Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Therapeutics Eye on New Discoveries_Yorio, Clark, Wax_2007

504

Dry eyes (continued) immune-mediated disorders,

209–213

lacrimal gland disease, 211 mechanisms, 210–211 meibomian gland dysfunc-

tion, 211

ocular surface protectants, 121

omega 3 fatty acids, 127, 213 post-refractive surgery, 370 risk factors, 209

role of growth factors, 109 secretagogues, 127–128

tear film stabilizers, 120–121 treatment, 211–212

recent developments, 212–213

DuraSite(R), 17

Duration of drug release, 10–11 drug potency, 15–16, 30 matrix delivery systems, 15

Dust mite allergens, 204, 205, 240

Dynorphin, 58

E

E-cadherin, 159

Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT), 46

Early phase reaction, 205 Ecabet, 128 Echothiophate, 50 Elastase, 215

Elderly patients compliance, 12

dry eye syndromes, 209 Electronic prosthetic devices

(artificial vision), 450, 455–457

Electroporation, gene transfer, 398, 407

Elschnig pearls, 350 Emedastine, 243, 244, 259 Emmetropia development, 168 Encapsulated Cell Technology,

26, 458–460 Endocannabinoids, 59 Endophthalmitis

post-cataract surgery, 372 posterior segment uveitis,

303 Endostatin, 77, 78, 403

INDEX

gene therapy, 404 Endothelin, 74, 79 Endothelin receptors, 74, 75 Endothelitis, 218 Endotoxin, 215

Endotoxin-induced uveitis, 290 Enkephalin, 185

Enzymatic posterior vitreous detachment see Vitreolysis, pharmacological

Eosinophil chemotactic factor, 205

Eosinophilic cationic protein, 259

allergic conjunctivitis, 241 vernal keratoconjunctivitis,

253 Eosinophils

allergic conjunctivitis, 241 allergic eye disease, 206 atopic keratoconjunctivitis,

258

vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 252

Eotaxin, 253, 259

allergic conjunctivitis, 241 Epi-LASIK, 133, 336

haze following see Corneal opacity (haze), postrefractive surgery

Epidermal growth factor, 88, 91, 92, 97, 337

aqueous humor, 96 corneal expression, 94 lacrimal gland stimulation,

109 structure, 92

Epidermal growth factor receptors, 92, 94

glaucoma pathogenesis, 102 Epigen, 92

Epinastine, 243, 245, 254, 260 Epinephrine, 50

Epiregulin, 92

Epiretinal membrane, 355 Epstein–Barr virus,

217, 287

ErbB1 (EGFR; HER1), 92 ErbB2 (HER2), 92 ErbB3 (HER3), 92 ErbB4 (HER4), 92

ERK1/2, 95, 105, 407, 408

Erodible polymers/ co-polymers, 15, 29

Erythromycin, 18, 323, 325, 326 microbial resistance, 322

Erythropoietin, 103

retinal neuroprotection, 105 Estratest, 129

Estrogens

ciliary body expression, 75 dry eyes, 129

glaucoma neuroprotective activity, 427–428

Etanercept, 293, 311 Ethacrylate polymers, 15 Ethacrynic acid, 52 Ethambutol, 306

