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Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет

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Ocular Therapeutics Eye on New Discoveries_Yorio, Clark, Wax_2007

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I N D E X

A	Adenovirus vectors, 395, 400,	in vitro studies, 150
A36, 25	402, 403, 404, 406, 408,	intraocular environmental
ABCA4, 445, 446, 466	463, 464	inﬂuences, 150–151
ABCR, 404	anterior/posterior segment	investigations, 147–150
Accessory lacrimal glands, 209	gene delivery, 410, 411	lens age-related changes,
Acetazolamide, 50, 279	ciliary neurotrophic factor, 79	151–152
Acetylcholine esterase inhibi-	pigment epithelium-derived	nuclear, 146, 152
tors, 179–180	factor, 24	brunescent, 146
Acetylcholine, myopia patho-	Adhesives, surgical, 367–368	genetic factors, 148
physiology, 176–180	anterior segment surgery,	myopia relationship, 154
Acetylcholine receptors	372–373	natural history, 153
muscarinic, 50, 176–178	Administration sites, 13	smoking relationship, 154
nicotinic, 178–179, 374	Advanced Glaucoma	vitreoretinal surgery/
Acetylsalicylic acid, 20	Intervention Study	hyperbaric oxygen-
Actin cytoskeleton	(AGIS), 46	related, 149, 155–156
gene therapy targets, 405–406	Aganocide(TM), 327	vitreous degeneration,
see also Microﬁlaments	Age-related cataract, 143–160	155–156
Activin receptor-like kinase-1,	animal models, 149	posterior subcapsular, 147,
379	causes, 147	151, 152, 153
Activins, 91	cortical, 146, 152, 153	ionizing radiation
Acyclovir, 220, 260, 306, 402	genetic factors, 148	exposure, 149, 160
Adalimumab, 293–294, 311, 312	presbyopia relationship,	steroid exposure, 149,
ADAM metalloproteinases, 92	158	159–160
Adaptive immunity, 281	sunlight exposure relation-	risk factors, 151–160
immune-mediated ocular	ship, 157–158	risk reduction, 144
disease, 284–286	diabetic patients, 158–159	dietary factors, 154
see also Immune response	epidemiological studies,	future strategies, 145
Adeno-associated virus	147–148	surgical treatment, 145
vectors, 395–396, 406,	formation/progression	types, 145
407, 408, 464	studies, 148	Age-related changes
anterior/posterior segment	gender differences, 153–154	lens, 151–152
gene delivery, 410, 411	global prevalence, 143–144	vitreous, 379
side effects, 411	grading systems, 149	Age-Related Eye Disease Study
Adenovirus infection, 328	iatrogenic, 149	(AREDS), 448, 460

