after facial nerve paralysis, 295–296

clinical evaluation, 298 medical management, 300 relevant anatomy, 296–298

special circumstances in cancer patients with facial nerve paralysis, 307–308

surgical management, 301–307 Pituitary tumors, 374–376 Platinol/Platinol-AQ, see Cisplatin Pleomorphic adenoma, 92–93, 162 Pleomorphic adenomas, 21, 92, 94 Plexiform neurofibroma, 20, 40, 157

clinical presentation, 40–41 histopathology, 41–42 imaging, 41

prognosis, 42 treatment, 42 Plicamycin, 335

Posterior choroidal hemangiomas, management of, 225–226

Posterior lamella, 232, 234–235 Primary acquired melanosis, 132–133 Primary eyelid cancers, 113

management, 117 evaluation, 118–119

nonsurgical treatment, 122–123 sentinel lymph node biopsy, 121–122 tumor excision and eyelid

reconstruction, 119–131 types of eyelid malignancies

basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 113–114 melanoma, 116

sebaceous gland carcinoma, 116–117 squamous cell carcinoma, 114–115

Primary optic nerve meningioma, 389 Primary orbital cancers in adults

lacrimal gland tumors, 89–98

Index

AJCC staging for lacrimal gland tumors, 97–98

benign epithelial tumors of lacrimal gland, 92–94

lymphoproliferative lesions of lacrimal gland, 90–91

malignant epithelial tumors of lacrimal gland, 94–97

lymphoproliferative disorders, 3 follow-up, 8

presenting signs/symptoms, histopathologic/molecular genetic characteristics, diagnosis, 4–6

treatment, 6–8 mesenchymal tumors, 8–10

fibrous histiocytoma, 8 hemangiopericytomas, 9 solitary fibrous tumor, 9

Progressive outer retinal necrosis, 346, 460, 462–463, 466–468

clinical features, 460–463 prognosis, 467–468 treatment, 466

Proptosis, 38

Proton radiotherapy, 207 Psychosocial research, 313–316 Ptosis, 254–255

iatrogenic, 254

Purinethol, see 6-mercaptopurine

R

Radiation, optic neuropathies caused by, 109, 444–445

Radiation-induced optic neuropathy, 109, 444 Radiation necrosis, 360

Radiation therapy, 6–10, 65–66, 122–123, 192–193

adjuvant radiation therapy for ocular adnexal tumors, 172–173

for optic nerve meningiomas and orbital rhabdomyosarcomas, 173

for orbital and adnexal tumors, 169–174 for squamous cell carcinoma, 171–172 technologies, 170–171

terminology, 170

toxic effects of, 173–174

Reconstructive surgery for eyelid defects, 231 eyelid defects not involving eyelid margin,

232–233

general principles, 231–232 lateral canthal defects, 239 lower eyelid margin

large defects involving, 234–236

Index

moderate defects involving, 234 small defects involving, 233–234

medial canthal defects, 239–240 upper eyelid margin

large defects involving, 237–239 moderate defects involving, 237 small defects involving, 237

Recurrent meningioma, 162 Reese–Ellsworth classification system for

intraocular retinoblastoma, 181–182 Retinal capillary hemangioma, 223–225 Retinal detachment repair, vitreoretinal surgery

in, role of, 466–467 Retinitis, viral, 459

See also Viral retinitis in cancer patients Retinoblastoma, 47–50, 151–153

animal models of, 195 bilateral leukocoria in patient

with, 180 classification, 181–182 focal therapies, 191

brachytherapy, 192 cryotherapy, 191

laser photocoagulation, 191–192 radiation therapy, 192–193 thermotherapy, 192

genetics, 182–183

gene transfer technology for treatment of, 195–196

histopathologic slide of, 183 historical perspective, 179–181 international classification for

intraocular, 182 multi-institutional clinical trials,

193–194

pathologic features, 183–184 Reese–Ellsworth classification system for

intraocular retinoblastoma, 181–182 right globe, 152

treatment options

bilateral disease, 190–191 chemoreduction, 185, 189 comparison of outcomes of trials,

186–187 enucleation, 184–185

general considerations, 184 subtenon (subconjunctival) chemotherapy, 189

unilateral disease, 189 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 52

clinical grouping classification for, 64 pretreatment TNM staging system for, 64

Rubex, see Doxorubicin

499

S

“Salmon patch” infiltrate, orbital and conjunctival MALT lymphoma with, 4

Sarcoma

Ewing, 43–45 granulocytic, 50–52

orbital neurofibroma transformed to, 20

synovial, 158 Schwannoma, 37, 373–374 Sebaceous carcinoma, 116, 146

Sebaceous gland carcinoma, 116–117 of upper eyelid, 116

Secondary optic nerve meningioma, 389 Secondary orbital tumor, 79–84, 389 Sinonasal and nasopharyngeal tumors,