Ethylene vinyl acetate, 9, 15 sub-Tenon’s capsule

implants, 23 Ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid, 22, 352

Etoposide, 349, 355 Excipients for penetration

enhancement, 19–20 Exoenzyme S, 215

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, 23

Experimental autoimmune uveitis, 202, 435

Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, 225–226, 227, 228

Extracellular matrix

corneal wound healing, 335 trabecular meshwork deposition in glaucoma, 48,

97, 99

transforming growth factor β effects in optic nerve head, 107, 108

Extracellular matrix hydrolysis activators, 56–57

Eye drops, 16

see also Topical drug delivery systems

Eye shape variation, 187

F

Factor B, 446 Famcyclovir, 220

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, 478

Fas, 429

Fas-associated death domain, 429

FasL

apoptosis extrinsic pathway, 429

aqueous humor, 201 corneal allograft expression,

203

Fatty acid synthesis, antibiotic targets, 324

Feline immunodeficiency virus vector, 397, 406

restriction factors, 412 side effects, 411

Fibrin-based tissue adhesives, 372–373

Fibrinolytic agents, 345 Fibroblast growth factor 2

aqueous humor, 96 choroidal neovascularization,

485

gene therapy targets, 408 lacrimal gland production,

109

myopia, 100, 185, 186 retinal neuroprotection, 104

degenerative retinopathy treatment, 458

vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 206, 253

Fibroblast growth factor receptors, 93

Fibroblast growth factors, 91, 93

retinal development, 101 retinal neuroprotection, 104 structure, 93

Fibulin 5, 446 First pass effect, 16 Flesinoxan, 55 Flubiprophen, 308

Fluocinolone acetonide, 8, 308, 313, 314

Fluorometholone, 208, 307, 336, 368

Fluoroquinolones, 17, 306, 318, 321, 322, 323, 325–326

anterior segment surgery, 369 bacterial keratitis, 216, 217 microbial resistance, 322, 369

5-Fluorouracil, 348, 352

drug delivery systems, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 27

INDEX

postoperative healing modulation, 337, 338, 339, 348

proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 355, 356

Follistatin, 98, 99, 109 Form deprivation myopia,

171–172, 174 Foscarnet, 306

Free radicals, deactivation for neuroprotection, 428–429

Freshkote(TM), 120 Frizzled signaling, retinal

development, 101 Frizzled-4, 478

Fuch’s heterochromic cyclitis, 314

Fungal infection, 318 microorganisms, 320 posterior segment uveitis,

303

Fusarium, 328

G

Galanin, 71

γ-aminobutyric acid, myopia pathophysiology, 183, 186

γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, 182, 186

Ganciclovir, 8, 20, 24, 27, 306, 352

Gatifloxacin, 17, 18, 325, 369, 372

Gel formulations, 16–17 Gelatinase A see Matrix

metalloproteinase-2 Gelatinase B see Matrix

metalloproteinase-9 Gellan, 7, 17

Gelling agents, 7 Gene therapy, 4, 11,

393–412 anti-inflammation strategies,

402–403 anti-neovascularization

strategies, 403–404 anti-proliferation strategies,

400–401 anti-tumor strategies,

408–409

505

corneal allograft anti-rejection strategies, 401–402

corneal opacification (haze), 400–401

degenerative retinopathies, 395, 396, 444, 464–466

gene delivery

anterior segment targets, 410–411

methods, 394–400 posterior segment targets,

410–411 gene-targeting technology,

409

glaucoma filtration surgery wound healing, 400

herpes keratitis, 402–403 long-term gene expression,

411

neuroprotection/rescue strategies, 406–408

posterior capsule opacification, 401

posterior segment neurotrophin delivery, 458

proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 401

retinitis pigmentosa, 447–448 tissue specific promoters,

409–410 uveitis, 403

vector associated side effects, 411

Gene transfer, 394–400 chemical, 399 mechanical, 397–398 physical, 398

transfected cell transplantation, 399–400

viral, 394–397

carrying capacity, 409 Genistein, 346–347 Gentamicin, 18, 20, 326 Geranylgeranylacetate, 434 GF109203X, 53

Giant papillary conjunctivitis, 206, 239, 249–250

clinical features, 249 diagnosis, 250 pathophysiology, 249–250,

260, 261

Heparan sulfate, 57, 78, 95 Heparin-binding EGF-like

growth factor, 92 Hepatocyte growth factor

aqueous humor, 96 with glaucoma, 97

corneal expression, 94–95, 337

corneal wound healing, 135, 337

trabecular meshwork response, 97

Hepatocyte growth factor receptor, 94, 95

Herpes necrotizing stromal keratitis, 218, 220–221

Herpes simplex virus, 260, 288 acute retinal necrosis syn-

drome, 303 treatment, 306

anterior uveitis, 278, 288–289 gene vectors, 394–395 keratitis, 217–221

corneal epithelial disease, 217–218, 220

corneal stromal disease, 218, 220

gene therapy, 402–403 intraocular pressure eleva-

tion, 220

pathogenic mechanisms, 218–220

stromal necrotizing, 218, 220–221

treatment, 220– 221, 328

prophylactic antiviral therapy, 220

UL6 protein, 219

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 289

Herpesviruses, 288–289 posterior segment uveitis,

303 treatment, 306

Herpetic Eye Disease Studies (HEDS), 220

HES-5, 80

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 306

Himbacine, 177

Histamine, 205

allergic conjunctivitis, 241, 242

INDEX

therapeutic targets, 243–245

mast cell chemotaxis, 248, 249 Histamine H4 antagonists,

248–249

Histoplasma capsulatum, 225 Historical aspects

antibiotics, 320–321 cytokines, 89

drug delivery systems, 8–10

growth factors, 87

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) gene vector, 397

anterior/posterior segment gene delivery, 410, 411 HIV infection/AIDS, 289–290,

328

anterior uveitis, 278, 279, 288 cytomegalovirus retinitis, 288 posterior segment uveitis,