495

496	INDEX
Age-related macular degenera-	recent developments,	pathological, 102, 474,
tion, 5, 7, 334, 353–354,	208–209, 263–265	482–486
373, 443, 444, 450–466,	S-Allylmercaptocysteine	platelet-derived growth
474, 482, 486	(SAMC), 58	factor, 480–481
cell biology, 446–447	α2-agonists, intraocular pres-	therapeutic targets see
inner retinal neuron pres-	sure lowering agents, 50	Anti-angiogenesis
ervation, 450	α defensin, 76	Tie receptors, 481
clinical features, 444	Alpha melanocyte stimulating	vascular endothelial growth
dry form, 444	hormone, 201	factor, 93, 479–480
nutrient supplements,	Alpha-lipoic acid, 462	Wnt signaling, 101
448–449, 450, 460–461	Aluminium oxide coated	Angiopoeitin-1, 481
environmental factors, 444	polyimide, 29	Angiopoeitin-2, 481
genetic component, 444,	Alzet(R) minipumps, 11	Angiostatic agents see
445–446	Amacrine cells, 174, 187	Anti-angiogenesis
immune-mediated processes,	acetylcholine, 176	Angiostatin, 403
446–447	dopamine, 180, 181	Angiotensin I, 103
macular edema, 102	enkephalin, 185	Angiotensin II, 71, 74, 103
molecular biology, 445–446	γ-aminobutyric acid, 183	ciliary body expression, 77
recent developments	glucagon, 184	Angiotensin receptor antago-
cell transplantation, 450,	neurotensin, 185	nists, 77
451–455	somatostatin, 185	Animal dander allergens, 205,
pharmaceutical therapy,	Amfenac, 368	206, 240
457–460	Amikacin, 20, 322	Ankylosing spondylitis, 224,
retinal electronic prosthetic	Aminoglycosides, 318, 321, 323,	277
devices, 450, 455–457	325, 326	Antazoline, 243, 259
subretinal radiation	Amniotic membrane transplan-	Anterior chamber-associated
implants, 29	tation, 336	immune deviation
wet form (choroidal neovas-	ﬁbrin-based tissue adhesives,	(ACAID), 201–202, 288
cularization), 102, 103,	372, 373	corneal allograft induction/
353, 444, 447, 482	glaucoma surgery, 345	survival, 203
anti-angiogenesis therapy,	pterygium surgery, 349	therapeutic targeting, 228
105, 106, 353–354	AMPA glutamate receptors,	Anterior segment gene therapy
gene therapy, 403, 404, 463,	425–426	targets, 410–411
464	Amphiregulin, 92	Anterior segment surgery,
pathogenesis, 485–486	Amphotericin B, 18, 324, 328	367–374
protein/peptide therapeu-	Amplicon vectors, 394	anti-angiogenic medications,
tic agents, 462–463	Anakinra, 293	373–374
small molecule therapeutic	ANCHOR, 449	antibiotics, 369–370
agents, 463–464	Androgen Tear, 370	medication developments,
treatment, 104, 105, 449–	Androgens	368–370
450, 462–464	ciliary body expression, 75	surgical adhesives, 372–373
AL-3037A, 57	dry eyes, 129	Anterior uveitis (iritis; iridocy-
Alendronate sodium, 280	Anecortave acetate, 23,	clitis), 224, 225, 275–296
Alginate, 9, 17	369, 463	autoimmune, 276–277
Alkaline protease, 215	Anesthetics	classiﬁcation, 276
Alkylating agents, 312	sub-Tenon’s capsule adminis-	clinical features, 276
Allergic conjunctivitis see	tration, 22	cystoid macular edema, 280
Conjunctivitis, allergic	topical, 367	deﬁnition, 275–276, 301
Allergic eye disease, 4, 204–209,	Angiogenesis, 5, 473–487	differential diagnosis, 276
239–265	angiopoeitin, 481	epidemiology, 275–276
management guidelines, 206	ciliary body, 77–78	grading, 302
mechanisms, 205–206	growth factors, 89, 478	HLA-B27-related, 277
pharmacological therapy,	insulin-like growth factor,	immune/inﬂammatory
206–209	481–482	mechanisms, 281–286

