Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ophthalmic Care for the Comabat Casaulty_Thach_2003

Contributors

DARRYL J. AINBINDER, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Director, Ophthalmic Oncology and Pathology; Staff, Ophthalmic Plastic, Reconstructive, and Orbital Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash; Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

WENDALL C. BAUMAN, JR, MD

Colonel, US Air Force, Medical Corps; Assistant Chief, Department of Surgery; Chief, Retina Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Tex; Staff, Retina Service, Lackland Air Force Base, Tex

JEFFREY P. BLICE, MD

Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy, National Naval Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Bethesda, Md

KRAIG S. BOWER, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Cornea and External Disease Section, Ophthalmology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC

GORDON A. BYRNES, MD

Captain,Medical Corps, USNavy;Department ofOphthalmology,

National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md

NEIL T. CHOPLIN, MD

Captain, US Navy (Ret); Eye Care of San Diego, San Diego, Calif; Adjunct Clinical Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

GLENN C. COCKERHAM, MD

Colonel, US Air Force, (Ret); Cornea Service, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa

KIMBERLY PEELE COCKERHAM, MD

Director, Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbital Disease and Neuro-Oph- thalmology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh; Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa

PETER H. CUSTIS, MD

Captain, US Navy; Director, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif; and Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

ANDREW S. EISEMAN, MD

Lieutenant Colonel,MedicalCorps,USArmy;Chief, Oculoplastics and Orbit Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC

ELIZABETH A. HANSEN, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Director, Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash; AssistantProfessorofSurgery (Ophthalmology),UniformedServices University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

CRAIG D. HARTRANFT, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Chief, Vitreoretinal Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, Wash

DAVID E. E. HOLCK, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force, Medical Corps; Flight Surgeon; Director, Oculoplastic, Orbital and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Tex

RODNEY D. HOLLIFIELD, MD

Vitreoretinal Surgeon, Retina Consultants of Nevada, Las Vegas,

Nev

TIM B. HOPKINS, MD

Lieutenant Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy; Department of Ophthalmology, US Naval Hospital Great Lakes, Great Lakes, Ill

DANIEL J. JANIK, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force (Ret); Associate Professor of

AnesthesiologyandAssociateMedicalDirectorofOperatingRoom

Services, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver,

Colo

THADDEUS J. KROLICKI, MD

Vitreoretinal Surgeon, Eye Clinic of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wis

FRANCIS G. LA PIANA, MD, FACS

Colonel, US Army (Ret); Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md; Ophthalmology Residency Program Director, Department of Ophthalmology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC

SCOTT K. MCCLATCHEY, MD

Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy; Director, Motility Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif; Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

THOMAS H. MADER, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army (Ret); Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska

WILLIAM P. MADIGAN, JR, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Chief, Ophthalmology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC; Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

DAVID O. MAZUR, MD

Captain, Medical Corps, US Navy; Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md

ROBERT A. MAZZOLI, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Chief, Department of Ophthalmology; Director, Ophthalmic Plastic, Reconstructive, and Orbital Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash; Associate Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

ASA D. MORTON, MD

Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy; Chief, Oculoplastics Section, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif

JOHN D. NG, MD

Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastics, Orbit, Lacrimal, and Reconstructive Surgery, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Ore

MATTHEW J. NUTAITIS, MD

Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy; Head, Glaucoma Service, Department of Ophthalmology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md

JOSEPH PASTERNAK, MD

Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy; National Naval Medical

Center, Bethesda, Md

WILLIAM R. RAYMOND IV, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Director, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash; Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

WILLIAM RIMM, MD

Colonel,MedicalCorps,USArmy;OphthalmologyService,Walter

Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC

E. GLENN SANFORD, MD

Major, Medical Corps, US Army; Chief, Department of Ophthalmology, Blanchfield Army Community Hospital, Fort Campbell, Ky

RICHARD D. STUTZMAN, MD

Major, Medical Corps, US Army; Staff Ophthalmologist, Department of Ophthalmology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC

ALLEN B. THACH, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army Reserve; Retinal Consultants of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; Associate Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

EDWARD W. TRUDO, JR, MD

Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army Reserve; Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md; Azar Eye Institute, Salisbury, Md

THOMAS P. WARD, MD

Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Ophthalmology Residency Program Director, Ophthalmology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC; Associate Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md

FLOYD L. WERGELAND, JR, MD

Colonel, US Army (Ret); Adjunct Clinical Professor of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Services, Bethesda, Md; Eye Physicians Medical/Surgical Center, Chula Vista, Calif