303

HLA A29, birdshot chorioretinitis association, 304

HLA B27

anterior uveitis (iritis) association, 224, 305

associated inflammatory disease, 288

uveitic syndrome, 277 HLA DR4, 304 Homatropine, 279, 308 Hormone therapy, dry eyes,

129

Horner–Trantas dots, 252, 257 HU-211, 59

Hyaloid vessels, 474 development, 478 regression, 478

Hyaluranon, 384 Hyaluronate, 17, 20, 57, 373,

384 post-trabeculectomy

injection, 343 vitreous gel, 379

Hyaluronidase, posterior vitreous detachment induction, 383–384

Hydralazine, 58 Hydrogels

tissue adhesives, 373 topical delivery systems, 8

507

with chitosan, 18 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl

CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), 54–55

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymer, 8

Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodex- trin, 18

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulo se, 17

Hyperopia, 168 Hypotears(TM), 120 Hypoxia

erythropoietin expression regulation, 103

retinal neuroprotection, 105–106

retinal vessel development stimulation, 476 retinopathy of prematurity

pathogenesis, 482, 483 vascular endothelial growth factor expression induc-

tion, 102, 473–474, 476, 477, 479, 486

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, 476

I

I-Vation(TM), 8, 26 Idiopathic intracranial

hypertension, 338 Idiopathic macular holes, 380 Ilomastat, 352, 357 Imidazole antifungals, 328 Immediate (type I)

hypersensitivity reactions

allergic conjunctivitis, 205, 206, 239

atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 258

early phase reaction, 205 late phase reaction, 205, 206,

207–208

Immune privilege, 3, 4, 76, 219– 220, 229, 281, 287–288

anterior chamber, 201–202 corneal allografts, 202–204 Immune reconstitution uveitis,

306

Immune response, 199–204 bacterial keratitis, 215–216 mucosal immunity, 200–201 viral infection, 288

Intermediate uveitis, 224–225, 302

Interphotoreceptor binding protein

neuroprotective strategies, 435

oral tolerance induction, 296 Interstitial keratitis, 218 Intracrine growth factor signal-

ing, 91

Intraocular lens technology, 350–351

Intraocular pressure angiotensin II effects, 77 aqueous hydrodynamics,

46–48 endothelin effects, 74

natriuretic peptide effects, 58, 72, 73

therapeutic targeting, 45–62 Intraocular pressure eleva-

tion, 5

anterior uveitis, 280–281 corticosteroid-related, 208,

281, 291, 308, 309, 368 intravitreal delivery sys-

tems, 25–26, 27 steroid responders, 280,

308, 309 glaucoma see Glaucoma

herpes simplex keratitis, 220 myopia, 171

retinal ganglion cell axonal transport obstruction, 107, 425

brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 425

Intraocular pressure lowering agents, 4, 5, 48–59

α2-agonists, 50 anterior uveitis, 279 β-blockers, 49 cholinergics, 50 drug classes, 48