	INDEX	497
infections, 278–279, 314	Anti-CD20 monoclonal anti-	herpes simplex keratitis, 220
herpes simplex virus,	body, 313	Apoptosis
288–289	Antifungal agents, 328	corneal wound healing,
herpes zoster	Antigen presenting cells,	135–136, 335
ophthalmicus, 288	284–286	effector pathways, 429
laboratory investigations, 305	Antihistamines, 206, 207	extrinsic, 429–430
posterior subcapsular cata-	allergic conjunctivitis, 243	intrinsic, 430–431
ract, 280	atopic keratoconjunctivitis,	inhibition
recurrent, 281	259, 260	gene therapy, 406–407
secondary glaucoma, 280–281	ﬁrst generation, 243	heat shock protein 70, 432
systemic disease-related,	mast cell stabilizers, 207, 243,	neuroprotection, 429–432
277–278	245, 254, 260	photoreceptors in degenera-
treatment, 279–281, 290–296	pharmacology, 243–244	tive retinopathies, 446,
recent developments,	recent developments, 208	447
292–296	second generation, 243–244	Apoptosis-inducing
Anti-angiogenesis, 4, 102, 369,	vernal keratoconjunctivitis,	factor, 431
486–487	254	Apoptosome, 431
age-related macular	Anti-microbial peptides, 325,	Apoptotic protease-activating
degeneration, 353–354	326, 369–370	factor 1, 431, 432
anterior segment surgery,	Anti-Müllerian hormone, 91	Apraclonidine, 50
373–374	Antioxidant supplements	Aptamers, 356, 449, 487
choroidal neovascularization,	age-related macular degen-	Aqueous humor
463	eration (dry form), 448,	anti-inﬂammatory/
corneal allograft rejection,	450, 460	immunosuppressive
232	retinitis pigmentosa, 462	components, 201
gene therapy, 403–404	Antisense oligonucleotides	cortisol, 76
sub-Tenon’s capsule drug	anti-transforming growth	drug targets see Intraocular
delivery, 22	factor β, 347	pressure lowering
Antibiotics, 317–329	anti-vascular endothelial	agents
anterior segment surgery,	growth factor, 354	endothelin, 74–75
367, 369–370	Anti-transforming growth	growth factors, 94, 96–97
bacterial keratitis, 216, 217	factor β monoclonal	hydrogen peroxide levels,
cationic steroids (ceragenins),	antibody, 352	150–151
324, 327	glaucoma postoperative scar-	inﬂow–outﬂow neuroendo-
collagen shield delivery,	ring prevention, 347	crine communication,
372	Anti-tumor necrosis factor	70–72, 74–75
historical aspects, 320–321	monoclonal antibody	natriuretic peptides, 72–73,
intravitreal delivery, 24	uveitis, 228	74
Japanese, 321–322	anterior, 292–294	outﬂow, 47, 70
microbial resistance, 321,	posterior segment, 311	gene therapy, 405
322–323, 325, 369	Anti-vascular endothelial	glaucoma-related decrease,
new agent development, 321	growth factor agents,	47–48
ophthalmic research, 322	105, 373, 474, 487	therapeutic targets, 60
ophthalmic, 325–326	age-related macular degener-	production, 46–47, 69, 70
prophylactic usages,	ation, 354, 449, 462–463	ARC126, 356
324–325	choroidal neovascularization,	ARC127, 356
therapeutic usage, 324	403	Artiﬁcial silicon retina (ASR)
recent developments,	delivery systems, 23	microchip, 455
327–328	gene therapy, 403	Artiﬁcial tears, 370
targets, 323–324	posterior segment uveitis,	allergic eye disease, 206
Antibodies, 287	313	atopic keratoconjunctivitis,
Anti-cancer agents,	small interfering RNA, 403,	260
sub-Tenon’s capsule	464	continuous delivery
delivery, 22	Antiviral agents, 328	systems, 11

498

Artiﬁcial tears (continued) giant papillary conjunctivitis,

250

meibomian gland dysfunction, 212

Artiﬁcial vision (electronic prosthetic devices), 28, 445, 450

cortical implant, 457 retinal implant, 455–457

Ascorbic acid, 57

dietary supplements, 448, 460 intraocular environment, 150,

151, 152

Aspergillus, 328

Aspirin, 254, 261 Astrocytes, 476–477, 480 ATG003, 374 Atlizumab, 295

Atopic dermatitis

ocular involvement, 256 treatment, 260, 263

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 204–205, 222, 239–240, 256–260

clinical features, 256–257 diagnosis, 259 epidemiology, 256 pathophysiology, 258–259,

260–261 treatment, 259–260

anti-inﬂammatory agents, 261

pharmacology, 262–263 vernal keratoconjunctivitis comparison, 254

Atopy, 204, 239, 251

Atrial natriuretic peptide, 58, 72, 73

Atropa belladonna, 8 Atropine, 176–177, 308

Autocrine growth factor signaling, 89, 90

Autoimmune anterior uveitis, 276–277

Autoimmune disorders, 221–223, 333

associated spondyloarthropathy and uveitis, 224 bacterial keratitis risk, 213

dry eye syndromes, 209 posterior segment uveitis,

303–304

INDEX

Autoimmune uveoretinitis, 288 gene therapy, 403

Autoimmunity, 287–288, 435 Autologous serum, 128–129 Avastin, 373, 449–450 Axokine, 458

Axonal neurotrophin transport, 106–107

pressure-related blockade, 107, 424, 425

AzaSite(TM), 17 Azathioprine, 292, 310–311

bone marrow toxicity, 311 Azelastine, 207, 243, 245, 254,

260 Azithromycin, 17, 306 Azole antifungals, 328

Bcells activation, 285

anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, 202

immune-mediated ocular

disease, 284–286

Bacillus polymyxa, 385 Bacitracin, 324

Bacterial efﬂux mechanisms, antibiotic targets, 324

Bacterial infection, 318 microorganisms, 320

Bacterial keratitis, 213–217 clinical features, 214–215 immune response, 215–216 pathogenesis, 215–216 predisposing factors, 213–214 severity determinants, 214 treatment, 216–217