(1) Duke-Elder S, MacFaul PA. War injuries. In: Mechanical Injuries. Part 1. In: Injuries. Vol 14. In: Duke-Elder S, ed. System of Ophthalmology. St Louis, Mo: C. V. Mosby; 1972; 49–56. (2) Steindorf K. Die Kreigschirurgie des schorgans. Berlin Klin Wochensch. 1914;51:1787–1789. (3) Parsons J. Protection of the eyes from war injuries. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1941;61:157– 178.(4)ShimkinNI.Ophthalmicinjuriesinwar.BrJOphthalmol. 1940;24:265–285. (5) Stone W. Ocular injuries in the armed forces. JAMA. 1950;142:151–152. (6) Gunderson T. Surgery of intraocular foreign bodies. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1947;52:604–613. (7) Hornblass A. Eye injuries in South Vietnam. Surg Forum. 1973;24:500–502. (8) Lowrey A, ShafferF.Eye,ear,noseandthroatinjuriessustainedinKorean theater. Trans Pac Coast Ophthalmol Soc Ann Meet. 1954;35:39– 49. (9) Treister G. Ocular casualties in the 6 Day War. Am J Ophthalmol. 1969;68:669–675. (10) Hornblass A. Eye injuries in the military. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1981;21:121–138. (11) Hoefle FB.Initialtreatmentofeyeinjuries.ArchOphthalmol.1968;79:33– 35.(12)BelkinM.OcularinjuriesintheYomKippurWar.JOcul Therapy Surg. 1983;2:40–49. (13) Belkin M, Treister G, Dotan S. EyeinjuriesandocularprotectionintheLebanonWar,1982.Isr J Med Sci. 1984;20:333–338. (14) Heier JS, Enzenauer RW, Wintermeyer SF, Delaney M, La Piana FG. Ocular injuries and diseases at a combat support hospital in support of Operation DesertShieldandDesertStorm.ArchOphthalmol.1993;111:795– 798. (15) Jankovic S, Zuljan I, Sapunar D, Buca A, PlestinaBorjanI.Clinicalandradiologicalmanagementofwartimeeye and orbit injuries. Mil Med. 1998;163:423–426.

The practice of ophthalmic care in the US military has evolved during peacetime and wartime. Beginning with the Revolutionary War, military medicine was the responsibility of general physicians, only some of whom had some training in the provision of eye care. Some surgeons performed cataract surgery but not as a specialty. By the American Civil War, however, ophthalmology had become recognized as a specialty in its own right by national organizations.

The demands of World War I and World War II made evident the need to maintain well-trained military ophthalmologists on continual active duty to provide care for military personnel. To meet this demand, residency training programs were estab-

lished. The development of the ophthalmoscope and retinoscopy further improved methods of examination and treatment of trauma and medical eye disorders. Other improvements in surgery (not specific to ophthalmology but including enhancements in anesthesia, asepsis, and drug development) propelled the specialty forward.

The tradition of providing high-quality care to the military (active and retired), their dependents, and selected civilians has continued to this day. Military conflicts, peacekeeping efforts, and civilian medical assistance programs have challenged Army ophthalmologists, but as their history reveals, they have met these challenges and will continue to do so.

Revolutionary War

The history of the US Army Medical Department begins with the outbreak of the American Revolution (1775) and particularly with the siege of Boston. The Army formed at Cambridge after the Battle of Lexington had little semblance of organization. Among those gathered were many physicians, none of whom held commissions or had any means of establishing hospitals. During the early phase of the Revolution, the sick and wounded were treated in their regiments or companies.

General George Washington, after taking command of the Army, recommended to the Colonial Congress the establishment of a hospital service with a director and necessary assistants. In July 1775, Congress passed a bill that established a medical service for the Army of 20,000 men by creating a hospital department and named Dr Benjamin Church of Boston, Massachusetts, as its first director general and chief physician.1

Army ophthalmology, as a part-time specialty, had its beginning at the start of the Revolutionary War. Several surgeons who were skilled in ophthalmic surgery became prominent during this period. Dr William Shippen (Figure 1-1), a noted surgeon from Philadelphia who performed cataract surgery, served as superintendent of the Army hospitals in New Jersey and later (1777–1781) as Director General of Military Hospitals of the Army.2 Dr John Jones, a surgeon’s mate who served during the French War of 1758 and the American Revolution, did eye surgery and wrote the first American medical book, Plain, Concise, Practical Remarks on the Treat-

ment of Wounds and Fractures, published in New York in 1775 (Figure 1-2). This book became the Revolutionary War surgeon’s text on military surgery.3 Another ophthalmic surgeon of the day, Dr John Warren (Figure 1-3), served in the Army and later founded the Harvard Medical School. Lastly, Dr Hall Jackson, an Army surgeon, was noted for his ability in couching cataracts and curing the blind.4

A common eye injury during the Revolutionary War was related to the type of weapon used—the flintlock musket and the Kentucky rifle—which, on firing, would occasionally cause burns to the face and eyelids.

War of 1812

No formal Army medical department existed at the beginning of the War of 1812, but on 3 March 1813, one was established. During the War of 1812, many noted part-time ophthalmologists served with the Army, including doctors William E. Horner, Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania (Figure 1-4), Horatio Jameson, Hosea Rich, and William Gibson.4

Anesthetics were not known, medical training was poor, and asepsis was unheard of at this time. Treatment of many eye conditions was the same as that for other wounds: “blistering and bleeding.” Minimal surgery was performed for eye wounds, the only exception being enucleation.3

After the war, Congress passed an act in 1818 that provided for an Army Medical Department, this time to be headed by a Surgeon General. Of interest, in December 1822 at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania,

Fig. 1-1. William Shippen, Jr (1736–1808). Reproduced with permission from Packard FR. History of Medicine in the United States. Vol 1. New York, NY: Paul B. Haeberdic; 1931: 289.

Fig. 1-2. The title page of the first medical book published in the colonies, entitled Plain Concise Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures, by John Jones, MD. Reproduced with permission from Ashburn PM. A History of the Medical Department of the United States Army. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin (Cambridge, Mass: The Riverside Press); 1929: facing page 13.

History of Military Eye Care

Fig. 1-3. John Warren (1753–1815). Reproduced with permission from Packard FR. History of Medicine in the United States. Vol 1. New York, NY: Paul B. Haeberdic; 1931: 431.