epinephrine/epinephrine analogs, 50

gene therapy, 405–406 glaucoma, 423, 424

new therapeutic target identification, 60–61, 62

prostaglandin analogs, 49 recent developments, 51, 72

cannabinoids, 59

INDEX

cyclic GMP elevation, 57–59

cytoskeleton acting agents, 51–53

extracellular matrix hydrolysis activators, 56–57

protein kinase inhibitors, 53–54

serotonergic agonists, 55–56

statins, 54–55

topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 50

Intrascleral drug delivery, 13, 28

Intravitreal drug delivery, 8, 13, 24–28, 104, 106, 313, 314

anchored/non-anchored systems, 25

drug dissolution time, 25 pars plana implanted sys-

tems, 26–27 Iohexol, 23 Iontophoresis, 20 Iridocyclitis see Anterior

uveitis

Iris

development, 69 muscarinic acetylcholine

receptors, 176, 177 neovascularization, gene

therapy, 403 Iritis see Anterior uveitis Isoniazid, 306 Isosorbide dinitrate, 58

J

JAK1, 263

JAK2, 263 JAK3, 263–264

JAK3 inhibitors, 263, 264 Jak/STAT pathways, 105

cytokine-receptor signaling, 263

JNJ7777120, 248–249 JNK signaling, 432

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 305

Juxtacanalicular tissue, 47 Juxtacrine growth factor

signaling, 89, 90–91

509

K

Kainic acid, 186

Kainate glutamate receptors, 425–426

Kanamycin, 322

Keratic precipitates, anterior uveitis, 224, 276

herpetic, 289 Keratin sulfate, 57

Keratinocyte growth factor corneal expression,

94–95

corneal wound healing, 135 Keratinocyte growth factor

receptor, 94, 95 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 120,

122, 209, 211 Keratoconus, 204 Ketanserin, 55 Ketorolac, 291, 308, 351

Ketotifen, 207, 243, 244, 245, 254, 260

Knoblauch syndrome, 78

L

Lacrimal gland disease, 211 Lacrimal glands, 209

neuro-hormonal regulation, 209, 210

Lagophthalmos, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 257

Langerhans cells, 203 Lanreotide, 338

Laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), 133, 336

haze following see Corneal opacity (haze), postrefractive surgery

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 133, 335–336

haze following see Corneal opacity (haze), postrefractive surgery

Latanoprost, 49

Late onset endophthalmitis, 303

Late phase reaction, 205, 207–208

Latrunculins, 52–53

Leber congenital amaurosis, 396, 444

gene therapy, 465–466

510

Leber congenital amaurosis (continued)

genetic basis, 445 neurotrophic factor therapy,

458, 460 nutritional therapy, 461

Lens, 3, 143

age-related changes, 152–153 capsule, 144, 145

posterior vitreous adhesion, 378

cortex, 145 epithelium, 144 fiber cells, 144–145 nucleus, 145

oxidative stress, 150–151 sutures, 145

Lens epithelial cells, 144 epithelial–mesenchymal

transition, 353 posterior capsule opacifica-

tion following cataract surgery, 350, 351

prophylactic destruction, 351, 352

Lens epithelium-derived growth factor, 22 Lens-based drug delivery

systems, 22 Lentivirus gene vectors, 397,

464 Leukemia, 278

Leukemia-inhibiting factor, 458

Leukocidin, 215 Leukotriene inhibitors, 254 Leukotrienes, 205, 287

allergic conjunctivitis, 241 Leukovorin, 306 Levobunolol, 49, 427 Levocabastine, 243, 244, 259 Levofloxacin, 323

Linear IgA disease, 222 Lipids, tear film, 209 Lipoplexes, gene transfer, 399 Lipopolysaccharide, 290 Liposomes, 371

gene transfer applications, 398

photodynamic therapy agent delivery, 11

Lodoxamide, 207, 260

INDEX

anti-inflammatory actions, 265

Loteprednol etabonate, 122, 307, 368

Lovastatin, 54, 55

Low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75), 424

apoptosis extrinsic pathway, 429–430

Lutein, 448–449, 460, 461, 462

Lutein for AMD study, 461 Lyme disease, 279,

303, 305 treatment, 306 Lymphokines, 89 Lymphoma, 278

ocular, 304

M

Macrolides, 318, 323, 324, 325, 326

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, 201 Macrophage-colony stimulating factor, 253