Bacterial uveitis, 290 BAD, 430, 432 Baerveldt drainage

system, 373 BAMBI, 99, 109 Bardet–Beidl disease,

444, 445

Basic ﬁbroblast growth factor see Fibroblast growth factor 2

Basophils, 206, 207, 252, 253, 263

Bax, 401, 406, 430

BAY-61-3006, 246 Bcl

intrinsic apoptotic pathway, 429–432

neuroprotective gene therapy, 406

Beclamethasone, 336 Behcet’s disease, 304, 310, 311,

312

Benzalkonium chloride, 322, 326, 371

Benzathine penicillin, 306 Beta blockers, 49, 427 Beta carotene, 448, 460

β defensin, 76 β-adrenergic receptors, 49 β-aminopropionitrile, 349 β-catenin, 101 11β-hydroxysteroid

dehydrogenase, 76 17β-hydroxysteroid

dehydrogenase, 75, 76 β-irradiation, postoperative,

348, 349 Beta-lactams, 322, 324, 325, 326 β2-macroglobulin, 70

Betacellulin, 92 Betamethasone, 23, 28, 351 Betaxolol, 8, 49

Betoptic S(R), 8 Bevacizumab, 313, 354,

373–374, 487 Bevasiranib, 464 Bimatoprost, 49 Bioabsorbable implants, 16 Biomaterials, 9, 15, 23, 29

sub-Tenon’s capsule, 23 subretinal space, 28

Biomimetic antimicrobials, 327 BIRC4, 431

gene therapy targets, 407 Birdshot chorioretinitis, 304,

310 Bisphosphonates, 280 Bleomycin, 355 Blepharitis

atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 204

bacterial keratitis risk, 214 chronic noninfectious, 210 Blood–aqueous barrier, 47, 70,

224, 287

anterior uveitis-related changes, 281

Blood–retinal barrier, 16, 226, 382, 474, 475

Bone morphogenetic protein 2, 99, 109

Bone morphogenetic protein 4, 99, 109

retinal development, 101 transforming growth factor

β2 regulation, 99

Bone morphogenetic protein 5, 99, 109

Bone morphogenetic protein 7, 99, 109, 353

Bone morphogenetic protein receptors, 92, 99, 109

optic nerve head, 109

Bone morphogenetic proteins, 91

optic nerve head, 108–109 retinal development, 101 retinal neuroprotection, 105 secreted antagonists, 98–99 signaling, 92

structure, 91–92

trabecular meshwork, 60, 61, 98–99

transforming growth factor β2 interactions, 99

Botulinum toxin, sub-Tenon’s capsule administration, 22

Bowman’s membrane, 94, 252 Bradykinin, 241 Brain-derived natriuretic

peptide, 58, 72, 73 Brain-derived neurotrophic

factor, 78, 88, 89, 93 axonal transport obstruction with glaucoma, 107

corneal expression, 96 degenerative retinopathy

treatment, 458

gene therapy, 396, 407, 425 transfected cell transplan-

tation, 399

neuronal apoptosis, 429, 430 optic nerve head, 108 retinal ganglion cell support,

101, 102, 104, 424–425 trabecular meshwork expres-

sion, 100 Brain-derived neurotrophic

factor receptor, 93

INDEX

Brain-speciﬁc angiogenesis inhibitor 1, 404

Bremazocine, 58

Brevinins, 369 Brimonidine, 50, 279, 427 Brinzolamide, 50 Bromfenac, 308 Budesonide, 22

Burns, 333

C2, 446 C3, 282, 447

gene therapy targets, 405–406 C5, 447

C-reactive protein, 446 C-type natriuretic peptide, 58,

72, 73, 74 Calcineurin, 432 Calcitonin gene-related

peptide, 78 aqueous humor, 201

Calcium ions glaucomatous optic

neuro-pathy therapeutic targets, 427

glutamate-induced release excitotoxic neuronal cell

death, 426 therapeutic blockade, 427

intracellular free radicals generation, 428

intrinsic apoptotic pathway, 430

nitric oxide synthase activation, 428

Calcium phosphate, gene transfer complexes, 399

Caldesmon, 406

Candida, 303, 328 Cannabinoid CB1 receptors, 59 Cannabinoid CB2 receptors, 59 Cannabinoids, 59 Carageenan, 17