371–373 Sinus, 372–373

nasal and paranasal, 261–262

and nasopharyngeal origin, tumors of, 81

squamous cell carcinoma, 81–83 tumors of, 81

Skull base tumors, 363–364 anatomy, 364–365

imaging and diagnosis of, 365–366 and neuro-ophthalmic correlations

chordoma, 367–368 craniopharyngioma, 368–369 esthesioneuroblastoma, 366–367 meningioma, 369–371 metastases, 377–378

myeloma, 376 paraganglioma, 376–377 pituitary tumors, 374–376 schwannoma, 373–374

sinonasal and nasopharyngeal tumors, 371–373

Solitary fibrous tumor, 9, 19 Sphenoid wing, 19, 84

meningioma, computed tomography scan demonstrating, 21

Sporadic optic pathway gliomas, differences between and syndromic, 384–389

Squamous cell carcinoma, 79, 81–83, 96, 114–115, 165–166

of lower eyelid, 79, 81–83, 96, 114–115

radiation therapy for, 171–172, 360 invasive, 128–129

sinus and nasopharyngeal origin, tumors of, 81–83

500

Squamous cell neoplasms of conjunctiva, 128 conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, 128 invasive squamous cell carcinoma,

128–129 management, 129–130

perilimbal leukoplakic lesion, 128 surveillance, 130

Static reanimation, 304

Subtenon (subconjunctival) chemotherapy, retinoblastoma treatment options, 189

Surgical conjunctival specimen, 142 Surgical specimen

checklist for proper surgical specimen handling, 141

communication with pathologist, 140 conjunctival specimens, 141–144 eyelid specimens, 144–145

handling for conjunctival and eyelid tumors, 139

Mohs micrographic surgery, 145–146 perpendicularly sectioned conjunctival melanoma specimen, 143

Syndromic optic pathway gliomas, differences between sporadic and, 384–388

Synovial sarcoma, left orbit, 158

T

Tarceva, see Erlotinib Tarsal strip, 252–253 Tarsoconjunctival, 234, 236 Taxotere, 323, 332

Tenzel, 234 Teratoma, 27–29

clinical presentation, 28 histopathology, 29 imaging, 28–29

orbital teratoma of right orbit, 28 prognosis, 29

treatment, 29 Thermotherapy, 192 Thiotepa, 335–336 Thrombocytopenia, 474–475

TNM staging system for rhabdomyosarcoma, pretreatment, 64

Treatment of orbital tumors, 6–8, 17–18, 21 capillary hemangioma, 31–32

dermoid cyst, 27 eosinophilic granuloma, 37 lymphangiomas, 34

lymphoproliferative disorders, 3–8 optic nerve glioma, 39–40 plexiform neurofibroma, 42

Index

Trichomegaly, 331

Tumors of optic pathway, see

Neurofibromatosis

U

Unilateral disease, retinoblastoma treatment options, 189

Uveal biopsy, 473–474

Uveal melanoma, 80, 153–154 brachytherapy, 206–207 charged-particle radiotherapy, 207–208 clinical features, 202

diagnosis, 202–203 epidemiology, 201

histologic sampling of extraocular portions of vortex veins, 210

left globe, 153 management, 205

staging and prognostic factors, 204 surgical techniques

enucleation, 209 histologic assessment, 211

pathologic assessment, 209–211 transpupillary thermotherapy, 209 uveal resection, 208

Uveal metastases, 154, 215–216 clinical features, 217 diagnosis, 217–218

patient characteristics, 216 prognosis, 221 symptoms, 216–217 treatment, 218–219

chemotherapy, 219–220 enucleation, 220

external-beam radiation therapy, 219 observation, 219

plaque brachytherapy, 220 transpupillary thermotherapy, 220

V

Varix, orbital, 16

Vascular tumors, 15–18, 30

acquired vasoproliferative tumors of retina, 226

capillary hemangioma, 30–32 circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, 225 lymphangiomas, 32–35

management of posterior choroidal hemangiomas, 225–226

of posterior pole, 223

retinal capillary hemangioma and von Hippel–Lindau disease, 223–225

Vepesid, see Etoposide