Macrophages

anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, 202

antigen presentation, 285 immune-mediated ocular disease, 281, 282

lacrimal glands, 209 Mooren’s ulcer, 221 ocular cicatricial pemphig-

oid, 222 uveitis, 226

viral infection response, 288 Macular degenerations, 443,

444

clinical features, 444 genetic aspects, 444

see also Age-related macular degeneration

Macular edema

anterior uveitis, 290, 291 intravitreal drug delivery systems, 25–26

Macular hole, 382 vitreous surgery, 380

Macular pucker surgery, 378 Macular translocation, 449 Magainins, 326, 369

Major basic protein, 253 Mannan binding lectin, 282 MAPK p38, 95, 356, 401, 432

inhibitors, 348

MAPK signaling, 93, 356 Marginal keratitis, 214–215

treatment, 216 MARINA, 449 Mast cell stabilizers

allergic eye disease, 206–207 anti-inflammatory actions,

264–265 antihistamines, 207, 243, 244,

254, 260 conjunctivitis

allergic, 243, 244, 245 giant papillary, 250

keratoconjunctivitis atopic, 260 vernal, 254

Mast cells, 205

activation prevention, 246 atopic keratoconjunctivitis,

258

chymase, 205, 241, 252, 253, 265

degranulation, 205, 243 histamine-induced chemo-

taxis inhibition, 248, 249 immunoglobulin E receptors,

205, 241 Syk kinase, 246

JAK3, 264

lacrimal glands, 209 mediators, 205

allergic conjunctivitis, 241, 244, 245

ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, 222

tryptase, 205, 241, 252, 253, 258, 264

vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 252, 253

Matrix drug delivery systems, 7, 14, 15

intravitreal, 25 Matrix Gla protein, 410

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

bacterial keratitis, 217 post-cataract surgery poste-

rior capsular opacification prevention, 352

512

Myofibroblasts (continued) corneal wound healing, 136,

335 post-refractive surgery

corneal haze, 136–138, 335

posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery, 350

progenitor cells, 136–137 therapeutic targets, 337

Myopia, 167–188

age-related nuclear cataract, 155–156

animal models, 174–175, 178, 179

altered photoperiod, 173–174, 186

form deprivation, 171–172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186

lens-induced (defocused images), 172–173, 174, 176, 181, 183, 184, 186

eye disease associations, 168–169

intraocular pressure elevation, 171

pathogenesis, 168 environmental factors, 169,

170–171

genetic factors, 169, 170 near work, 170, 171 research approaches,

171–175

see also Refractive development

pharmacological studies, 175–185

acetylcholine, 176–180 dopamine, 180–183 enkephalin, 185 γ-aminobutyric acid, 183 glucagon, 184–185 growth factors, 100, 185 nitric oxide, 185 prostaglandins, 184 retinoic acid, 183–184 vasoactive intestinal pep-

tide, 184 post-refractive surgery haze

formation, 135, 136

INDEX

prevalence, 168 progression prevention, 169,

173, 177 Myosin II ATPase, 405 Myostatin, 91

N

N-cadherin, 159 Nalidixic acid, 325

microbial resistance, 322 Naloxone, 185 Nanoparticles, 371

drug delivery systems, 18 contact lenses, 19 intravitreal, 24

topical, 20 Naphazoline, 58, 259 Naproxen, 356 Nasolacrimal surgery,

337–338 Natamycin, 328 Natriuretic peptides, 57, 58

ciliary epithelium expression, 70, 71, 72–73

degradation inhibition, 58–59 intraocular pressure lowering effects, 58–59, 72, 73

receptors, 74 Natural killer cells, 283

anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, 202

immune-mediated ocular disease, 281, 282

viral infection response, 287 Nebulizer drug delivery, 18–19 Nedocromil, 207, 260

NEP 24.11 inhibitor, 58 Nepafenac, 19, 308, 368 Nerve growth factor, 88, 89,

93, 337

corneal expression, 96 corneal wound healing accel-

eration, 96

lacrimal gland production, 109

optic nerve head, 108 retinal neuroprotection, 105,

424, 425

trabecular meshwork expression, 100

Nerve growth factor receptors, 93, 96

Neurokinin-A, 78

Neuropeptide-Y, 78 Neuropeptides

aqueous humor, 70

ciliary epithelium expression, 70, 71, 72

Neuropilin, 479 Neuroprotection, 5

ciliary body functions, 78–79 drug delivery systems, 19, 24 gene therapy, 406–408 glaucoma, 423–436

immune mechanisms, 435–436

retinal ganglion cells see Retinal ganglion cells

retinal growth factors, 104–105

T cell involvement, 435–436 Neuregulins 1-4, 92 Neurotensin, 71, 185 Neurotrophic factors, 87–109