Carbachol, 50, 74 Carbapenems, 324, 326 Carbon-coated materials, 28, 29 Carbonic anhydrase

gel formulations, 17 gene therapy targets, 406

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

anterior uveitis, 279

499

intraocular pressure lowering agents, 50

Carboplatin, 20, 21, 23 Carboxypeptidase A, 205 Caronte, 98

Carteolol, 17, 49 Caspase 3, 356, 401, 431

apoptosis extrinsic pathway, 429

gene therapy targets, 407 Caspase 7, 431

Caspase inhibitors, gene therapy, 407

Cat scratch disease, 306 Cataract, 144, 333

age-related see Age-related cataract

anterior uveitis, 280 atopic keratoconjunctivitis,

204, 258 causes, 147 myopia, 169 Soemmering’s, 350

steroid-related, 149, 159–160, 280, 308, 309

following intravitreal delivery, 25–26, 28

Cataract surgery, 145, 350–353 anti-inﬂammatory agents, 351–352, 368–369 antiproliferative agents, 352

collagen shield drug delivery, 371–372

continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, 350

drug delivery systems, 369 growth factor modulators,

352–353 matrix remodeling

modulators, 352 posterior capsule

opaciﬁcation, 350 gene therapy, 401 intraocular lens

technology, 350–351 photodynamic therapy,

351

preventive lens epithelial cell destruction, 351, 352

surgical technique inﬂuences, 350

sealed capsular irrigation, 351

500	INDEX
Cathepsin D, 70	Chemokines, 285, 286–287	multifocal with panuveitis,
Cathepsin G, 205	allergic conjunctivitis, 241	304
Cathepsin O, 70	bacterial keratitis, 215, 216	serpiginous, 304, 310
Cationic peptide antimicrobi-	corneal wound healing, 335	white dot syndromes, 304
als, 327	dry eye syndromes, 210	Chx10, 79
Cationic steroid antibiotics	mast cells, 205	Chymase, mast cell, 205, 241,
(ceragenins), 324, 327	uveitis, 286	252, 253, 265
CD4 T cells	Chicken beta actin promoter,	Cicatricial pemphigoid see
anterior chamber-associated	409	Ocular cicatricial
immune deviation, 202	Chitosan, 18, 20	pemphigoid
atopic keratoconjunctivitis,	coated nanoparticles, 371	Cicatrizing conjunctivitis, 222
258, 261	mucoadhesive properties, 18	Cicatrizing ectropion, 257
bacterial keratitis, 215–216	Chlorambucil, 312	Cicatrizing entropion, 205
corneal allograft rejection,	Chloramphenicol, 321, 323, 325,	Cicatrizing ocular surface
229, 230	326	disorders, 221–223, 333
therapeutic targeting,	Chloramphenicol acetyltrans-	Cidofovir, 25, 290, 306
232–233	ferase gene transfer, 397	side effects, 306
dry eye syndromes, 210–211	Cholinergic intraocular	non-granulomatous
herpes simplex keratitis, 219	pressure lowering	uveitis, 289–290
HIV infection, 289	agents, 50	Ciliary body, 69–80, 377, 378
lacrimal glands, 209	Chondroitin sulfate, 57	angiogenic/anti-angiogenic
Mooren’s ulcer, 221	Chondroitinase, 384, 385	functions, 77–78
ocular cicatricial pemphig-	Chondroitinase ABC, 384–385	anti-microbial functions,
oid, 222	Chondromodulin-I, 71, 77–78	76–77
uveitis, 225–226	Chordin, 98, 99, 109	development, 69
vernal keratoconjunctivitis,	Choroidal neovascularization,	mRNA expression, 70–71
253	482	neuromodulatory functions,
CD8 T cells	age-related macular	78
anterior chamber-associated	degeneration, 104, 105,	neuroendocrine functions,
immune deviation, 202	353, 444, 447	70–72
corneal allograft rejection,	treatment, 449–450	neuroprotective functions,
230	anti-vascular endothelial	78–79
lacrimal glands, 209	growth factor therapy,	retinal progenitor stem cells,
Cecropins, 326, 369	449–450	79–80
Cefazolin, 322	VEGF trap, 462–463	steroidogenic functions,
Cefoperazone, 322	antiangiogenic steroids,	75–76
Celecoxib, 21	463	Ciliary epithelium, 47,
Cell wall synthesis, antibiotic	gene therapy, 403, 404, 463	69–70
targets, 324	growth factor involvement,	aqueous humor secretion, 70
Cellular retinaldehyde binding	102–103	development, 101
protein, 71	pathogenesis, 485–486	natriuretic peptides, 74
CEP290, 445	photodynamic therapy, 486	neuropeptides expression, 70,
Cephalosporins, 324, 326	pigment epithelium-derived	71, 72
Ceragenins (cationic steroid	factor therapy, 104, 462,	stem cells, 80
antibiotics), 324, 327	463	Ciliary ﬂush
Cerebus, 98	platelet-derived growth	anterior uveitis, 224, 276
Ceruloplasmin, 70	factor, 480	grading, 302
Cevimeline, 127	role of vascular endothelial	Ciliary muscle, 69, 70, 71
CFH gene, 446	growth factor, 479	glaucoma, 48
Chemical gene transfer meth-	Choroidal vessels	muscarinic acetylcholine
ods, 399	(choriocapillaris), 474	receptors, 176, 177
Chemokine receptors, 286	development, 478	Ciliary neurotrophic factor, 78,
dry eye syndromes, 210	Choroiditis	89, 108

	INDEX	501
degenerative retinopathy	Conjunctival edema, 210	rejection, 228–233
therapy, 457, 458	Conjunctivitis	associated
Encapsulated Cell	allergic, 204, 205, 240–249	neovascularization, 229
Technology, 458–459,	allergic rhinitis associa-	clinical presentation, 229
460	tion, 240	gene therapy, 401–402
gene therapy, 79, 408	clinical presentation, 240	mechanisms, 229–230
intravitreal delivery, 26	diagnosis, 242–243	prophylaxis, 231, 401–402
retinal neuroprotection, 104,	drug discovery	treatment, 231–232
106, 424, 425	approaches, 245–249	Corneal edema, 335
Ciliary neurotrophic factor	pathophysiology, 241–242	anterior uveitis, 276, 288
receptors, 100	perennial, 204, 207, 239,	herpes simplex infection, 218,
Ciproﬂoxacin, 17, 27, 323, 325	240, 243, 244, 247	289
microbial resistance, 322, 323	pharmacology, 243–245	Corneal haze see Corneal opac-
Circadian rhythms	prevalence, 240	ity (haze), post-refrac-
enkephalin, 185	seasonal, 204, 207, 239, 240,	tive surgery
intraocular pressure lowering	242, 244, 245, 247	Corneal neovascularization,
agent activity, 49, 50	treatment, 243	gene therapy, 404
ocular dimensions, 183, 188	cicatrizing, 222	Corneal opacity (haze), post-
Cisplatin, 355	giant papillary see Giant pap-	refractive surgery,
Clarithromycin, 322	illary conjunctivitis	133–140
Climatotherapy, 255	Connective tissue growth fac-	corneal wound healing, 335
Clindamycin, 306, 323	tor, 337	inﬂuence of surgical tech-
Clotrimazole, 323	trabecular meshwork, 60, 61	nique, 335–336
Col18A1 mutations, 78	Constant infusion systems, 11	gene therapy, 400–401
Colchicine, 22, 186	Contact lens drug delivery sys-	mechanisms, 134–138
Colistin, 321	tems, 8–9, 19	myoﬁbroblast
Collaborative Initial Glaucoma	Contact lens wear, 209	differentiation, 136–138,
Treatment Study	bacterial keratitis risk, 213,	335
(CIGTS), 46	214	role of epithelial basement
Collaborative Normal Tension	giant papillary conjunctivitis,	membrane, 138, 335, 336
Glaucoma Study	249, 250	surface irregularity asso-
(CNTGS), 46	Controlled release systems,	ciation, 137–138
Collagen, drug delivery	10–11	prophylaxis
systems, 18, 379	Cornea, 3–4, 94	smoothing agent use, 139
Collagen shields, 18, 371–372,	bacterial infection, 213–217	topical mitomycin C, 134,
400	growth factor expression,	138–139, 336
Collagen vascular disease, 304	94–96	spontaneous return of
Collagenase-1 see Matrix	epidermal growth factor,	transparency, 138
metalloproteinase-1	94	therapeutic options, 134, 139,
Combretastatin A4, 20, 463	hepatocyte growth factor,	336–337
Complement	94–95	topical corticosteroid respon-
activation pathways, 282	keratinocyte growth factor,	siveness, 137
immune-mediated ocular	94–95	Corneal ulcers, 214, 334
disease, 281, 282	neurotrophins, 96	atopic keratoconjunctivitis,
regulatory proteins	platelet-derived growth	257
aqueous humor, 201, 203	factor, 95–96	healing, 96
corneal allograft	transforming growth fac-	vernal keratoconjunctivitis
expression, 203	tor β, 95	(shield ulcers), 252
Complement factor H, 404, 446	transparency determinants,	treatment, 255
Compliance, 10, 12, 13	335	see also Bacterial
Computer vision syndrome,	Corneal allograft, 202	keratitis
211–212	immune privilege, 202–204	Corneal wound healing, 134,
Cone-rod dystrophies, 444	prognosis, 228–229	334–337