definition, 89 degenerative retinopathies,

458

gene therapy targets, 407–408 optic nerve head, 108 posterior segment delivery,

458–460

retinal ganglion cell effects, 423–425

trabecular meshwork, 100 Neurotrophin 3, 89, 93

corneal expression, 96 optic nerve head, 108 retinal neuroprotection, 104,

424, 425

trabecular meshwork, 100 Neurotrophin 3 receptor, 93 Neurotrophin 4, 89, 93

corneal expression, 96 gene therapy targets, 407 optic nerve head, 108

retinal neuroprotection, 424, 425

trabecular meshwork, 100 Neurotrophin 4 receptor, 93 Neurotrophin 5, 424, 425 Neurotrophin 6, 424 Neurotrophin receptors, 93, 424 Neurotrophins, 91, 93

corneal expression, 96 definition, 89

gene therapy targets, 407–408

optic nerve head, 108 axonal transport, 106–107

retinal ganglion cell effects, 424

trabecular meshwork, 100 Neurterin, 109

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

inhibition, 374 myopia, 178–179

Niosomes, 20

Nitinol subretial implants, 29 Nitric oxide

donors, 57, 58 myopia, 184 neurotoxicity

inhibition for neuroprotection, 428–429

mechanisms, 428

Nitric oxide synthase, 428, 429 retina, 184

Nitro-memantine, 429 Nitroglycerin, 58

NMDA glutamate receptors, 425–426

Nodal, 91

Noggin, 98 Non-pigmented ciliary

epithelium, 47, 69, 70, 77

aqueous humor production, 70

neuropeptide secretion, 71, 72

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

allergic eye disease, 207 anterior segment surgery,

367, 368 mode of action, 290

post-refractive surgery inflammation reduction, 336

prodrug preparations, 368 side effects, 291

topical, 207, 308, 368 allergic conjunctivitis, 243 glaucoma postoperative

management, 344 post-cataract surgery posterior capsular

INDEX

opacification prevention, 351

uveitis, 226, 290–291 vernal keratoconjunctivitis,

254, 261 Norfloxacin, 322

microbial resistance, 322 Normal tension glaucoma, 46 Norrie’s disease, 478

Norrin, 478

Notch1, 80 NPR-A (GC-A), 74 NPR-B (GC-B), 74

NPR-C (clearance receptor), 74 NT-501 (ciliary neurotrophic

factor), 8 NTC-200 cell line, 459 Nutritional therapy

age-related macular degeneration, 448, 450, 460–461 retinitis pigmentosa, 461–462

Nystatin, 324

O

Octreotide, 22, 338, 352 Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid,

221, 222, 349–350 clinical features, 222 recurrence prevention, 350 treatment, 222–223

Ocular diseases market share, 5–6 prevalence, 5–6 therapeutic sites, 5

Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), 46

Ocular stem cells, 79–80 Ocular surface protectants, dry

eye, 120–121 Ocusert(R), 7, 9, 14 Ofloxacin, 322, 325

microbial resistance, 322, 323

Olopatadine, 207, 243, 244–245, 246, 254, 260

Omega-3 fatty acids dry eyes, 127, 213

retinitis pigmentosa, 448 Opsin mutations, 445, 448 Optic cup, 69, 478

Optic nerve, 3 decompression surgery, 338

513

growth factor support, 101–102

Optic nerve head

axonal neurotrophin transport, 106–107

growth factor expression, 106–109

bone morphogenetic proteins, 108–109

neurotrophic factors, 108–109

neurotrophins, 108–109 transforming growth fac-

tor β, 107–108 Optive(TM), 121

Oral medication, 13, 16 Oral tolerance induction see

Immunotherapy Orbital implants, 338 Organophosphates exposure,

179, 180 Osmoprotectants, eye

surface, 121

P

P2Y2 receptor agonists, 370

delivery systems, 24 dry eyes, 128

P2Y2 receptor antagonists, 28 P13K, 105

p53, 431

p75 see Low affinity neurotrophin receptor

Palladium-103 subretinal implants, 29

Paracrine growth factor signaling, 89–90

Parenteral dosage forms, 16 PARP-1, 431

Pars plana, 377, 378

Pars plana vitrectomy, 380 Pars planitis, 224, 225, 304 Pars plicata, 377, 378 Parylene, 29 Pathogen-associated

molecular patterns (PAMPs), 282

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 282

Patterns of drug release, 10–11 Pax6, 79, 94

PD128907, 59