502	INDEX
Corneal wound healing	steroid responders, 280,	cortical allograft rejection
(continued)	308, 309	prevention, 231
amniotic membrane	sub-Tenon’s/trans-septal	drug delivery systems, 18, 21,
application, 336	delivery, 22, 307	23, 24
cytokines, 135	systemic, 280, 291, 309	dry eye syndromes, 122–127,
growth factors, 95, 96	tapering for discontinuation,	212, 370
therapeutic	309–310	glaucoma postoperative
administration, 96	thyroid-associated orbito-	management, 344–345
keratocyte apoptosis,	pathy, 338	mechanism of action, 124
135–136, 335	uveitis, 226–227	pharmacology, 262, 263
myoﬁbroblasts, 136–137, 335	anterior, 279–280, 291–292	posterior segment uveitis,
post-refractive surgery haze	posterior segment,	310, 311
formation, 134–135	307–308, 309	side effects, 291, 311
surgical technique inﬂuences,	vernal keratoconjunctivitis,	topical, 124–125, 126, 208, 212
335–336	254, 261	vernal keratoconjunctivitis,
Cortical electronic prosthetic	Cortisenes, 369	253, 254, 262, 263
devices, 457	Cortisol, 76	CYP1B1, 76
Corticosteroids	Crohn’s disease, 278, 294	Cystoid macular edema
allergic conjunctivitis, 243,	Cromolyn sodium, 207, 254,	anterior uveitis, 280
247	260	pars planatis (intermediate
allergic eye disease, 207–208	anti-inﬂammatory actions,	uveitis), 225
atopic keratoconjunctivitis,	264, 265	post-cataract surgery, 368
259, 261	Crystallins, 144, 152	Cytarabine, 355
bacterial keratitis, 216, 217	CTLA4 gene therapy, 402, 403	Cytochalasins, 21, 52
cataract risk, 144, 149,	Cyanoacrylate tissue	Cytokines, 88–89, 283, 285
159–160, 280, 308, 309	adhesives, 372	allergic conjunctivitis, 205,
following intravitreal	Cyclic GMP analogs, 57–58	206, 241–242, 245
delivery, 25–26, 28	Cyclic GMP signaling, 74	corneal wound healing, 135
corneal allografts, 228–229,	Cyclin G1, 401	deﬁnition, 89
231	Cyclitis (intermediate uveitis),	dry eye syndromes, 210
corneal haze responsiveness,	224	herpes simplex keratitis, 219
137	Cyclodextrin, 19–20	historical aspects, 89
diabetic patients, 309	Cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1), 289	mast cells, 205
dry eye syndromes, 122, 212	Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), 76,	natural killer cells, 283
giant papillary conjunctivitis,	289	uveitis, 226
250	Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2)	anterior, 292–294
herpes simplex keratitis, 220	inhibitors, glaucoma	Cytomegalovirus, 25, 287, 328
implants, 308	postoperative	anterior uveitis, 278–279, 314
intraocular delivery, 307–308	management, 344	immune reconstitution uvei-
endophthalmitis risk, 307	Cyclooxygenases, 289	tis, 306
intraocular pressure eleva-	Cyclopentolate, 279, 308	promoter use in gene ther-
tion/glaucoma risk,	Cyclophosphamide, 223, 227,	apy, 409
208, 281, 291–292, 308,	312	retinitis, 8, 278
309	Cycloplegic agents	associated uveitis, 288, 303
patient monitoring, 309	anterior, 279	treatment, 306
intraocular pressure, 243,	posterior segment, 308–309	Cytoskeleton
308	side effects, 309	gene therapy targets, 405–406
post-anterior segment	uveitis, 226	intraocular pressure lowering
surgery, 367, 368–369	Cyclosporin, 120, 121, 305	agents, 51–53
post-cataract surgery, 351	adverse effects, 208	Cytotoxic T cells
post-refractive surgery, 336	allergic eye disease, 208	corneal allograft rejection,
side effects, 208, 254, 260, 280,	anterior uveitis, 291, 292	230
290, 292, 308, 309, 310,	atopic keratoconjunctivitis,	viral infection response,
368	260, 262, 263	287

	INDEX	503
D	ocular cicatricial	Dopamine, myopia
Daclizumab, 312	pemphigoid, 222	pathophysiology,
Dacryocystorhinostomy, 337	T cell interactions, 284	180–183, 186
osteotomy closure	Dermal patches, 16	Dorzolamide, 49, 50
prevention, 337–338	Dermatan sulfate, 57	Doxorubicin, 355
DAN bone morphogenetic	Descemet’s membrane, 94	Doxycycline, 27, 212, 306
protein antagonists, 98	Desmopressin, 74	Drm see Gremlin
Dapsone, 223	Dexamthasone, 254, 336, 339,	Drug delivery systems, 7–30,
Daunomycin, 27, 352, 356	351, 355	370–372
Daunorubicin, 21, 349, 352, 355	delivery systems, 8, 17, 18,	administration sites, 13
Decorin, 347	20, 22, 27, 313	compliance, 10, 12, 13
Dectinomycin, 355	intraocular pressure	design, 14–16
Defensins, 76–77, 326, 327, 369	elevation, 208	drug duration/pattern, 10–11
Degenerative neuropathies, 5	Di-(ethylhexyl)phthalate, 9	historical aspects, 8–10
Degenerative retinopathies,	Diabetes	intrascleral, 28
443–467	age-related cataract risk,	intravitreal, 24–28
cell biology, 446–447	158–159	lens-based, 22
genetic basis, 101, 444, 445	bacterial keratitis risk,	matrix type, 7, 14, 15
molecular biology, 445–446	213, 214	oral dosage forms, 16
myopia association, 169	precautions with corticoster-	parenteral dosage forms, 16
recent developments,	oids, 309	post-cataract surgery, 369
450–466	Diabetic macular edema, 102,	regulatory approval, 30
electronic prosthetic	382	requirements, 10
devices, 450, 455–457	ranibizumab therapy, 105	reservoir insert systems, 7,
gene therapy, 395, 396, 444,	Retisert trials, 25–26	9, 14
464–466	vitreous gel composition, 379	retinal growth factors,
nutritional therapy, 444,	Diabetic retinopathy, 5, 77, 79,	105–106
460–464	373, 474, 476, 480, 482	retinal/posterior segment,
pharmaceutical therapy,	drug delivery systems, 7	105, 458–460
457–460	gene therapy, 403, 404	sub-Tenon’s capsule, 22–23
photoreceptor	hyperglycemia-related	subconjunctival, 21–22
transplantation, 450,	microvascular dysfunc-	subretinal implants, 28–29
451–452	tion, 484	suprachoroidal, 23–24
retinal pigment epithelium	pathogenesis, 483–485	targeting, 10, 11–12
cell transplantation,	posterior vitreous	topical, 16–21
450–466	detachment, 380	Drug targets, 3–6
stem cell transplantation,	retinal/choroidal neovascu-	Drug-related uveitis,
453–455	larization, 102, 103, 403	290, 306
retinal growth factor	treatment, 486, 487	Drusen, age-related macular
expression, 101	Diclofenac, 20, 22, 261, 336, 351	degeneration, 444, 446,
therapeutic strategies,	Diethylaminoethyloethyl-	447
444–445	dextran, gene transfer	Dry eyes, 119–129, 370
treatment, 447–450	complexes, 399	anti-inﬂammatory
Delayed (type IV) hypersensi-	Diethyldithiocarbamate, 20	medications, 122–129
tivity reactions	Dipivefrin, 49, 50	atopic keratoconjunctivitis,
atopic keratoconjunctivitis,	Diquafosol, 128	205
258	Disciform keratitis, 218	autologous serum, 128–129
corneal allograft rejection,	Disintegrins, 92	bacterial keratitis risk, 213,
230	Dispase, 380, 385–388	214
Delta1, 80	Dissolution time, intravitreal	corticosteroids, 122
Dendrimers, 20, 345, 374	drugs, 25	cyclosporin A, 122–127
Dendritic cells, 282	Disulﬁram, 20	deﬁnitions, 209
activation, 282	DNA synthesis, antibiotic	historical aspects, 119–120
lacrimal glands, 209	targets, 323–324, 325	hormone therapy, 129

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